Journal of Applied MathematicsVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 902931, 45 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/902931

Review Article

Nonlinear Random Stability via Fixed-Point Method

Yeol Je Cho,¹ Shin Min Kang,² and Reza Saadati³

¹Department of Mathematics Education and the RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea²Department of Mathematics and the RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea³Department of Mathematics, Iran University of Science and Technology, Behshahr, Iran

Received 31 October 2011; Accepted 22 December 2011

Academic Editor: Yeong-Cheng Liou

Copyright © 2012 Yeol Je Cho et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of the following additive-quadratic-cubic-quartic functional equation in various complete random normed spaces.

1. Introduction

The stability problem of functional equations originated from a question of Ulam [1] concerning the stability of group homomorphisms. Hyers [2] gave a first affirmative partial answer to the question of Ulam for Banach spaces. Hyers' theorem was generalized by Aoki [3] for additive mappings and by Rassias [4] for linear mappings by considering an unbounded Cauchy difference. The paper of Rassias [4] has provided a lot of influence in the development of what we call generalized Hyers-Ulam stability or as Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of functional equations. A generalization of the Rassias theorem was obtained by Găvruţa [5] by replacing the unbounded Cauchy difference by a general control function in the spirit of Rassias approach.

The functional equation

is called a quadratic functional equation. In particular, every solution of the quadratic functional equation is said to be a quadratic mapping. A generalized Hyers-Ulam stability problem for the quadratic functional equation was proved by Cholewa [6] for mappings , where is a normed space and is a Banach space. Czerwik [7] proved the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of the quadratic functional equation. The stability problems of several functional equations have been extensively investigated by a number of authors, and there are many interesting results concerning this problem (see [8–12]).

In [13], Jun and Kim consider the following cubic functional equation:

It is easy to show that the function satisfies the functional equation (1.2), which is called a cubic functional equation, and every solution of the cubic functional equation is said to be a cubic mapping.

Considered the following quartic functional equation It is easy to show that the function satisfies the functional equation, which is called a quartic functional equation, and every solution of the quartic functional equation is said to be a quartic mapping. One can easily show that an odd mapping satisfies the additive-quadratic-cubic-quadratic functional equation if and only if it is an additive-cubic mapping, that is,

It was shown in Lemma  2.2 of [14] that and are cubic and additive, respectively, and that .

One can easily show that an even mapping satisfies (1.4) if and only if it is a quadratic-quartic mapping, that is,

Also and are quartic and quadratic, respectively, and .

For a given mapping , we define

for all .

Let be a set. A function is called a generalized metric on if satisfies(1) if and only if ,(2) for all ,(3) for all .

We recall the fixed-point alternative of Diaz and Margolis.

Theorem 1.1 (see [15, 16]). Let be a complete generalized metric space and let be a strictly contractive mapping with Lipschitz constant , then for each given element , either for all nonnegative integers or there exists a positive integer such that (1) for all ,(2)the sequence converges to a fixed point of ,(3) is the unique fixed point of in the set ,(4) for all .

In 1996, Isac and Rassias [17] were the first to provide applications of stability theory of functional equations for the proof of new fixed-point theorems with applications. By using fixed point methods, the stability problems of several functional equations have been extensively investigated by a number of authors (see [18–21]).

2. Preliminaries

In the sequel, we adopt the usual terminology, notations, and conventions of the theory of random normed spaces, as in [22–26]. Throughout this paper, is the space of all probability distribution functions, that is, the space of all mappings , such taht is left continuous, nondecreasing on , and . is a subset of consisting of all functions for which , where denotes the left limit of the function at the point , that is, . The space is partially ordered by the usual pointwise ordering of functions, that is, if and only if for all in . The maximal element for in this order is the distribution function given by

A triangular norm (shortly -norm) is a binary operation on the unit interval , that is, a function , such that for all the following four axioms satisfied:(T1) (commutativity),(T2) (associativity),(T3) (boundary condition),(T4) whenever (monotonicity).

Basic examples are the Łukasiewicz  -norm   for all and the -norms  , where   , ,

If is a -norm, then is defined for every and by 1, if and if . A is said to be of Hadžić type (we denote by ) if the family is equicontinuous at (cf. [27]).

Other important triangular norms are the following (see [28]):(1)The Sugeno-Weber family is defined by , and if  .(2)The Domby family is defined by if , if , and if .(3)The Aczel-Alsina family is defined by if , if and if .

A -norm   can be extended (by associativity) in a unique way to an -array operation taking for the value defined by

can also be extended to a countable operation taking for any sequence in the value The limit on the right side of (6.4) exists since the sequence is nonincreasing and bounded from below.

Proposition 2.1 (see [28]). We have the following. (1)For , the following implication holds: (2)If is of Hadžić type, then for every sequence in such that .(3)If , then (4)If , then

Definition 2.2 (see [26]). A Random normed space (briefly, RN-space) is a triple , where is a vector space, is a continuous norm, and is a mapping from into such that, the following conditions hold: (RN1) for all if and only if ,(RN2) for all , and ,(RN3) for all and .

Definition 2.3. Let be an RN-space.(1)A sequence in is said to be convergent to in if, for every and , there exists positive integer such that whenever .(2)A sequence in is called a Cauchy sequence if, for every and , there exists positive integer such that whenever .(3)An RN-space is said to be complete if and only if every Cauchy sequence in is convergent to a point in . A complete RN-space is said to be random Banach space.

Theorem 2.4 (see [25]). If is an RN-space and is a sequence such that , then almost everywhere.

The theory of random normed spaces (RN-spaces) is important as a generalization of deterministic result of linear normed spaces and also in the study of random operator equations. The RN-spaces may also provide us with the appropriate tools to study the geometry of nuclear physics and have important application in quantum particle physics. The generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of different functional equations in random normed spaces, RN-spaces, and fuzzy normed spaces has been recently studied [20, 24, 29–39].

3. Non-Archimedean Random Normed Space

By a non-Archimedean field, we mean a field equipped with a function (valuation) from into such that if and only if , , and for all . Clearly, and for all . By the trivial valuation, we mean the mapping taking everything but 0 into 1 and . Let be a vector space over a field with a non-Archimedean nontrivial valuation . A function is called a non-Archimedean norm if it satisfies the following conditions:(NAN1) if and only if ,(NAN2) for any and , ,(NAN3) the strong triangle inequality (ultrametric), namely,

then is called a non-Archimedean normed space. Due to the fact that

a sequence is a Cauchy sequence if and only if converges to zero in a non-Archimedean normed space. By a complete non-Archimedean normed space, we mean one in which every Cauchy sequence is convergent.

In 1897, Hensel [40] discovered the -adic numbers of as a number theoretical analogues of power series in complex analysis. Fix a prime number . For any nonzero rational number , there exists a unique integer such that , where and are integers not divisible by . Then defines a non-Archimedean norm on . The completion of with respect to the metric is denoted by , which is called the -adic number field.

Throughout the paper, we assume that is a vector space and is a complete non-Archimedean normed space.

Definition 3.1. A non-Archimedean random normed space (briefly, non-Archimedean RN-space) is a triple , where is a linear space over a non-Archimedean field , is a continuous -norm, and is a mapping from into such that the following conditions hold:(NA-RN1) for all if and only if ,(NA-RN2) for all , , and ,(NA-RN3) for all and .It is easy to see that if (NA-RN3) holds, then so is(RN3).

As a classical example, if is a non-Archimedean normed linear space, then the triple , where

is a non-Archimedean RN-space.

Example 3.2. Let be a non-Archimedean normed linear space. Define then is a non-Archimedean RN-space.

Definition 3.3. Let be a non-Archimedean RN-space. Let be a sequence in , then is said to be convergent if there exists such that for all . In that case, is called the limit of the sequence .

A sequence in is called a Cauchy sequence if for each and each there exists such that for all and all , we have .

If each Cauchy sequence is convergent, then the random norm is said to be complete and the non-Archimedean RN-space is called a non-Archimedean random Banach space.

Remark 3.4 (see [41]). Let be a non-Archimedean RN-space, then So, the sequence is a Cauchy sequence if for each and there exists such that for all ,

4. Generalized Ulam-Hyers Stability for a Quartic Functional Equation in Non-Archimedean RN-Spaces of Functional Equation (1.4): An Odd Case

Let be a non-Archimedean field, let be a vector space over , and let be a non-Archimedean random Banach space over .

Next, we define a random approximately AQCQ mapping. Let be a distribution function on such that is nondecreasing and

Definition 4.1. A mapping is said to be -approximately AQCQ if

In this section, we assume that in (i.e., characteristic of is not 2). Our main result, in this section, is the following.

We prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of the functional equation in non-Archimedean random spaces, an odd case.

Theorem 4.2. Let be a non-Archimedean field, let be a vector space over and let be a non-Archimedean random Banach space over . Let be an odd mapping and -approximately AQCQ mapping. If for some , , and some integer , with , then there exists a unique cubic mapping such that for all and , where

Proof. Letting in (4.2), we get for all and . Replacing by in (4.2), we get for all and . By (4.7) and (4.8), we have for all and . Letting and for all in (4.9), we get for all and . Now, we show by induction on that for all , and , Putting in (4.11), we obtain (4.10). Assume that (4.11) holds for some . Replacing by in (4.10), we get Since , for all and . Thus, (4.11) holds for all . In particular, Replacing by in (4.14) and using inequality (4.3), we obtain Then Hence Since then is a Cauchy sequence in the non-Archimedean random Banach space . Hence we can define a mapping such that Next for each , and , Therefore, By letting , we obtain So, This proves (4.5). From , by (4.2), we deduce that and so, by (NA-RN3) and (4.2), we obtain It follows that for all , , and . Since for all and , by Theorem 2.4, we deduce that for all and . Thus, the mapping satisfies (1.4).Now, we have for all . Since the mapping is cubic (see Lemma  2.2 of [14]), from the equality , we deduce that the mapping is cubic.

Corollary 4.3. Let be a non-Archimedean field, let be a vector space over , and let be a non-Archimedean random Banach space over under a t-norm . Let be an odd and -approximately AQCQ mapping. If, for some , , and some integer , , with , then there exists a unique cubic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Since and is of Hadžić type, from Proposition 2.1, it follows that Now, we can apply Theorem 4.2 to obtain the result.

Example 4.4. Let be non-Archimedean random normed space in which And let be a complete non-Archimedean random normed space (see Example 3.2). Define It is easy to see that (4.3) holds for . Also, since we have Let be an odd and -approximately AQCQ mapping. Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 4.2 hold, and so there exists a unique cubic mapping such that

Theorem 4.5. Let be a non-Archimedean field, let be a vector space over , and let be a non-Archimedean random Banach space over . Let be an odd mapping and -approximately AQCQ mapping. If for some , , and some integer , with , then there exists a unique additive mapping such that for all and , where

Proof. Letting and for all in (4.9), we get for all and .The rest of the proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 4.2.

Corollary 4.6. Let be a non-Archimedean field, let be a vector space over , and let be a non-Archimedean random Banach space over under a t-norm . Let be an odd and -approximately AQCQ mapping. If, for some , and some integer , with , then there exists a unique additive mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Since and is of Hadžić type, from Proposition 2.1, it follows that Now, we can apply Theorem 4.5 to obtain the result.

Example 4.7. Let non-Archimedean random normed space in which and let be a complete non-Archimedean random normed space (see Example 3.2). Define It is easy to see that (4.3) holds for . Also, since we have Let be an odd and -approximately AQCQ mapping. Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 4.2 hold, and so there exists a unique additive mapping such that

5. Generalized Hyers-Ulam Stability of the Functional Equation (1.4) in Non-Archimedean Random Normed Spaces: An Even Case

Now, we prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of the functional equation in non-Archimedean Banach spaces, an even case.

Theorem 5.1. Let be a non-Archimedean field, let be a vector space over , and let be a non-Archimedean random Banach space over . Let be an even mapping, , and -approximately AQCQ mapping. If for some , , and some integer , with , then there exists a unique quartic mapping such that for all and , where

Proof. Letting in (4.2), we get for all and . Replacing by in (4.2), we get for all and . By (5.4) and (5.5), we have for all and . Letting and for all in (5.6), we get for all and . The rest of the proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 4.2.

Corollary 5.2. Let be a non-Archimedean field, let be a vector space over , and let be a non-Archimedean random Banach space over under a t-norm . Let be an even, , and -approximately AQCQ mapping. If,   for some , , and some integer , , with , then there exists a unique quartic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Since and is of Hadžić type, from Proposition 2.1, it follows that Now, we can apply Theorem 5.1 to obtain the result.

Example 5.3. Let be non-Archimedean random normed space in which And let be a complete non-Archimedean random normed space (see Example 3.2). Define It is easy to see that (4.3) holds for . Also, since we have Let be an even, , and -approximately AQCQ mapping. Thus all the conditions of Theorem 5.1 hold, and so there exists a unique quartic mapping such that

Theorem 5.4. Let be a non-Archimedean field, let be a vector space over and let be a non-Archimedean random Banach space over . Let be an even mapping, and -approximately AQCQ mapping. If for some , , and some integer , with , then there exists a unique quadratic mapping such that for all and , where

Proof. Letting and for all in (5.6), we get for all and .The rest of the proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 5.1.

Corollary 5.5. Let be a non-Archimedean field, let be a vector space over , and let be a non-Archimedean random Banach space over under a t-norm . Let be an even, , and -approximately AQCQ mapping. If,   for some , , and some integer , , with , then there exists a unique quadratic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Since and is of Hadžić type, from Proposition 2.1, it follows that Now, we can apply Theorem 5.4 to obtain the result.

Example 5.6. Let be a non-Archimedean random normed space in which And let be a complete non-Archimedean random normed space (see Example 3.2). Define It is easy to see that (4.3) holds for . Also, since we have Let be an even, , and -approximately AQCQ mapping. Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 5.4 hold, and so there exists a unique quadratic mapping such that

6. Latticetic Random Normed Space

Let be a complete lattice, that is, a partially ordered set in which every nonempty subset admits supremum and infimum, and , . The space of latticetic random distribution functions, denoted by , is defined as the set of all mappings such that is left continuous and nondecreasing on , , .

is defined as , where denotes the left limit of the function at the point . The space is partially ordered by the usual pointwise ordering of functions, that is, if and only if for all in . The maximal element for in this order is the distribution function given by

In Section 2, we defined -norms on , and now we extend -norms on a complete lattice.

Definition 6.1 (see [42]). A triangular norm (-norm) on is a mapping satisfying the following conditions:(a) (boundary condition);(b) (commutativity);(c) (associativity);(d) (monotonicity).

Let be a sequence in converges to (equipped order topology). The -norm is said to be a continuous -norm if for all .

A -norm can be extended (by associativity) in a unique way to an -array operation taking for the value defined by

can also be extended to a countable operation taking for any sequence in the value The limit on the right side of (6.4) exists since the sequence is nonincreasing and bounded from below.

Note that we put whenever . If is a -norm, then is defined for every and by 1 if and if . A -norm is said to be of Hadžić type, (we denote by ) if the family is equicontinuous at (cf. [27]).

Definition 6.2 (see [42]). A continuous -norm  on is said to be continuous –representable if there exist a continuous -norm and a continuous -conorm  on such that, for all , ,

For example, for all , are continuous -representable. Define the mapping from to by

Recall (see [27, 28]) that if is a given sequence in , is defined recurrently by and for all .

A negation on is any decreasing mapping satisfying and . If , for all , then is called an involutive negation. In the following, is endowed with a (fixed) negation .

Definition 6.3. A latticetic random normed space (in short LRN-space) is a triple , where is a vector space and is a mapping from into such that the following conditions hold: (LRN1) for all if and only if , (LRN2) for all in , and , (LRN3) for all and .

We note that from (LPN2) it follows that for all and .

Example 6.4. Let and operation be defined by then is a complete lattice (see [42]). In this complete lattice, we denote its units by and . Let be a normed space. Let for all , and be a mapping defined by then is a latticetic random normed spaces. If is a latticetic random normed space, then is a complete system of neighborhoods of null vector for a linear topology on generated by the norm .

Definition 6.5. Let be a latticetic random normed spaces.(1)A sequence in is said to be convergent to in if, for every and , there exists a positive integer such that whenever .(2)A sequence in is called a Cauchy sequence if, for every and , there exists a positive integer such that whenever .(3)A latticetic random normed spaces is said to be complete if and only if every Cauchy sequence in is convergent to a point in .

Theorem 6.6. If is a latticetic random normed space and is a sequence such that , then .

Proof. The proof is the same as classical random normed spaces, see [25].

7. Generalized Hyers-Ulam Stability of the Functional Equation (1.4): An Odd Case via Fixed-Point Method

Using the fixed point method, we prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of the functional equation in random Banach spaces: an odd case.

Theorem 7.1. Let be a linear space, let be a complete LRN-space, and let be a mapping from to ( is denoted by ) such that, for some , Let be an odd mapping satisfying for all and . Then exists for each and defines a cubic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Letting in (7.2), we get for all and . Replacing by in (7.2), we get for all and . By (7.5) and (7.6), for all and . Letting and for all , we get for all and .  Consider the set and introduce the generalized metric on : where, as usual, . It is easy to show that is complete (see the proof of Lemma  2.1 of [24]). Now, we consider the linear mapping such that for all , and we prove that is a strictly contractive mapping with the Lipschitz constant .Let be given such that . Then for all and . Hence for all and . So, implies that This means that for all . It follows from (7.8) that for all and . So, . By Theorem 1.1, there exists a mapping satisfying the following:(1) is a fixed point of , that is, for all . Since is odd, is an odd mapping. The mapping is a unique fixed point of in the set This implies that is a unique mapping satisfying (7.17) such that there exists a satisfying for all and .(2) as . This implies the equality for all .(3) with , which implies the inequality from which it follows that This implies that the inequality (7.4) holds. From , by (7.2), we deduce that and so, by (LRN3) and (7.1), we obtain It follows that for all , and .Since for all and , by Theorem 2.4, we deduce that for all and . Thus the mapping satisfies (1.4).Now, we have for all . Since the mapping is cubic (see Lemma  2.2 of [14]), from the equality , we deduce that the mapping is cubic.

Corollary 7.2. Let and let be a real number with . Let be a normed vector space with norm . Let be an odd mapping satisfying for all and . Note that is a complete LRN-space, in which , then exists for each and defines a cubic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 7.1 by taking for all and . Then we can choose , and we get which is the desired result.

Theorem 7.3. Let be a linear space, let be a complete LRN-space, and let be a mapping from to ( is denoted by ) such that, for some , Let be an odd mapping satisfying (7.2), then exists for each and defines a cubic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Let be the generalized metric space defined in the proof of Theorem 7.1.  Consider the linear mapping such that for all , and we prove that is a strictly contractive mapping with the Lipschitz constant .Let be given such that , then for all and . Hence for all and . So, implies that This means that for all . Letting for all , from (7.8), we get that for all and . So, . By Theorem 1.1, there exists a mapping satisfying the following:(1) is a fixed point of , that is, for all . Since is odd, is an odd mapping. The mapping is a unique fixed point of in the set This implies that is a unique mapping satisfying (7.42) such that there exists a satisfying for all and .(2) as . This implies the equalit for all .(3) for every , which implies the inequality from which it follows that for all and . This implies that the inequality (7.35) holds. From by (7.33), we deduce that for all , , and . As , we deduce that for all and . Thus the mapping satisfies (1.4).Now, we have for all . Since the mapping is cubic (see Lemma  2.2 of [14]), from the equality , we deduce that the mapping is cubic.

Corollary 7.4. Let and let be a real number with . Let be a normed vector space with norm . Let be an odd mapping satisfying (7.28), then exists for each and defines a cubic mapping such that for all and . Note that is a complete LRN-space, in which .

Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 7.3 by taking for all and . Then we can choose , and we get the desired result.

Theorem 7.5. Let be a linear space, let be a complete LRN-space, and let be a mapping from to ( is denoted by ) such that, for some , Let be an odd mapping satisfying (7.2), then exists for each and defines an additive mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Let be the generalized metric space defined in the proof of Theorem 7.1. Letting and for all in (7.7), we get for all and .Now, we consider the linear mapping such that for all . It is easy to see that is a strictly contractive self-mapping on with the Lipschitz constant .  It follows from (7.58) and (7.55) that for all and . So, . By Theorem 1.1, there exists a mapping satisfying the following:(1) is a fixed point of , that is, for all. Since is odd, is an odd mapping. The mapping is a unique fixed point of in the set This implies that is a unique mapping satisfying (7.61) such that there exists a satisfying for all and .(2) as . This implies the equality for all .(3) for each , which implies the inequality This implies that the inequality (7.57) holds. Since , it follows that for all , , and . As , we deduce that for all and . Thus, the mapping satisfies (1.4).Now, we have for all . Since the mapping is additive (see Lemma  2.2 of [14]), from the equality , we deduce that the mapping is additive.

Corollary 7.6. Let and let be a real number with . Let be a normed vector space with norm . Let be an odd mapping satisfying (7.28), then exists for each and defines an additive mapping such that for all and , where is a complete LRN-space in which .

Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 7.5 by taking for all and . Then we can choose , and we get the desired result.

Theorem 7.7. Let be a linear space, let be a complete LRN-space, and let be a mapping from to ( is denoted by ) such that, for some , Let be an odd mapping satisfying (7.2), then exists for each and defines an additive mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Let be the generalized metric space defined in the proof of Theorem 7.1.Consider the linear mapping such that for all . It is easy to see that is a strictly contractive self-mapping on with the Lipschitz constant . Let , from (7.58), it follows that for all and . So, . By Theorem 1.1, there exists a mapping satisfying the following:(1) is a fixed point of , that is, for all . Since is odd, is an odd mapping. The mapping is a unique fixed point of in the set This implies that is a unique mapping satisfying (7.77) such that there exists a satisfying for all and .(2) as . This implies the equality for all .(3), which implies the inequality This implies that the inequality (7.74) holds. Proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 7.5, we obtain that the mapping satisfies (1.4). Now, we have for all . Since the mapping is additive (see Lemma  2.2 of [14]), from the equality , we deduce that the mapping is additive.

Corollary 7.8. Let and let be a real number with . Let be a normed vector space with norm . Let be an odd mapping satisfying (7.28), then exists for each and defines an additive mapping such that for all and , where is a complete LRN-space in which .

Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 7.7 by taking for all and . Then we can choose , and we get the desired result.

8. Generalized Hyers-Ulam Stability of the Functional Equation (1.4): An Even Case via Fixed-Point Method

Using the fixed point method, we prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of the functional equation in random Banach spaces, an even case.

Theorem 8.1. Let be a linear space, let be a complete LRN-space, and let be a mapping from to ( is denoted by ) such that, for some , Let be an even mapping satisfying and (7.2), then exists for each and defines a quartic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Letting in (7.2), we get for all and . Replacing by in (7.2), we get for all and . By (8.4) and (8.5), for all and . Letting for all , we get for all and . Let be the generalized metric space defined in the proof of Theorem 7.1.  Now we consider the linear mapping such that for all . It is easy to see that is a strictly contractive self-mapping on with the Lipschitz constant . It follows from (8.7) that for all and . So, By Theorem 1.1, there exists a mapping satisfying the following:(1) is a fixed point of , that is, for all. Since is even with, is an even mapping with. The mapping is a unique fixed point of in the set This implies that is a unique mapping satisfying (8.10) such that there exists a satisfying for all and .(2) as . This implies the equality for all .(3) for every , which implies the inequality This implies that the inequality (8.3) holds.Proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 7.1, we obtain that the mapping satisfies (1.4). Now, we have for all .  Since the mapping is quartic, we get that the mapping is quartic.

Corollary 8.2. Let and let be a real number with . Let be a normed vector space with norm .  Let be an even mapping satisfying and (7.28), then exists for each and defines a quartic mapping such that for all and , where is a complete LRN-space in which .

Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 8.1 by taking for all and . Then we can choose , and we get the desired result.

Theorem 8.3. Let be a linear space, let be a complete LRN-space, and let be a mapping from to ( is denoted by ) such that, for some , Let be an even mapping satisfying and (7.2), then exists for each and defines a quartic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. In the generalized metric space defined in the proof of Theorem 7.1, we consider the linear mapping such that for all . It is easy to see that is a strictly contractive self-mapping on with the Lipschitz constant .  Letting for all , by (8.7), we get for all and . So, .By Theorem 1.1, there exists a mapping satisfying the following:(1) is a fixed point of , that is, for all . Since is even with , is an even mapping with . The mapping is a unique fixed point of in the set This implies that is a unique mapping satisfying (8.24) such that there exists a satisfying for all and .(2) as . This implies the equality for all .(3) for each , which implies the inequality This implies that the inequality (8.21) holds.Proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 7.3, we obtain that the mapping satisfies (1.4). Now, we have for all . Since the mapping is quartic, we get that the mapping is quartic.

Corollary 8.4. Let and let be a real number with . Let be a normed vector space with norm . Let be an even mapping satisfying and (7.28), then exists for each and defines a quartic mapping such that for all and , where is a complete LRN-space in which .

Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 8.3 by taking for all and .  Then we can choose , and we get the desired result.

Theorem 8.5. Let be a linear space, let be a complete LRN-space, and let be a mapping from to ( is by denoted ) such that, for some , Let be an even mapping satisfying and (7.2), then exists for each and defines a quadratic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Let be the generalized metric space defined in the proof of Theorem 7.1. Letting for all in (8.6), we get for all and . It is easy to see that the linear mapping such that for all , is a strictly contractive self-mapping with the Lipschitz constant .It follows from (8.36) that for all and . So, .By Theorem 1.1, there exists a mapping satisfying the following:(1) is a fixed point of , that is, for all . Since is even with , is an even mapping with . The mapping is a unique fixed point of in the set . This implies that is a unique mapping satisfying (8.39) such that there exists a satisfying for all and .(2) as . This implies the equality for all .(3) for each , which implies the inequality This implies that the inequality (8.35) holds.Proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 7.1, we obtain that the mapping satisfies (1.4). Now, we have for all . Since the mapping is quadratic, we get that the mapping is quadratic.

Corollary 8.6. Let and let be a real number with . Let be a normed vector space with norm . Let be an even mapping satisfying and (7.28), then exists for each and defines a quadratic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 8.5 by taking for all . Then we can choose , and we get the desired result.

Theorem 8.7. Let be a linear space, let be a complete RN-space, and let be a mapping from to ( is denoted by ) such that, for some , Let be an even mapping satisfying and (7.2), then exists for each and defines a quadratic mapping such that for all and .

Proof. Let be the generalized metric space defined in the proof of Theorem 7.1.It is easy to see that the linear mapping such that for all is a strictly contractive self-mapping with the Lipschitz constant . Letting for all , from (8.36), we get for all and . So, .  By Theorem 1.1, there exists a mapping satisfying the following:(1) is a fixed point of , that is, for all . Since is even with , is an even mapping with . The mapping is a unique fixed point of in the set This implies that is a unique mapping satisfying (8.52) such that there exists a satisfying for all and .(2) as . This implies the equality for all .(3) for each , which implies the inequality This implies that the inequality (8.49) holds.Proceeding as in the proof of Theorem  2.3, we obtain that the mapping satisfies (1.4). Now, we have for all . Since the mapping is quadratic, we get that the mapping is quadratic.

Corollary 8.8. Let and let be a real number with . Let be a normed vector space with norm . Let be an even mapping satisfying and (7.28). Then exists for each and defines a quadratic mapping such that for all and , where is a complete LRN-space in which .

Proof. The proof follows from Theorem 8.5 by taking for all and . Then we can choose , and we get the desired result.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the area Editor Professor Yeong-Cheng Liou and the reviewer for their valuable comments and suggestions. Y. J. Cho was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (Grant no. 2011-0021821).

References

S. M. Ulam, A Collection of the Mathematical Problems, Interscience Publishers, New York, NY, USA, 1960.

D. H. Hyers, “On the stability of the linear functional equation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 27, pp. 222–224, 1941.

T. Aoki, “On the stability of the linear transformation in Banach spaces,” Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan, vol. 2, pp. 64–66, 1950.

T. M. Rassias, “On the stability of the linear mapping in Banach spaces,” Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 297–300, 1978.

P. Găvruţa, “A generalization of the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of approximately additive mappings,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 184, no. 3, pp. 431–436, 1994.

P. W. Cholewa, “Remarks on the stability of functional equations,” Aequationes Mathematicae, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 76–86, 1984.

S. Czerwik, “On the stability of the quadratic mapping in normed spaces,” Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 59–64, 1992.

D. H. Hyers, G. Isac, and Th. M. Rassias, Stability of Functional Equations in Several Variables, Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland, 1998.

Pl. Kannappan, Functional Equations and Inequalities with Applications, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2009.

S.-M. Jung, Hyers-Ulam-Rassias Stability of Functional Equations in Mathematical Analysis, Hadronic Press, Palm Harbor, Fla, USA, 2001.

S.-M. Jung, Hyers-Ulam-Rassias Stability of Functional Equations in Nonlinear Analysis, vol. 48, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2011.

Th. M. Rassias and J. Brzdek, Functional Equations in Mathematical Analysis, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2012.

K. Jun and H. Kim, “The generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of a cubic functional equation,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 274, no. 2, pp. 867–878, 2002.

M. Eshaghi-Gordji, S. Kaboli-Gharetapeh, C. Park, and S. Zolfaghri, “Stability of an additivecubic-quartic functional equation,” Advances in Difference Equations, vol. 2009, Article ID 395693, 20 pages, 2009.

L. Cădariu and V. Radu, “Fixed points and the stability of Jensen’s functional equation,” Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 4, no. 1, article 1, 2003.

J. Diaz and B. Margolis, “A fixed point theorem of the alternative for contractions on a generalized complete metric space,” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 74, pp. 305–309, 1968.

G. Isac and Th. M. Rassias, “Stability of ψ-additive mappings: appications to nonlinear analysis,” International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, vol. 19, pp. 219–228, 1996.

L. Cădariu and V. Radu, “On the stability of the Cauchy functional equation: a fixed point approach,” Grazer Mathematische Berichte, vol. 346, pp. 43–52, 2004.

L. Cădariu and V. Radu, “Fixed point methods for the generalized stability of functional equations in a single variable,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications, vol. 2008, Article ID 749392, 2008.

M. Mirzavaziri and M. S. Moslehian, “A fixed point approach to stability of a quadratic equation,” Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 361–376, 2006.

V. Radu, “The fixed point alternative and the stability of functional equations,” Fixed Point Theory, vol. 4, pp. 91–96, 2003.

R. P. Agarwal, Y. J. Cho, and R. Saadati, “On random topological structures,” Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2011, Article ID 762361, 41 pages, 2011.

S. S. Chang, Y. J. Cho, and S. M. Kang, Nonlinear Operator Theory in Probabilistic Metric Spaces, Nova Science Publishers, Huntington, NY, USA, 2001.

D. Miheţ and V. Radu, “On the stability of the additive Cauchy functional equation in random normed spaces,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 343, no. 1, pp. 567–572, 2008.

B. Schweizer and A. Sklar, Probabilistic Metric Spaces, North-Holland Publishing, New York, NY, USA, 1983.

A. N. Šerstnev, “On the concept of a stochastic normalized space,” Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 149, pp. 280–283, 1963.

O. Hadžić and E. Pap, Fixed Point Theory in PM Spaces, Kluwer Academic, Dodrecht, The Netherlands, 2001.

O. Hadžić, E. Pap, and M. Budinčević, “Countable extension of triangular norms and their applications to the fixed point theory in probabilistic metric spaces,” Kybernetika, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 363–381, 2002.

C. Alsina, “On the stability of a functional equation arising in probabilistic normed spaces,” in General Inequalities (Oberwolfach, 1986), vol. 5, pp. 263–271, Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland, 1987.

A. K. Mirmostafaee, M. Mirzavaziri, and M. S. Moslehian, “Fuzzy stability of the Jensen functional equation,” Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 159, no. 6, pp. 730–738, 2008.

A. K. Mirmostafaee and M. S. Moslehian, “Fuzzy versions of Hyers-Ulam-Rassias theorem,” Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 159, no. 6, pp. 720–729, 2008.

A. K. Mirmostafaee and M. S. Moslehian, “Fuzzy approximately cubic mappings,” Information Sciences, vol. 178, no. 19, pp. 3791–3798, 2008.

D. Miheţ, “The probabilistic stability for a functional equation in a single variable,” Acta Mathematica Hungarica, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 249–256, 2009.

D. Miheţ, “The fixed point method for fuzzy stability of the Jensen functional equation,” Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 160, no. 11, pp. 1663–1667, 2009.

D. Miheţ, R. Saadati, and S. M. Vaezpour, “The stability of the quartic functional equation in random normed spaces,” Acta Applicandae Mathematicae, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 797–803, 2010.

D. Miheţ, R. Saadati, and S. M. Vaezpour, “The stability of an additive functional equation in Menger probabilistic ϕ-normed spaces,” Mathematica Slovaca, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 817–826, 2011.

E. Baktash, Y. J. Cho, M. Jalili, R. Saadati, and S. M. Vaezpour, “On the stability of cubic mappings and quadratic mappings in random normed spaces,” Journal of Inequalities and Applications, vol. 2008, Article ID 902187, 2008.

R. Saadati, S. M. Vaezpour, and Y. J. Cho, “Erratum: A note to paper “On the stability of cubic mappings and quartic mappings in random normed spaces” [MR2476693],” Journal of Inequalities and Applications, Article ID 214530, 6 pages, 2009.

S.-S. Zhang, R. Saadati, and G. Sadeghi, “Solution and stability of mixed type functional equation in non-Archimedean random normed spaces,” Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. English Edition, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 663–676, 2011.

K. Hensel, “Uber eine neue Begrundung der Theorie der algebraischen Zahlen,” Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, vol. 6, pp. 83–88, 1897.

A. Mirmostafaee and M. S. Moslehian, “Fuzzy stability of additive mappings in non-Archimedean Fuzzy normed spaces,” Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 160, no. 11, pp. 1643–1652, 2009.

G. Deschrijver and E. E. Kerre, “On the relationship between some extensions of fuzzy set theory,” Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 227–235, 2003.