Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 325273, 11 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/325273

Research Article

Fixed Points of Closed and Compact Composite Sequences of Operators and Projectors in a Class of Banach Spaces

M. De la Sen

Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Campus of Leioa (Bizkaia), Apartado 644, Bilbao, 48940 Leioa, Spain

Received 29 August 2012; Accepted 28 November 2012

Academic Editor: Alicia Cordero

Copyright © 2013 M. De la Sen. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Some results on fixed points related to the contractive compositions of bounded operators in a class of complete metric spaces which can be also considered as Banach’s spaces are discussed through the paper. The class of composite operators under study can include, in particular, sequences of projection operators under, in general, oblique projective operators. In this paper we are concerned with composite operators which include sequences of pairs of contractive operators involving, in general, oblique projection operators. The results are generalized to sequences of, in general, nonconstant bounded closed operators which can have bounded, closed, and compact limit operators, such that the relevant composite sequences are also compact operators. It is proven that in both cases, Banach contraction principle guarantees the existence of unique fixed points under contractive conditions.

1. Introduction

Some results on fixed points related to the contractive compositions of bounded operators in a class of complete metric spaces , which are Banach spaces if is a vector space on a certain field (usually or ) and the metric is homogeneous and translation-invariant, are discussed through the paper. In this case, the metric is also a norm and, since the space is a vector space the complete metric space is also a Banach space . The class of composite operators under study can include, in particular, sequences of projection operators under, in general, oblique projective operators. Section 2 is concerned of composite operators which include sequences of pairs of contractive operators including, in general, oblique projection operators in the operator composite strip. The results are generalized in Section 3 to sequences of, in general, nonconstant bounded closed operators which can have bounded, closed, and compact limits,  such that the relevant composite sequences are also compact operators. It is proven in this paper that Banach contraction principle [1–4] guarantees the existence of unique fixed points under contractive conditions fulfilled by some relevant strips of composite operators within in the whole composite sequence of operators.

2. Some Results on Contractive Mappings and Fixed Points under Projection Operators

Let be a sequence of self-mappings on , where is a metric space and consider a sequence of (non-necessarily orthogonal) projection operators on of respective ranges which are then closed subspaces of , [3]. We can then consider a sequence of projection operators with such that so that is in for . Now, consider sequences in in with   such that the identities

hold by construction for . The subsequent result holds.

Theorem 1. Assume that is a complete metric space with the metric being homogeneous and translation-invariant and . The following properties hold.

(i)If all the self-mappings on in the sequence are nonexpansive and the sequence of projection operators from to the sequence of subspaces is uniformly bounded then .(ii)Assume that the self-mappings on in the subsequence are contractive for some , that the sequence of operators converges to , and that the projection operator is constant and bounded (i.e., if it is not orthogonal, i.e., it is oblique, then its norm exceeds one and it is finite) then Property (i) holds. Furthermore, is a Cauchy sequence which converges to some unique limit point for any initial iterate , where is the unique fixed point of .(iii)Assume that there is a strictly sequence of nonnegative integers such that the difference sequence is uniformly bounded and has a limit . Assume also that the associate sequence of composite self-mappings is contractive and that the sequence projection operators from to the sequence of subspaces is uniformly bounded and has a set of subsequences each converging to a set of projectors from to . Then, , and there is at most a finite number of distinct Cauchy subsequences with distinct limit points in .

Proof. Since the metric is homogeneous and translation-invariant then the complete metric space can also be considered as a Banach space under the metric-induced norm defined as . The norm of any projection operator in the considered sequence is defined as . Then, if is the left-composite self-mapping for any , one gets from direct calculations, by using the property that the metric is homogeneous and translation-invariant, the following relations for any iterated sequences in constructed as , with arbitrary :

since the metric is homogeneous and translation-invariant, the norm is an induced-metric norm, then , where , and the self-mappings in the sequence on are all non-expansive; , and the sequence of projection operators from to the sequence of subspaces is uniformly bounded with . Then, one has from (2)

where if all the projections are orthogonal and , otherwise. Hence, Property (i). If is a constant bounded projection from to with being constant for and all the self-mappings on of the sequence are contractive then one gets from (2) for the real constant such that that Property (i) holds according to the relation

so that from (4) for any initial value of the iteration since . Then, is Cauchy sequence which has a limit in , since is closed, [4]. It is now proven that is the unique limit point in of any sequence of iterates, where is a fixed point of the self-mapping which is unique from Banach contraction principle. It is now proven that is contractive. Assume not so that one has if is not contractive:

for nonzero is contractive for . Then, one gets, since , that

which is a contradiction since unless converges to zero. If converges to zero then there are and such that   for  all   since and some such that that yields the contradiction

Thus, if the subsequence is contractive in then its limit is also contractive. Now, since is contractive then its fixed point is unique since is complete. It is clear that is a limit point in of any iterated sequence. Assume that it is not unique so that there are two limit points for some which is not trivially a fixed point of (since the fixed point of the contractive self-mapping is unique if is complete). Thus, from Banach contraction principle and since is complete, one has

as since converges, there is a limit self-mapping on :

Thus, . Hence a contradiction to and then in is the unique limit point of even in the event that there is such that . Property (ii) has been proven.

On the other hand, if the sequence of operators is uniformly bounded then and, if furthermore, the sequence of compositie mappings is contractive with some constant given by , where is a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers such that the sequence is uniformly bounded, one has directly from (1)-(2):

for , where is a sequence of finite sets of natural numbers satisfying . Thus, one gets from (10):

for any since and. Since is uniformly bounded with existing limit is contractive and the projection sequence from to the sequence of subspaces is uniformly bounded while having a finite set of subsequences converging to a set of projectors from to for then

so that is a Cauchy sequence satisfying:

for at most distinct points since, by hypothesis, there is a natural number satisfying and since ; . Hence, Property (iii) holds.

Remark 2. The existence of some in the proof of Theorem 1(ii) often happens. For instance if is linear then fulfils the relations for any .

The following auxiliary result to be then used holds.

Lemma 3. Assume that the sequences of linear self-mappings and converge to respective limits and being mappings from to and from to , respectively, in the sense that from any . Let be a Banach space with the norm of any being defined by . For any given such that , where and . If is contractive then the sequence of mappings from to is then asymptotically contractive.

Proof. Direct calculations yield

and for any given , there are such that for all integer for all integer . Thus, if then one has for any :

The last inequality holds if and only if for any given positive real constant and any positive real constant being sufficiently small to satisfy. Since and , there are finite natural numbers such that satisfies that constraint for any integer . If is contractive then for some real constant . Thus, there is such that for any given real and   ≤    ≤   and then the sequence is asymptotically contractive.

Note that Lemma 3 holds irrespective of the fact that one of the operators be a projection.

3. Results on Contractive Mappings of Sequences of Composite Bounded Operators

The results of Theorem 1 are now extended to the study of contractive compositions of linear operators belonging to two sequences of bounded operators with so that none of them is necessarily a projection on some subspace of . Some preparatory results are first established. In the following, a Banach space, being equivalent to a complete metric space with a homogeneous and translation-invariant metric induced-norm is considered such that for any real and any . The subsequent result refers to the asymptotic distances in sequences involving a convergent composite sequence of bounded linear operators.

Lemma 4. Consider a Banach space  , with , being equivalent to a complete metric space with a homogeneous and translation-invariant metric induced-norm . Consider also a composite sequence of two sequences of bounded linear operators defined by defined by   for  any  , where , provided that and ;  for  all  . The following properties hold.

(i)Assume that . Then, ;  for  all  ;  for  all  .(ii)Assume that . Then, ;  for  all  ;  for  all  .(iii)Assume that . Then, ;  for  all  ;  for  all  .(iv)Define the operator composite sequence of operators as with ;  for  all   subject to   for    and  ;  for  all  . Define also the operator composite sequence of operators as

for , where if  has not a limit as and if . Then

Properties (i)–(iii) hold for any .

Proof. Assume that with since , equivalently , is complete so that strongly for since . Then, ,    =  ;  for  all  , and

that leads to

Hence, Property (i). Now, assume that only has a limit. Then,

Hence, Property (ii). Finally, assume that only has a limit. Then,

Hence, Property (iii).

Property (iv) is direct from Properties (i)–(iii) and the associative property of composition of operators since for any ,   exists in if   and    for  , and then,   and  ;  for  all   since

Then, for any finite , one gets

for some positive finite constants and since any linear operator with a limit admits a unique decomposition .

The next result is concerned with the closeness of the limit operator if the sequence of operators is closed.

Lemma 5. Consider a sequence of closed linear operators defined by in a Banach space , such that with , which converge to a limit operator . Then, such a limit is a closed operator which is bounded if all the operators of the sequence are bounded.

Proof. Note the following:

(1) for any bounded sequence   since    ≤    =  0  since  . Furthermore,

for any is a finite real sequence of constants with for any , since is convergent, and . Again, since is convergent, there is such that   for  any   so that is bounded.(2)If the bounded sequence converges to for any then since is a closed operator for any so that

(3)One gets combining the above points (1)-(2) that:   →   for any where   as  , and then   as    for  any    and    as   since is a sequence of closed operators which converges. Thus, the limit of bounded converging sequences belongs to the domain of the limit operator. Furthermore, one has for any bounded sequence converging to :

as then strongly so that is a closed operator as a result.

The above result can be extended to sequences of operators not all of them being bounded provided that each of such sequences of operators can be decomposed as a composition of subsequences of composite operators such that each of such a composite subsequence is bounded. The above result can be applied to sequences of operators not all of them being bounded. It is well-known that a sequence of linear operators on a Hilbert space [5, 6] is bounded if and only if they are closed and their domain is the whole vector space , [1, 4]. Thus, we have the following result using Lemma 5.

Lemma 6. Consider a sequence of linear bounded operators defined by in a Banach space which converge to a limit operator . Then, such a limit is a bounded linear closed operator.

Proof. Since the operators are all bounded then their domain is , their range is in and are all closed. The conditions of Lemma 5 hold with

Then, the limit of is also bounded and closed from Lemma 5.

The subsequent result is concerned with the limit operator of a sequence of linear operators being compact if all the operators in the sequence are bounded and at least one of them is compact.

Lemma 7. The following properties hold.

(i)Consider a sequence of bounded compact linear operators defined by in a Banach space , such that with , which converge to a limit operator . Then, such a limit is a compact operator. (ii)Assume that the sequence of bounded operators satisfies that there is at least one compact operator within all subsequences being subject to   for some subsequence   for any  . Then, the composed operator is compact as it is its limit provided that it exists.

Proof. We have to prove that if is bounded then is convergent. Note that for given bounded sequences and ;   that

and, one gets by taking subsequences ,

Since , we can find such that for , we have

for any given and , since and are bounded subsequences, and converges, so that it is a Cauchy sequence, since contains at least one compact operator. As a result, is arbitrarily small for being sufficiently small. Thus, is convergent.  Property (i) has been proven. Property (ii) follows from Property (i) and the fact that any operator composite sequence of bounded operators is a compact operator if there is at least one which is compact.

Now, define the composite operator by

Define also the sequence of composite operators as where replaces each operator in the composite operator by its limit when such a limit exists. A result is now given based on the existence of the following limit:

The following result is obtained from Lemmas 4–7.

Theorem 8. Consider the operator composite sequence ;  for  all   of composed linear bounded operators in (31) on a Banach space , subject to   for    and  ;  for  all  , and the sequence of composed linear operators of defined in the same way as   as   by replacing each operator possessing a limit by such a limit. The following properties hold.

(i)Either the sequences and have limits and both limits coincide or none of them has a limit and, furthermore, and   →    as  .(ii)If the limits of Property (i) exist and are finite then the limits of the sequences of operators   and    as  ;  for  all   have the same set of fixed points.(iii)Assume, in addition, that for some , there is at least one compact operator in the composition operator , and that   for    for   and some and that all the operators are closed. If Property (i) holds with   as  ; for some   and , then is contractive and

the sequences of composite operators and converge to zero as ,  and   is bounded, closed and compact and has a unique fixed point in to which all sequences with initial conditions in converge.(iv)Assume that there is a (in general, nonunique) strictly increasing sequence of nonnegative integers with and such that

for some nonnegative real sequence , and some real constant . Assume, in addition, that for some , there is at least one compact operator in any composite operator and that all the operators are closed. Then, the sequences of composite operators and converge to zero as for any finite . Finally, assume that   as  . Then, is contractive, continuous, bounded, closed, and compact and has a unique fixed point in to which all sequences with initial conditions in converge.

Proof. Note from the definition of the sequences that for any, since

so that . Then, either both sequences of operators and have the same (finite or infinity) limit or none of them has a limit and as . Hence, Property (i). Property (ii) follows trivially from Property (i) for the case .

To prove Property (iii), note that

so that, since then the limit operator on is continuous, then bounded with

for any . Furthermore, for any and the associative property of composition of operators, ;  for  all  ,  for  all   with being unique for each given and the given operator decomposition being also trivially unique. Note that as for any since if since since . Similarly, it is proven that .

On the other hand, note the following.

(1)Any convergent sequence constructed from the composed operators

for any as follows ,  converges to a point in , since all the operators in the above composite sequence of operators are closed and then the limit operator is also bounded and closed (from Lemma 6 and the associative property of operator compositions), and in with being closed (i.e., is relatively compact) since all composite sequences of operators are compact for any given since at least one of the operators within any of such sequences is compact and all of them are bounded, [1, 3, 4].(2)Any convergent sequence of elements in with converges to some point in , which maps to in which is also the limit of the same convergent sequence. Such a limit has a limit in which is also the unique fixed point of . Otherwise, if there were two distinct fixed points and then it would are such that , then a contradiction and hence Property (iii).

To prove Property (iv), note that strictly increasing sequence of nonnegative integers with and such that

for any sequence of nonnegative integers subject to ; for some nonnegative real sequence and some real constant . As a result the sequences of composite operators , , , and converge to zero as for any finite . On the other hand, if as,   then is contractive. Otherwise, it would hold trivially that  , a contradiction. Thus, the limit operator is contractive and bounded and then it is also continuous as a result. is closed (from Lemma 6) and compact, since all the operators in the composite sequence of operators are bounded and at least one of them is compact. Thus, has a unique fixed point in to which all sequences to which all the sequences ;   of the form ,  ,  ,   with initial point in converge. Hence, Theorem 8 is fully proven.

Remark 9. Note that the existence of the operator limits in Theorem 8[(iii)-(iv)] is not required for each operator within the composite sequence of operators but only for certain composite strips of such operators.

The subsequent result, whose proof is omitted, extends in a natural way Theorem 8 through the associative property of composite operators to the case that there are subsets of composite operators having limits although each individual operator is not requested to have a limit.

Theorem 10. Consider the composite operator below:

on a Banach space , subject to the following conditions.

(1)The elements of the sequences of sets are finite and each of those sets has a finite cardinal for all , and   as  .(2)  for    for  .(3)The elements of the sequences of nonnegative integers are finite for all ,  and    for    as  .(4)All the operators in each of the sets ;  for  all   are linear, bounded, and closed (so that all the operators are linear, bounded, and closed) and at least one of them in each set is compact.(5)The sequences of composite operators   for  ;  for  all   tend to respective limit operators   for  .

Then, which is linear, continuous, bounded, closed, and compact. Furthermore, if and , then has a unique fixed point in to which all sequences ;   of the form with initial point in converge.

Example 11. This example discusses a way to use oblique projections to build composite operators with sequences of operators to take into account the approximation of the images in finite-dimensional spaces and also to take account of computing or measurement errors as well as connections with fixed point issues. Consider the complex pre-Hilbert space of square-integrable vector functions on endowed with an inner product defined by the complex number with associate inner product induced norm . Consider a bounded linear operator , of norm , represented by ;  for  all  , where ; are sets of linearly independent functions which define mutually reciprocal basis and , that is, . If such basis are orthogonal then they are identical leading to ;  for  all  . We can decompose uniquely as a direct sum of orthogonal subspaces as follows as   for  each   where the orthogonal projection of on is given by the composite operator of the orthogonal projection represented by , where ,  for  all   is defined through the truncated operator so that

where

Note that and . Now assume that is subject to some structured uncertainty ;  for  all   (due, for instance, to computational or measurement errors) and defined by some relative uncertainty operator in on belonging to a family ,  some   so that and its projected value on , through the orthogonal projection , is

where ,

with is an oblique operator which depends on the particular uncertainty operator in the class which has necessarily a norm exceeding unity while the orthogonal operator has unit norm. The (non-necessarily unique) worst case in a norm deviation sense of the measured projection of on the subspace is given by

so that the maximum deviation amount of the projected vector is

If the basis is orthonormal then it is autoreciprocal, then all its vector functions have unit norm and

The problem can be reformulated for the case being a bounded linear operator on the Hilbert (then complete) space . Thus, is closed, since bounded, and its domain is and it is also guaranteed to be compact from of its representation. It is clear that the operators in the sequence are bounded, closed, compact, of closed range so that their ranges have n-finite dimension and their domain is . The orthogonal and oblique operators involved in the above discussion are all bounded and of closed ranges. Then, all the composite operators of the forms  , and the operators in the converging sequences , , are all bounded, closed, and compact of domain . If then for any given real there is such that since . Assume that the class of uncertainty operators in the class on has the property ;  for  all  . Thus, the composite operators are contractive if and each of such composite operators has a unique fixed point, which depends on n; and which converges to the unique fixed point of the contractive operator from Theorem 8 since so that   and    for  any  .

Remark 12. Some ideas in Example 11 combining uncertainties with projections both being described through “ad hoc” operators are useful in problems of Signal Theory and Control Systems Theory, [4]. Some related problems can be combined with stability and stabilization issues of dynamic systems subject to unmodeled dynamics and/or parametrical-type uncertainties by using Lyapunov stability theory and fixed point analysis. See, for instance, [7–10]. Fixed point analysis can also be a useful technical tool when using iterative methods in numerical approaches. See, for instance, [11, 12] and references therein. It can be direct the extension of the results to a formalism concerning the replacement of fixed points by best proximity points of cyclic p-self-mappings [13–17] on unions of sets which do not intersect since best proximity points are also fixed points of certain strips of fixed length of companion composite self-mappings with themselves, the sizes of such composite self-mappings being the number of disjoint sets ,   in the cyclic disposal. The location of fixed points has also been approximated in some background bibliography on the field. See [18, 19] and references there in. In particular, approximated fixed points have been characterized for nonself mappings which do not possess fixed points. See, for instance, [19] and references therein.

Acknowledgment

The author thanks the Spanish Ministry of Education for its support of this work through Grant DPI2012-30651. He is also grateful to the Basque Government for its support through Grants GIC 07143-IT-269-07 and SAIOTEK SPE12UN015 and to UPV/EHU for its support through UFI 11/07.

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