Free Boundary Value Problem for the One-Dimensional Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations with Density-Dependent Viscosity and Discontinuous Initial Data

We study the free boundary value problem for one-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations with densitydependent viscosity coefficient and discontinuous initial data in this paper. For piecewise regular initial density, we show that there exists a unique global piecewise regular solution, the interface separating the flow and vacuum state propagates along particle path and expands outwards at an algebraic time-rate, the flow density is strictly positive from blow for any finite time and decays pointwise to zero at an algebraic time-rate, and the jump discontinuity of density also decays at an algebraic time-rate as the time tends to infinity.


Introduction
In the present paper, we consider the free boundary value problem to one-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations with density-dependent viscosity coefficient for piecewise regular initial data connected with the infinite vacuum via jump discontinuity. In general, the onedimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations with density-dependent viscosity coefficient read + ( ) = 0, ( ) + ( 2 + ( )) = ( ( ) ) , ( , ) ∈ × [0, ] , where > 0 and denote the flow density and velocity, respectively, the pressure-density function is taken as ( ) = with > 1, and the viscosity coefficient is ( ) = with > 0. Note here that the case = 2 and = 1 in (1) corresponds to the viscous Saint-Venant system.
There is huge literature on the studies of the global existence of weak solutions and dynamical behaviors of jump discontinuity for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations with discontinuous initial data; for example, as the viscosity coefficients are both constants, the global existence of discontinuous solutions of one-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations was derived by Hoff [1][2][3]. Hoff investigated the construction of global spherically symmetric weak solutions of compressible Navier-Stokes equations for isothermal flow with large and discontinuous initial data [4]; therein it is also proved that the discontinuities in the density and pressure persist for all time, convecting along particle trajectories and decaying at a rate inversely proportional to the viscosity coefficient. The global existence theorems for the multidimensional Navier-Stokes equations of isothermal compressible flows with the polytropic equation of state ( ) = ( ≥ 1) were also showed by Hoff [5,6]. Chen et al. obtained the global existence of weak solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible, heat-conducting flow in one space dimension with large, discontinuous initial data [7]. Hoff showed the global existence of weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible, heat-conducting fluids in two and three space dimensions, when the initial data may be discontinuous across a hypersurface of [8]. The global existence of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible, barotropic flow in two space dimensions which exhibit convecting singularity curves was also proved by Hoff [9].
If the viscosity coefficients ( ) = , ( ) = 0, for the case of one space dimension, the global existence of unique piecewise smooth solution to the free boundary value problem was obtained by Fang-Zhang for (1) with 0 < < 1, where the initial density is piecewise smooth with possibly large jump discontinuities [10]. Lian et al. considered the initial boundary value problem for (1) with 0 < ≤ 1 subject to piecewise regular initial data with initial vacuum state included in [11]. Lian et al. also addressed the Cauchy problem for one-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations with density-dependent viscosity coefficient [12]; in these two cases above, they proved the global existence of unique piecewise regular solution and the finite time vanishing of vacuum state was proved in [11]. In particular, they got that the jump discontinuity of density decays exponentially but never vanishes in any finite time and the piecewise regular solution tends to the equilibrium state as → +∞.
Recently, there are also many significant progresses achieved on the compressible Navier-Stokes equations with density-dependent viscosity coefficients. For instance, the mathematical derivations are obtained in the simulation of flow surface in shallow region [13,14]. The good-posedness of solutions to the free boundary value problem with initial finite mass and the flow density being connected with the infinite vacuum either continuously or via jump discontinuity was considered by many authors; refer to [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and references therein. The global existence of classical solutions is shown by Mellet and Vasseur [23]. The qualitative behaviors of global solutions and dynamical asymptotics of vacuum states are also made, such as the finite time vanishing of finite vacuum or asymptotical formation of vacuum in longtime, the dynamical behaviors of vacuum boundary, the longtime convergence to rarefaction wave with vacuum, and the stability of shock profile with large shock strength; refer to [24][25][26][27][28] and references therein.
In this present paper, we consider the free boundary value problem (FBVP) for one-dimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations and focus on the existence, regularities, and dynamical behaviors of global piecewise regular solution, and so forth. As > 1, 0 < ≤ 1, we show that the free boundary value problem with piecewise regular initial data admits a unique global piecewise regular solution, the interface separating the flow and vacuum state propagates along particle path and expands outwards at an algebraic time-rate, the flow density is strictly positive from blow for any finite time and decays pointwise to zero at an algebraic, and the jump discontinuity of density also decays at an algebraic time-rate as → +∞ (refer to Theorem 2 for details).
The rest part of the paper is arranged as follows. In Section 2, the main results about the existence and dynamical behaviors of global piecewise regular solution for compressible Navier-Stokes equations are stated. Then, some important a priori estimates will be given in Section 3. Finally, the theorem is proved in Section 4.

Main Results
We are interested in the global existence and dynamics of the free boundary value problem for (1) with following initial data and boundary conditions: where = ( ) is the free boundary defined by Next, we give the definition of weak solution to the free boundary problem (1) and (2).
Definition 1 (weak solution). For any > 0, ( , ) is said to be a weak solution of the free boundary problems (1) and (2), if ( , √ ) has the following regularities: and (1) is satisfied in the sense of distributions. Namely, it holds for all ∈ ∞ 0 ([0, ( )] × [0, )) that For simplicity, we consider the initial data in FBVP (1) and (2) with one discontinuous point 0 ∈ (0, 0 ); namely, for some constant − > 0 Journal of Applied Mathematics 3 and the compatibility conditions between initial data and boundary conditions hold.
We will give the global existence and time-asymptotic behavior of piecewise regular solution as follows.

Remark 4.
Fang-Zhang [10] obtained that which show that the discontinuity in the density persists for all time. However, in this paper, from (15) we can shows that the discontinuity in the density decays at an algebraic rate in time; namely, where > 0 is a positive constant independent of time, and ] ∈ (0, 1) is a small constant.

The A Priori Estimates
According to the analysis made in [29], there is a curve = ( ) defined by along which the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions hold where It is convenient to make use of the Lagrange coordinates in order to establish the uniformly a-priori estimates. Let ( , , ) be a piecewise regular solution to the FBVP (1) and (2), and take the Lagrange coordinates transform Since the conservation of total mass holds and the jump conditions become Meanwhile, the FBVP (1) and (2) is reformulated into where the initial data satisfies for some constant − > 0, and the consistencies between initial data and boundary value hold. Next, we will give the a-priori estimates for the solution ( , ) to the FBVP (24). Similarly to the arguments used in [10,16,20], we can establish the following a priori estimates and omit the details here.

Remark 8.
The estimate (35) can be written in the following form in the Eulerian coordinates; that is to say, for all ∈ [0, ], By means of (25), (26), and (44), we have where we have used which can be deduced from (26) and (27). Making use of Gronwall's inequality to (46), we obtain (43).
where we use the fact that Since it holds that we have from (25) that Journal of Applied Mathematics 7 Substituting (53) in (50), we have Using Gronwall's inequality, we get from (54) that It follows from (29) and (55) that as ∈ (0, 1], ∈ (1, 2); for some ∈ large enough, we have which implies (47).
We also have the regularity estimates for the solution ( , ) to the FBVP (24) as follows.
where 0 is a positive constant independent of time.
Finally, we will give the large time behaviors of the interface and decay rate of the density as follows.
Lemma 13. Let ( , , ) be any piecewise regular solution to the FBVP (1) and (2). Under the assumptions of Theorem 2, it holds for ∈ (0, 1] and time > 0 large enough that and the density decays pointwise to zero for any ∈ [0, ( )] and > 0 as where > 0 and > 0 are positive constants independent of time and ] ∈ (0, 1) is a small constant.
Proof. We introduce the following functional ( ) in the Eulerian form as [22,28]: Differentiating (76) with respect to , using (1), (2), and ( ) = ( ( ), ), we have Combining (77), we deduce where we use the fact that as > 0 becomes large enough; it holds from (31) and If ≥ 3, we have from (78) and the conservation of mass that Hence, it holds that From (30) and (35), we obtain and then which with (83) implies We get from (84) that and as is large enough, it holds due to (35) that

Proof of the Main Results
Proof. The global existence of unique piecewise regular solution to the FBVP (1) and (2) can be established in terms of the short-time existence carried out as in [1,2,4], the uniform apriori estimates, and the analysis of regularities, which indeed follow from Lemmas 5-11. We omit the details. The large time behaviors follow from Lemmas 12-13 directly. The proof of Theorem 2 is completed.