Adaptive Synchronization and Antisynchronization of a Hyperchaotic Complex Chen System with Unknown Parameters Based on Passive Control

This paper investigates the synchronization and antisynchronization problems of a hyperchaotic complex Chen system with unknown parameters based on the properties of a passive system. The essential conditions are derived under which the synchronization or antisynchronization error dynamical system could be equivalent to a passive system and be globally asymptotically stabilized at a zero equilibrium point via smooth state feedback. Corresponding parameter estimation update laws are obtained to estimate the unknown parameters as well. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis.


Introduction
Hyperchaos [1] is generally characterized as a chaotic attractor with more than one positive Lyapunov exponent and has richer dynamical behaviors than chaos. Over the past three decades, hyperchaotic systems with real variables have been investigated extensively [2][3][4][5]. Since Fowler et al. [6] introduced a complex Lorenz model to generalize the real Lorenz model in 1982, chaotic and hyperchaotic complex systems have attracted increasing attention to the systems with complex variables which can be used to describe the physics of a detuned laser, rotating fluids, disk dynamos, electronic circuits, and particle beam dynamics in high energy accelerators [7]. When applying the complex systems in communications, the complex variables will double the number of variables and can increase the content and security of the transmitted information.
In recent years, chaos synchronization has attracted increasing attention among scientists due to its potential applications in the fields of secure communications; optical, chemical, physical, and biological systems; neural networks; and so forth [8,9]. Several types of synchronization have been investigated on complex chaotic and hyperchaotic systems including complete synchronization [7], antisynchronization [10,11], phase and antiphase synchronization [12], lag and antilag synchronization [13,14], hybrid projective synchronization [15], and modified function projective synchronization [16]. Among the abovementioned synchronization phenomena, the most widely investigated one is complete synchronization (synchronization for short hereafter), which implies that the differences of state variables of synchronized systems starting from different initial values converge to zero eventually. On the other hand, antisynchronization is an another interesting phenomenon, which is characterized by the vanishing of the sum of the relevant state variables of synchronized systems. When applying antisynchronization to communication systems, the security and secrecy of communication can be strengthened while transmitting digital signals by the transform between synchronization and antisynchronization continuously.
Recently, many researchers have begun to give their attention to the concept of passivity of nonlinear systems. The passivity theory is considered to be an alternative tool for analyzing the stability of nonlinear systems. The main idea of passivity theory is that the passive properties of a system can keep the system internally stable. In order to make a system stable, one can design a controller which renders the closedloop system passive with the help of passivity theory. For the past decade, the passivity theory has played an important role in designing an asymptotically stabilizing controller for control and synchronization of chaotic and hyperchaotic systems with real variables [17][18][19][20]. For complex nonlinear systems, only Mahmoud et al. [21] applied the passive control to investigate the control of -dimensional chaotic complex nonlinear systems. In this paper, we apply the passive control to investigate the synchronization and antisynchronization problems of the newly reported hyperchaotic complex Chen system [22]. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the passive control theory and a new hyperchaotic complex Chen system. Sections 3 and 4 investigate the synchronization and antisynchronization problems of two identical hyperchaotic complex Chen systems with unknown parameters, respectively. In Section 5, two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the analytical results. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 6.

The Passive Control Theory and a New Hyperchaotic Complex Chen System
Consider the following nonlinear affine system: where ∈ is the state variable and ∈ and ∈ are input and output values, respectively. ( ) and ( ) are smooth vector fields, (0) = 0, and ℎ( ) is a smooth mapping.
Definition 1 (see [23]). System (1) is a minimum phase system if ℎ(0) is nonsingular and = 0 is one of the asymptotically stabilized equilibrium points of ( ).
Definition 2 (see [24]). System (1) is passive if there exists a real constant such that for all ≥ 0, the following inequality holds: or there exists a ≥ 0 and a real constant such that If system (1) has relative degree [1, . . . , 1] at = 0 (i.e., ℎ(0) is nonsingular) and the distribution spanned by the vector field 1 ( ), . . . , ( ) is innovative, then it can be represented as the following normal form: where ( , ) is nonsingular for any ( , ).
Theorem 3 (see [24]). Suppose the system (4) is passive with a storage function , which is positive-definite, and the system (4) is locally zero-state detectable. Let be a smooth function such that (0) = 0 and ( ) > 0 for each nonzero . Then the control law = − ( ) asymptotically stabilizes the equilibrium of system (4).
Recently, the authors [22] introduced six different versions of the hyperchaotic complex Chen system by adding a state feedback controller to the chaotic complex Chen system [25], and the dynamics of the six hyperchaotic complex Chen systems were studied in detail in [22]. In this paper, we apply the passive control to investigate the synchronization and antisynchronization problems of the following form of hyperchaotic complex Chen system: where , , , and are positive real parameters, = 1 + 2 and = 3 + 4 are complex functions, = √ −1, = 5 , and = 6 . ( = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) are real functions. The overbar represents complex conjugate function.

Synchronization of the Hyperchaotic Complex Chen System with Unknown Parameters
In this section, we study the synchronization problem of the hyperchaotic complex Chen system (5) with unknown parameters using the technique of passive control. We consider system (5) as the drive system, and the response system is described bẏ1 V ( = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) are real functions, and 1 , 2 , 3 , and By subtracting the drive system (5) from the response system (6), we obtain the following error dynamical systeṁ where = V − ( = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) are error states and , , , and are unknown parameters. Separating the real and imaginary parts of error dynamical system (7), we obtain the following real system: Let 1 = 1 , 2 = 2 , 1 = 3 , 2 = 4 , 3 = 5 , and 4 = 6 ; then the error dynamical system (8) can be rewritten aṡ which is the following normal form: ] .
Then we can arrive at the following result.

Theorem 4.
If the passive controllers are designed as and the parameter estimation update laws as = − 2 3 , ] is an external signal vector which is connected with the reference input, and̃,̃, and̃are estimated values of the unknown parameters , , , and , respectively, then the error dynamical system (8) will be rendered passive and will be asymptotically stable at its equilibrium (0, 0, 0, 0) and the two systems (5) and (6) starting from different initial values will be synchronized.
Proof. Construct the following storage function: where The zero dynamics of system (10) describe the internal dynamics, which are consistent with the external constraint = 0; that is,̇= 0 ( ). Differentiating ( ) with respect to , we have Then 0 ( ) is globally asymptotically stable; that is, the zero dynamics of system (8) is Lyapunov stable. In the light of Definition 1, system (8) is a minimum phase system.
This completes the proof.
Remark 5. The controllers (12) are only related to the parameters , , and , and so we do not need to estimate the parameter .

Journal of Applied Mathematics
Proof. The proof of Theorem 6 is similar to that of Theorem 4, so it is omitted here.

Numerical Simulations
In this section, we perform two numerical simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the above synchronization and antisynchronization schemes. In the following numerical simulations, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the systems with time step size 0.001. The system parameters are selected as = 32, = 5, = 25, and = 6 so that the hyperchaotic complex Chen system (5) exhibits hyperchaos.
Example 7. For the synchronization of the hyperchaotic complex Chen system, we consider the drive system (5) and the response system (6) with the controllers (12) and update laws (13). The initial values for the drive system (5) and response system (6)  Example 8. For the antisynchronization of the hyperchaotic complex Chen system, we also consider the drive system (5) and the response system (6) but with the controllers (24) and update laws (25). The initial values for the drive system (5) and response system (6) Figure 3 shows the time response of states determined by the drive system (5) and the response system (6) with the controllers (24) and the parameter estimation update laws (25). The time response of error states for the antisynchronization error dynamical system (22) is shown in Figure 4. From Figures  3 and 4, we can see that the two systems starting from different initial conditions antisynchronize with each other immediately and the trajectories of the antisynchronization error dynamical system (22) are asymptotically stabilized at the zero equilibrium.

Conclusions
Hyperchaotic systems with real variables have been investigated extensively over the past three decades. But hyperchaotic complex systems have attracted increasing attention due to the fact that they have much wider applications. So we investigate the synchronization and antisynchronization problems of a hyperchaotic complex Chen system by applying the passive control technique. Based on the fact that once a system is passive, there exists a control law that makes the passive system stable, then the passivity-based controller can be proposed to asymptotically stabilize the error dynamical system. Then corresponding passive controllers and update laws of the parameters are proposed to achieve synchronization and antisynchronization between two hyperchaotic complex Chen systems with different initial conditions, respectively. Furthermore, this work can be extended to achieve synchronization and antisynchronization of other versions of the hyperchaotic complex Chen system, even other types of hyperchaotic complex systems, such as Lorenz system [26] and Lü system [27].