Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 352327, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/352327

Research Article

Generalized Reflexive and Generalized Antireflexive Solutions to a System of Matrix Equations

Yong Lin1,2 and Qing-Wen Wang¹

¹Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

²School of Mathematics and Statistics, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China

Received 23 March 2013; Accepted 30 December 2013; Published 23 February 2014

Academic Editor: Jinyun Yuan

Copyright © 2014 Yong Lin and Qing-Wen Wang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Two efficient iterative algorithms are presented to solve a system of matrix equations + , + over generalized reflexive and generalized antireflexive matrices. By the algorithms, the least norm generalized reflexive (antireflexive) solutions and the unique optimal approximation generalized reflexive (antireflexive) solutions to the system can be obtained, too. For any initial value, it is proved that the iterative solutions obtained by the proposed algorithms converge to their true values. The given numerical examples demonstrate that the iterative algorithms are efficient.

1. Introduction

Throughout the paper, we denote the set of all real matrices by , the transpose matrix of by , the identity matrix of order by , the Kronecker product of and by , the vector formed by the vertical concatenation of the respective columns of a matrix by , the trace of a matrix by , and the Frobenius norm of a matrix by , where . Let and be two real generalized reflection matrices, that is; , and , . A matrix is called generalized reflexive (antireflexive) matrix with respect to the matrix pair if . The set of all real generalized reflexive (generalized antireflexive) matrices with respect to matrix pair is denoted by (). The generalized reflexive and generalized antireflexive matrices have been widely used in engineering, scientific computations, and various other fields.

The linear matrix equation pair , is encountered in many systems and control applications. In this paper, we consider it with real generalized reflexive and generalized antireflexive constraint on the solutions. Let , and be four real generalized reflection matrices; the following four problems are studied.

Problem 1. For given matrices , , , , , , , , , and , find and such that

Problem 2. When Problem 1 is consistent, let denote the set of its solutions. For the given matrices , , find such that

Problem 3. For given matrices , , , , , , , , and , find and such that

Problem 4. When Problem 3 is consistent, let denote the set of its solutions. For the given matrices , , find such that

Problem 2 (4) is to find the optimal approximation generalized reflexive (antireflexive) solution to the given generalized reflexive (antireflexive) matrices and in the solution set of Problem 1 (3); it is occurs frequently in experiment design (see, e.g., [1]). In recent years, the matrix optimal approximation problem has been studied extensively (e.g., [2–12]).

Research on solving matrix equation pair has been actively ongoing for the last 30 years or more. For instance, Mitra [13] gave conditions for the existence of a solution and a representation of the general common solution to , . Shinozaki and Sibuya [14] and van der Woude [15] discussed conditions for the existence of a common solution to , . Navarra et al. [5] derived sufficient and necessary conditions for the existence of a common solution to , . Yuan [11] obtained an analytical expression of the least-squares solutions of , by using the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) of matrices. Dehghan and Hajarian [32] presented some examples to show a motivation for studying the general coupled matrix equations , , and they [17] constructed an iterative algorithm to solve the general coupled matrix equations , . Wang [18, 19] gave the centrosymmetric solution to the system of quaternion matrix equations , . Wang [16] also solved a system of matrix equations over arbitrary regular rings with identity.

Recently, some finite iterative algorithms have also been developed to solve matrix equations. Ding et al. [20–23] studied the iterative solutions of matrix equations and , generalized Sylvester matrix equations and . They presented gradient based and least-squares based iterative algorithms for the solution. Duan et al. [24–27] considered iterative method for some coupled linear matrix equations. Deng et al. [28] studied the consistent conditions and the general expressions about the Hermitian solutions of the matrix equations and designed an iterative method for its Hermitian minimum norm solutions. Li and Wu [29] gave symmetric and skew-antisymmetric solutions to certain matrix equations , over the real quaternion algebra . For more studies on iterative algorithms on coupled matrix equations, we refer to [3, 8–10, 30–36]. Peng et al. [12] presented iterative methods to obtain the symmetric solutions of , . Sheng and Chen [7] presented a finite iterative method for solving , . Liao and Lei [37] presented an analytical expression of the least-squares solution and an algorithm for , with the minimum norm. Peng et al. [6] presented an algorithm for the least-squares reflexive solution. Dehghan and Hajarian [2] presented an iterative algorithm for solving a pair of matrix equations , over generalized matrices; they [31] also presented an algorithm for solving a pair of matrix equations , over generalized reflexive (antireflexive) matrices. Cai and Chen [38] presented an iterative algorithm for the least-squares bisymmetric solutions of the matrix equations , . Yin and Huang [39] presented an iterative algorithm to solve the least-squares generalized reflexive solutions of the matrix equations , . Lin and Wang [40] presented an iterative algorithm to solve a system of linear matrix equations , with real matrices and .

However, to our knowledge, there has been little information on finding the solutions to the Problems 1–4 by iterative algorithm. In this paper, two efficient iterative algorithms are presented to solve the Problems 1–4. The suggested iterative algorithms automatically determine the solvability of equations pair (1) with the constraint. When the pair of equations is consistent, then, for any initial generalized reflexive (antireflexive) matrices and , the solution can be obtained in the absence of round errors, and the least norm solution can be obtained by choosing a special kind of initial matrix. In addition, the unique optimal approximation solution pair , to given matrix pair , in Frobenius norm can be obtained by finding the least norm solution of a new pair of matrix equations , , where , , , . The given numerical examples demonstrate that our iterative algorithms are efficient. In particular, when the numbers of the parameter matrices , and are large, our algorithms are efficient as well while the algorithm of [31] is not convergent. That is, our algorithms have merits of good numerical stability and ease to program.

The rest of this paper is outlined as follows. In Section 2, we first propose an efficient iterative algorithm for solving Problems 1 and 2; then we give some properties of this iterative algorithm. We show that the algorithm can obtain a solution group for any (special) initial generalized reflexive matrix group in the absence of round-off errors. In Section 3, Problems 3 and 4 are solved similarly. In Section 4 numerical examples are given to illustrate that our algorithms are quite efficient.

2. Iterative Algorithm for Solving Problems 1 and 2

In this section, we present an iterative algorithm for solving Problems 1 and 2.

Algorithm 5. (1) Input matrices , , , , , , , , , , , and (where are any initial generalized reflexive matrices).

(2) Calculate

(3) If (), then stop. Otherwise,

(4) Calculate

Go to (3).

Lemma 6. In Algorithm 5, the choice of makes reach a minimum and and orthogonal to each other.

Proof. From Algorithm 5, we have

From the above, the condition of reaching a minimum is

On the other side, if the choice of makes and orthogonal to each other, that is, , we can have the same as (3).

Theorem 7. Algorithm 5 is bound to be convergent.

Proof. From Algorithm 5 and Lemma 6 we have

such that

From (11), we know that Algorithm 5 is convergent.

Lemma 8 (see [41]). Suppose that the consistent system of linear equations has a solution ; then is the least Frobenius norm solution of the system of linear equations.

Theorem 9. Assume that the system (1) is consistent. Let   ,    be initial matrices, where , are any initial matrices, or, especially, , ; then the solution generated by Algorithm 5 is the least Frobenius norm solution to (1).

Proof. If (1) is consistent, from ,  , using Algorithm 5, we have the generalized reflexive iterative solution pair , of (1) as the following:

We know that (1) is equivalent to the system

From (12) and (13) we have

where is the column space of matrix .

Considering Lemma 8, with the initial matrices , , where , are arbitrary, or, especially, and , then the solution pair , generated by Algorithm 5, is the least Frobenius norm solution of the matrix equations (1).

Suppose that Problem 1 is consistent. Obviously the solution set of (1) is nonempty. For given matrices pair , , we consider two case:

Case 1. Consider .

We have

Let , , , and ; then Problem 2 is equivalent to finding the least Frobenius norm solution pair of the system

which can be obtained using Algorithm 5 with the initial matrix pair  ,   , where , are arbitrary, or, especially, , , and the solution of the matrix optimal approximation Problem 2 can be represented as , .

Case 2. , , and are not generalized reflexive matrices.

Lemma 10. Suppose , ; then .

Proof. Since , , we have

So, .

For , by Lemma 10, we have

For any , we have

That is, Problem 2 is equivalent to finding such that   reach a minimum.

For any , we have

Let ,  ,  , and   and then to finding such that reach a minimum is equivalent to finding the least Frobenius norm generalized reflexive solution pair of the system

which can be obtained using Algorithm 5.

So we can have the least Frobenius norm generalized reflexive solution of Problem 2 as , .

3. Iterative Algorithm for Solving Problems 3 and 4

In this section, we present an iterative algorithm for solving Problems 3 and 4.

Algorithm 11. (1) Input matrices , , , , , , , , , , , and (where are any initial generalized antireflexive matrices).

(2) Calculate

(3) If (), then stop. Otherwise,

(4) Calculate

Go to (3).

The properties of Algorithm 11 can be proposed similarly to Algorithm 5.

4. Examples

In this section, we show two numerical examples to illustrate the efficiency of Algorithms 5 and 11. All computations are performed by MATLAB 7. For the influence of the error of calculation, we consider the matrix as a zero matrix if .

Example 12. Consider the generalized reflexive solution of the linear matrix equations:

where

Let

Using Algorithm 5 and iterating 1214 steps, we obtain the least Frobenius norm solution pair of the matrix equation in Example 12 as follows:

Example 13. Consider the generalized antireflexive solution of the linear matrix equations:

where , and are the same matrices of Example 12:

Let

Using Algorithm 11 and iterating 240 steps, we obtain the least Frobenius norm solution pair of the matrix equation in Example 13 as follows:

The numbers of the parameter matrices , and in our examples are larger than the numbers of the parameter matrices in the example of [31]. To our examples, the algorithm of [31] is not convergent. The numerical examples demonstrate that our algorithm has merits of good numerical stability and ease to program.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Grants from the Key Project of Scientific Research Innovation Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (13ZZ080), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11171205), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (11ZR1412500), and the Nature Science Foundation of Anhui Provincial Education (ky2008b253, KJ2013A248).

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