Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 404521, 14 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/404521

Research Article

On Pseudospherical Smarandache Curves in Minkowski 3-Space

Esra Betul Koc Ozturk,1,2 Ufuk Ozturk,1,2 Kazim Ilarslan,³ and Emilija Nešović⁴

¹Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Çankiri Karatekin, 18100 Çankiri, Turkey

²School of Mathematics & Statistical Sciences, Room PSA442, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1804, USA

³Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, University of Kirikkale, 71450 Kirikkale, Turkey

⁴Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia

Received 3 June 2013; Accepted 21 November 2013; Published 24 February 2014

Academic Editor: Laurent Gosse

Copyright © 2014 Esra Betul Koc Ozturk et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In this paper we define nonnull and null pseudospherical Smarandache curves according to the Sabban frame of a spacelike curve lying on pseudosphere in Minkowski 3-space. We obtain the geodesic curvature and the expressions for the Sabban frame’s vectors of spacelike and timelike pseudospherical Smarandache curves. We also prove that if the pseudospherical null straight lines are the Smarandache curves of a spacelike pseudospherical curve , then has constant geodesic curvature. Finally, we give some examples of pseudospherical Smarandache curves.

1. Introduction

It is known that a Smarandache geometry is a geometry which has at least one Smarandachely denied axiom [1]. An axiom is said to be Smarandachely denied, if it behaves in at least two different ways within the same space. Smarandache geometries are connected with the theory of relativity and the parallel universes. Smarandache curves are the objects of Smarandache geometry. By definition, if the position vector of a curve is composed by the Frenet frame’s vectors of another curve , then the curve is called a Smarandache curve [2]. Special Smarandache curves in the Euclidean and Minkowski spaces are studied by some authors [3–7]. The curves lying on a pseudosphere in Minkowski 3-space are characterized in [8].

In this paper we define nonnull and null pseudospherical Smarandache curves according to the Sabban frame of a spacelike curve lying on pseudosphere in Minkowski 3-space. We obtain the geodesic curvature and the expressions for the Sabban frame’s vectors of spacelike and timelike pseudospherical Smarandache curves. We also prove that if the pseudospherical null straight lines are the Smarandache curves of a spacelike pseudospherical curve , then has nonzero constant geodesic curvature. Finally, we give some examples of pseudospherical Smarandache curves in Minkowski 3-space.

2. Basic Concepts

The Minkowski 3-space is the Euclidean 3-space provided with the standard flat metric given by

where is a rectangular coordinate system of . Since is an indefinite metric, recall that a nonzero vector can have one of three Lorentzian causal characters: it can be spacelike if , timelike if , and null (lightlike) if . In particular, the norm (length) of a vector is given by and two vectors and are said to be orthogonal if . Next, recall that an arbitrary curve in can locally be spacelike, timelike, or null (lightlike) if all of its velocity vectors are, respectively, spacelike, timelike, or null (lightlike) for all [9]. A spacelike or a timelike curve is parameterized by arclength parameter if or , respectively. For any two vectors and in the space , the pseudovector product of and is defined by

Lemma 1. Let , , and be vectors in . Then,

(i), (ii), (iii),

where is the pseudovector product in .

Lemma 2. In the Minkowski 3-space , the following properties are satisfied [9]:

(i)two timelike vectors are never orthogonal;(ii)two null vectors are orthogonal if and only if they are linearly dependent;(iii)timelike vector is never orthogonal to a null vector.

The pseudosphere with center at the origin and of radius in the Minkowski 3-space is a quadric defined by

Let be a curve lying fully in pseudosphere in . Then its position vector is a spacelike, which means that the tangent vector can be a spacelike, a timelike, or a null. Depending on the causal character of , we distinguish the following three cases.

Case 1 ( is a unit spacelike vector). Then we have orthonormal Sabban frame along the curve , where is the unit timelike vector. The corresponding Frenet formulae of , according to the Sabban frame, read

where is the geodesic curvature of and is the arclength parameter of . In particular, the following relations hold:

Case 2 ( is a unit timelike vector). Hence, we have orthonormal Sabban frame along the curve , where is the unit spacelike vector. The corresponding Frenet formulae of , according to the Sabban frame, read

where is the geodesic curvature of and is the arclength parameter of . In particular, the following relations hold:

Case 3 ( is a null vector). It is known that the only null curves lying on pseudosphere are the null straight lines, which are the null geodesics.

3. Spacelike and Timelike Pseudospherical Smarandache Curves in Minkowski 3-Space

In this section, we consider spacelike pseudospherical curve and define its spacelike and timelike pseudospherical Smarandache curves according to the Sabban frame of in Mikowski 3-space. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve with the Sabban frame , lying fully on pseudosphere in . Denote by arbitrary nonnull curve lying on pseudosphere, where is the arclength parameter of . Then we have the following definitions of special pseudospherical Smarandache curves of .

Definition 3. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully on pseudosphere . The nonnull pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of is defined by

where is arclength parameter of , , and .

Definition 4. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully on pseudosphere . The nonnull pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of is defined by

where is arclength parameter of ,  , and .

Definition 5. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully on pseudosphere . The nonnull pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of is defined by

where is arclength parameter of ,  , and .

Definition 6. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully on pseudosphere . The nonnull pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of is defined by

where is arclength parameter of ,  , and .

Note that if is a timelike pseudospherical curve, the corresponding nonnull pseudospherical Smarandache curves according to the Sabban frame of can be defined in analogous way. In particular, if is a null pseudospherical curve, then it is a null straight line, so the vectors and are linearly dependent. Thus in this case we do not have the orthonormal Sabban frame of .

Next we obtain the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature of some special spacelike and timelike pseudospherical Smarandache curves of . We consider the following two cases: (i) is a spacelike curve and (ii) is a timelike curve.

Case 4 ( is a spacelike curve). Then, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 7. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . If is a spacelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

where , , and .

Proof. Differentiating (8) with respect to and using (4) we obtain

and hence

where

Therefore, the unit spacelike tangent vector of the curve is given by

where if for all and if for all .

Differentiating (17) with respect to and using (4) we find

In particular, from (16) and (18) we get

Since and are spacelike vectors, from (8) and (17) we obtain that the unit timelike vector is given by

Consequently, the geodesic curvature of is given by

Theorem 8. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . If is a spacelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

where

,  , and for all .

Proof. Differentiating (9) with respect to and using (4) we obtain

and consequently

where

Therefore, the unit spacelike tangent vector of the curve is given by

where for all .

Differentiating (28) with respect to , it follows that

where

From (27) and (29) we get

On the other hand, from (9) and (28) it can be easily seen that the unit timelike vector is given by

Therefore, the geodesic curvature of is given by

Theorem 9. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . If is a spacelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

where

, , and for all .

Proof. Differentiating (10) with respect to and using (4) we obtain

and consequently

where

It follows that the unit spacelike tangent vector of the curve is given by

where for all . Differentiating (40) with respect to , we find

where

From (39) and (41) we get

Equations (10) and (40) imply

Finally, the geodesic curvature of the curve is given by

Theorem 10. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . If is a spacelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

where

, , and for all .

Proof. Differentiating (11) with respect to and by using (4) we find

and thus

where

Therefore, the unit spacelike tangent vector of the curve is given by

where for all .

Differentiating (52) with respect to and using (51), it follows that

where

From (11) and (52) we get

Consequently, the geodesic curvature of reads

Case 5 ( is a timelike curve). Then, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 11. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . Then the timelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of does not exist.

Proof. Assume that there exists a timelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of . Differentiating (8) with respect to and using (4) we obtain

where is the acrlength parameter of . The previous equation implies

This means that a timelike vector is collinear with a spacelike vector , which is a contradiction.

In the theorems which follow, in a similar way as in the Case 4, we obtain the Sabban frame and geodesic curvature of a timelike pseudospherical Smarandache curve . We omit the proofs of Theorems 11, 12, and 13, since they are analogous to the proofs of Theorems 8, 9, and 10.

Theorem 12. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . If is a timelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

where

, , and for all .

Theorem 13. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . If is a timelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

where

, , and for all .

Theorem 14. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . If is a timelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

where

, , and for all .

Corollary 15. If is a spacelike geodesic curve on pseudosphere in Minkowski 3-space , then

(1)the spacelike and timelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curves are also geodesic on ;(2)the spacelike and timelike pseudospherical and -Smarandache curves have constant geodesic curvatures on ;(3)the spacelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve has constant geodesic curvature on .

4. Null Pseudospherical Smarandache Curves in Minkowski 3-Space

In this section, we give definitions of null pseudospherical Smarandache curves which are analogous to the definitions of nonnull pseudospherical Smarandache curves of , given in Section 3.

Definition 16. Let and be a unit speed spacelike and a null curve, respectively, lying fully in pseudosphere . The curve is pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , if it is given by

where , and .

Definition 17. Let and be a unit speed spacelike and null curve, respectively, lying fully in pseudosphere . The curve is pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , if it is given by

where , and .

Definition 18. Let and be a unit speed spacelike and null curve, respectively, lying fully in pseudosphere . The curve is pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , if it is given by

where , and .

Definition 19. Let and be a unit speed spacelike and null curve, respectively, lying fully in pseudosphere . The curve is pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , if it is given by

where , and .

Theorem 20. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . Then the null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of does not exist.

Proof. Assume that there exists null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of . Differentiating (68) with respect to and using (4) we obtain

This means that a null vector is collinear with a spacelike vector , which is a contradiction.

Theorem 21. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . If is a null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then has constant geodesic curvature given by

Proof. Differentiating (69) with respect to and using (4) we obtain

and consequently

where , and . The condition implies

which proves the theorem.

The next two theorems can be proved in a similar way, so we omit their proofs.

Theorem 22. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . If is a null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then has constant geodesic curvature given by

Theorem 23. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying fully in with the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature . If is a null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then has constant geodesic curvature given by

where , , and .

Corollary 24. There are no spacelike pseudospherical geodesic curves whose pseudospherical , , and -Smarandache curves are the null curves.

5. Examples

Example 1. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying on pseudosphere in the Minkowski 3-space with parameter equation (see Figure 1)

The orthonormal Sabban frame along the curve is given by

In particular, the geodesic curvature of the curve has the form

Figure 1: The curve on .

Case 1. Taking and and using (8), we obtain that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is given by (see Figure 2)

It can be easily checked that , which means that is a spacelike curve. According to Theorem 7, its Sabban frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

Figure 2: The spacelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on .

Case 2. Taking and and using (9) we get that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is given by (see Figure 3)

It can be easily checked that , which means that is a spacelike curve. According to Theorem 8, its frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

Figure 3: The spacelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on .

Case 3. Taking and , from (10) we find that the pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is given by (see Figure 4)

It can be easily checked that , which means that is a spacelike curve. According to Theorem 9, its frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature has the following form:

Figure 4: The spacelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on .

Case 4. Taking , , and and using (11), we find that the pseudospherical -Smarandache curve has parameter equation (see Figure 5):

It can be easily checked that , which means that is a spacelike curve. By Theorem 10, its frame is given by

while the corresponding geodesic curvature has the following form:

Special spacelike Smarandache curves of and the curve on are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 5: The spacelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on .

Figure 6: Special spacelike pseudospherical Smarandache curves of and the curve on .

Example 2. Let us consider a unit speed spacelike circle lying on pseudosphere in the Minkowski 3-space with parameter equation (see Figure 7):

The orthonormal Sabban frame along the curve is given by

In particular, the geodesic curvature of reads

Figure 7: The spacelike circle on .

Case 1. Taking and and using (9), we obtain that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is given by (see Figure 8)

It can be easily checked that , which means that is a timelike curve. According to Theorem 12, its Sabban frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

Figure 8: The timelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on .

Case 2. Taking and and using (10), we obtain that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is given by (see Figure 9)

It can be easily checked that , which means that is a timelike curve. According to Theorem 13, its Sabban frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

Figure 9: The timelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on .

Case 3. Taking , , and and using (11), we obtain that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is given by (see Figure 10)

It can be easily checked that , which means that is a timelike curve. According to Theorem 14, its Sabban frame is given by

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

Special timelike Smarandache curves of and the curve on are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 10: The timelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on .

Figure 11: Special timelike pseudospherical Smarandache curves of and the curve on .

Example 3. Let us consider a unit speed spacelike circle lying on pseudosphere in the Minkowski 3-space with parameter (94). Then its geodesic curvature is given by (96).

Case 1. If is null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then according to Theorem 21 the curve has nonzero constant geodesic curvature given by

The last relation together with (96) implies . By Definition 17 there holds and therefore we can take . Finally, by using (69) we obtain that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of is given by (see Figure 12)

It can be easily checked that , which means that is a null straight line.

Figure 12: The null -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on .

Case 2. If is null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then according to Theorem 22 the curve has nonzero constant geodesic curvature given by

The last relation together with (96) implies . By Definition 18 there holds and therefore we can take . Finally, by using (70) we obtain that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of is given by (see Figure 13)

It can be easily checked that , which means that is a null straight line.

Figure 13: The null -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on .

Case 3. If is null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then according to Theorem 23 the curve has nonzero constant geodesic curvature given by

The last relation together with (96) implies , . By Definition 19 there holds and therefore we can take . Finally, by using (71) we obtain that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of is given by (see Figure 14)

It can be easily checked that , which means that is a null straight line.

Figure 14: The null -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on .

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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