The Long-Run Behavior of Consumption and Wealth Dynamics in Complete Financial Market with Heterogeneous Investors

A type of complete financial market with finite and countable heterogeneous investors, that is, investors equipped with heterogeneous elasticities of intertemporal substitution, heterogeneous time discount rates, and also heterogeneous beliefs, is constructed and two main results are established. First, long-run behaviors, specifically golden rules or modified golden rules, about consumption path andwealth accumulation are investigated under uncertainty and in the sense of uniform topology. Second, inefficacy of temporary taxation policies, which are chosen to be consumption tax and wealth tax, is confirmed in the current financial market.


Introduction
Our goal in this paper is to explore the golden rule or modified golden rule properties of consumption and wealthaccumulation dynamics, as well as the effects of temporary taxation policies, which are chosen to be consumption tax and wealth tax, in a type of complete financial market with finite and countable heterogeneous investors (see, [1], e.g.), that is, investors with heterogeneous elasticities of intertemporal substitution (e.g., [2,3]), heterogeneous time discount rates (e.g., [2][3][4]), and heterogeneous beliefs (see, [2,3,[5][6][7][8], and among others), choosing optimal consumption and portfolio strategy in an economy of infinite horizon. Golden rules about the consumption path, the wealth dynamics, and the combination of both are proved under uncertainty and in the sense of uniform topology, which would be regarded as the first innovation of the current paper. Furthermore, inefficacy of temporary taxation policies has also been confirmed in the current complete financial market, leading us to the second inspiration of the current paper.
In the past several decades, portfolio turnpikes (see [9][10][11][12][13][14][15], among others) in financial economics have been extensively studied and well-understood. Meanwhile, the concept of golden rule or modified golden rule (e.g., [16][17][18][19][20][21], among others) has been developed and plays a crucial role in studying optimal economic growth and optimal capital accumulation in macroeconomics. However, little attention up to the present has been paid to the golden rule or modified golden rule of consumption path and wealth accumulation in complete or incomplete financial market with heterogeneous investors. Noting that consumption strategy and wealth accumulation play the same, if not more, important role as that of portfolio choice in both capital asset pricing models (see [22][23][24][25][26][27], among others) and market selection theory (e.g., [2,7,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35], among others), the current paper is encouraged to meet the gap and investigate the long-run behavior of consumption and wealth dynamics in a type of complete financial market with heterogeneous investors.
Indeed, the current paper confirms the following strong conclusion: both optimal consumption path and optimal wealth dynamics are long-run golden rules in the sense of uniform topology and in the corresponding nonstationary environment, regardless of the fact that there are many heterogeneous investors in the economy. In other words, the uniform topology golden rules demonstrated in the present paper are robust to the types of investors in the market as long as they all exhibit the same type of CRRA preferences. Nonetheless, these golden rules are not turnpikes because they are sensitive to initial conditions of the corresponding dynamics [36][37][38]. And hence, naturally, an open question comes up: when these golden rules are also turnpikes? The exploration of this question will be left to future study. The second goal of this paper is to study the effect of taxation policies, which are specifically chosen to be consumption tax and wealth tax, to optimal consumption strategy. As in the literatures of Yano [38,39] and Kondo [40], the current paper proves the conclusion of inefficacy of temporary taxation policies in a type of complete financial market with heterogeneous investors in comparatively weak conditions, which are different from those of Yano [38,39] and Kondo [40] due to the dynamic competitive-equilibrium framework they employed.
In addition, although both this paper and Jin [13] investigate the long-run behavior of consumption process in a continuous-time finance model, it is worthwhile mentioning that our results are essentially different from those of Jin [13] in the following aspects. First, Jin mainly proves the portfolio turnpike theorems in a continuous-time model, which however is not our focus in this paper. In particular, Jin proves related turnpike properties, whereas our paper confirms the relevant golden rule properties, and we already know that golden run property is generally weaker than turnpike property. Second, Jin shows the related convergence between processes under different utility-function assumptions, that is, general utility functions, such that the inverse functions of the derivative of utility functions for consumption and investment belong to a special subclass of regularly varying functions and power utility functions, whereas we show the convergence between processes under arbitrary decisions and optimal decisions. Third, Jin just confirms the convergence of final wealth process while the present paper shows convergence for the entire path of wealth accumulation. And fourth, we show a much stronger convergence in the sense of uniform topology while this desired property generally cannot be satisfied in the paper of Jin.
Finally, we would like to indicate the differences and also similarity between our investigation and the well-known papers of Sandroni [30] and Blume and Easley [7]. First, the fundamental issue investigated in these papers is distinct with our paper, that is, they all focus on the market-selection theory in complete or incomplete markets, while the current study purely characterizes the long-run behaviors of wealth and consumption processes of heterogeneous investors. Second, it is easy to see that the current model environment is different from the above papers; in particular, they use discretetime models and we use a continuous-time model driven by Brownian motions, and it is easy to see that our model intrinsically leads us to more complicated computations in demonstrating the corresponding convergence result. Third, although these papers emphasize the proof of corresponding convergence, their convergence results are just in point-wise sense and hence are much weaker than the present meansquare convergence in uniform topology sense. Last but not least, even though the huge differences exist in modeling environment and focus, our result induces similar intuitive implications as these papers, that is, wealth-accumulation process will uniformly converge to the equilibrium path under optimal decision and hence market selection will prefer those make accurate predications in complete markets.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the basic definitions and assumptions about the complete financial market facing us; Section 3 solves the individual optimization problem facing heterogeneous investors, that is, both optimal consumption-portfolio strategy and optimal wealth dynamics are derived; Section 4 proves the uniform topology golden rules in the current financial market based upon the results in Section 3. There is a brief concluding section. All proofs appear in the Appendix.

Definitions and Assumptions
Suppose that there are heterogeneous agents in the economy. Perfect foresight assumption is employed and we denote by (Ω , F , {F } ≥0 , P ) the complete and filtered probability space with F = {F } ≥0 denoting the filtration and the sigmaalgebra F generated by a -dimensional standard Brownian motion ( ( ), 0 ≤ ≤ ). Here, and throughout the current paper, E is used to denote the expectation operator with respect to the probability law P for ∀ = 1, 2, . . . , . Moreover, we are provided with another stochastic basis denote the corresponding filtration satisfying the usual conditions. We further denote by E the expectation operator with respect to the probability law P.
We define the canonical Lebesgue measure on measure space (R + , B(R + )) with R + = [0, ∞), R ++ = (0, ∞) and B(R + ) the Borel sigma-algebra, and also the corresponding regular properties about Lebesgue measure are supposed to be fulfilled. Thus, we can define the following product measure spaces (Ω × R + , F ⊗ B(R + )) and (Ω × R + , F ⊗ B(R + )) with corresponding product measures being ⊗ P and ⊗ P, respectively, for ∀ = 1, 2, . . . , . Now, based upon the probability space (Ω , F , F , P ), we define the complete financial market as follows: where ( ) denotes the price process of a safe or riskless investment, for example, bank account, and ( ) denotes the price process of a risky investment, for instance, the stock, for = 1, 2, . . . , and ∀ = 1, 2, . . . , . And ( ), ( ), ( ) ∈ R denote the riskless interest rate, the expectation return rate of the stock and the market volatility in period , respectively, for ∀ = 1, 2, . . . , , = 1, 2, . . . , and = 1, 2, . . . , . In particular, if we let ( ) represent the true value of market mean return of stock , then we get E [ ( ) | F ] = ( ) > (res. = or <) ( ) if individual is an optimistic (res. rational or pessimistic) investor, which reflects heterogeneous beliefs in the current financial market. Moreover, all of the above processes are supposed to be F ⊗ B(R + )-progressively Journal of Applied Mathematics 3 measurable. Then, we can have the following SDE of wealth accumulation: in which ( ) is assumed to be F ⊗ B(R + )-adapted and both ( ( )) and ( ( )) are supposed to be F ⊗ B(R + )progressively measurable. We employ the following assumptions in the model.

Remark 3. (i) Provided Assumption 2, the existence and uniqueness of strong solutions of the SDEs in
(ii) Assumption 2 is indeed weak in the following sense, that is, conditions (7) can be naturally satisfied for any 1 functions due to the mean value theorem.
(iii) Here, and throughout the current paper, | ⋅ | is used to represent absolute value, ‖ ⋅ ‖ 2 is used to denote both the Euclidean vector norm and the Frobenius (or trace) matrix norm, and ⟨⋅, ⋅⟩ is used to denote the scalar product.
Assumption 4. The real symmetric matrix ( ) ( ) ⊤ is assumed to be bounded and invertible throughout the current paper. Now, as a preparation for solving individual optimization problem defined in the following section, we, as usual, provide the following formal definition, Definition 5 (Markov admissible strategy). We call the control variable ( ( ), ( )) ∈ [0, 1] ×R + an admissible strategy if the corresponding wealth process ( , ) ≥ 0 ⊗ Pa.e. and we further call it a Markov admissible strategy if it satisfies Markov property of memorylessness, and then we define the set of Markov admissible strategy as A for ∀ = 1, 2, . . . , .
Here, and throughout the current paper, we just consider Markov admissible strategies for the investors in the present complete financial market. In particular, we will derive in the following section the corresponding Markov admissible strategies for these investors by employing stochastic dynamic programming.

Individual Optimization Problem
We, as usual and without loss of any generality, suppose that the agents exhibit constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) preferences, and the individual optimization problem reads as follows: Journal of Applied Mathematics where E ( , ) is defined in the precious section with initial conditions ( , ) ∈ R + × R ++ , > 0 denotes the subjective discount factor. and ∈ (0, 1) is a constant with 1 − denoting relative risk aversion coefficient for ∀ = 1, 2, . . . , .
Employing the classical technique of dynamic programming, the individual optimization problem defined in (8) is explicitly solved and the following proposition is, thus, established. Proposition 6. Provided Assumption 4, then the optimal portfolio reads as follows: and if then the optimal consumption strategy is given in the feedback form, that is, where and̂( ) is a strong solution of SDÊ subject tô(0) = > 0 P -a.s. for ∀ = 1, 2, . . . , .
Proof. See Appendix A.

Uniform Topology Golden Rules
By Proposition 6, we get the optimal paths of wealth accumulation as follows: which can be rewritten in the following matrix form: To prove the golden rules, we need the following assumptions.
Remark 9. The inequality in (16) is the well-known one-sided Lipschitz condition. It follows from Assumption 8 that Thus, we directly give the following assumption.
Assumption 5 . There exists a constant̂=̂∨̂such that for ∀̂∈ R + . Given the above assumptions, the following lemma is derived.
Journal of Applied Mathematics 5 Moreover, we give the following assumption.
Proof. See Appendix C.

Remark 15.
This theorem is about the asymptotic properties of two wealth processes, ( ) and̂( ), in whicĥ( ) is the strong solution to the SDE (14) that is evaluated at the optimal portfolio and consumption strategies and ( ) is the strong solution of the SDE (2) but since those conditions are introduced before the utility function as well as the optimal decisions, it implies that the implicit portfolio and consumption processes are arbitrary. Therefore, Theorem 14 demonstrates that an arbitrary wealth process will uniformly converge to the optimal wealth-accumulation process in mean-square sense as long as the initial level of wealth is strictly controlled. Also, as the well-known argument of Yano [38] shows that Theorem 14 cannot be regarded as a uniform topology turnpike theorem, it, nevertheless, can be interpreted as a stability theorem. Actually, Theorem 14 proves both Liapounov stability (see, [38,41]) or dual Liapounov stability (e.g., [38,39]) and asymptotic stability (e.g., [38,42], and among others) of the optimal wealth dynamics under uncertainty and in the sense of uniform topology. In particular, golden rule is a weaker concept relative to the turnpike, that is, the former is allowed to depend on initial conditions while the latter does not in the process of convergence. Nevertheless, both golden rules and turnpikes refer to equilibrium paths evaluated at optimal strategies of individuals, that is, they represent desired paths.
Moreover, based upon Lemma 12 and similar to the proof of Theorem 14, the following theorem is derived.
In particular, if we are given the following case.
Indeed, as corollaries of Theorem 14, we have the following.
Corollary 17 (uniform topology golden rule). Based upon the assumptions and conclusions of Theorem 14, then for any given ≥ 0, ∀ ≥ 0, one gets Moreover, similar to Theorem 14, one gets Proof. See Appendix D.

Corollary 18 (uniform topology golden rule). Based upon the assumptions and conclusions of Theorem 14, then for any given
Moreover, similar to Theorem 14, one gets Proof. See Appendix E.

Corollary 19 (inefficacy of temporary taxation policies).
Based upon the assumptions and conclusions of Theorem 14, then for any given ≥ 0, ∀ ≥ 0, one gets Moreover, similar to Theorem 14, one has Proof. See Appendix F.
In (32), we suppose that there is a linear relationship between the original consumption path and the original wealth dynamics. Now, we relax this assumption and consider the following.
Case 2. We do not prespecify any relationship between consumption process ( ) and wealth stock ( ), which would be regarded as the most general case.

Journal of Applied Mathematics 7
We first introduce the following assumptions.
Consequently, we get the following theorem.

Moreover, one can show
Proof. See Appendix G.
Remark 24. One can easily tell the differences between Corollary 17 and Theorem 23, and indeed the main differences can be expressed as follows: first, Theorem 23 provides us with a much stronger conclusion than that of Corollary 17; second, noting that Theorem 23 corresponds to Case 2, which is much more general than Case 1, Corollary 17 depends on much weaker assumptions than Theorem 23. However, both Corollary 17 and Theorem 23 demonstrate the Liapounov stability and asymptotic stability of optimal consumption paths in the sense of uniform topology and in non-stationary environments.

Concluding Remarks
As is well known, theory about golden rule or modified golden rule and different types of turnpike theorems (i.e., Neighborhood Turnpike Theorem, see Yano [44], and Asymptotic Turnpike Theorem, see Yano [45]) have been developed and extensively studied for several decades and play very important roles in both macroeconomics and mathematical economics. Meanwhile, noting that portfolio choice, consumption strategy, and wealth accumulation are important issues in financial economics, especially in asset pricing models and market selection theories, and portfolio turnpikes has attracted broad interest of investigation while little attention has been focused on the turnpike or golden rule properties about consumption path and wealth dynamics in financial economics. Moreover, one can easily notice that portfolio choice, consumption strategy and wealth accumulation are intimately correlated with each other both in financial models and in financial markets. Accordingly, the current paper argues from the following two viewpoints that first, exploration about the golden rule or turnpike properties of consumption path and wealth accumulation should be of independent interest; second, the exploration of consumption path and wealth accumulation in different financial markets may possibly in turn enhance and deepen our understanding of portfolio turnpikes (see, [14]). And hence, the major purpose of the current paper is to meet the above gap and we indeed have proved the golden rules about consumption path and wealth dynamics in a type of complete financial markets with heterogeneous investors. Moreover, inefficacy of temporary taxation policies also has been confirmed in the present model, which would be regarded as a natural byproduct of the investigation about golden rules of the corresponding financial market. Finally, the current paper can be naturally extended according to the following three lines: first, one can explore uniform topology turnpikes about consumption path and wealth accumulation in financial market, that is, one can search for the conditions under which the uniform topology golden rules demonstrated in the present paper are also uniform topology turnpikes; second, one can study the existence and uniqueness of uniform topology golden rule or turnpike of any given incomplete financial market or market with asymmetric information, that is, there exists insider trade in market, and to further characterize their properties from the view of point of economics; last but not least, one can, if motivated, investigate golden rules or turnpikes in the framework of general equilibrium or dynamic general equilibrium of any given financial market.

A. Proof of Proposition 6
We do so by first defining the following process: Thus, the differential generator of ( ) reads as follows: If we try Then we get Notice that ℎ is concave in ( (0), (0)), thus, the maximum of ℎ is attained via the following FOC: Then one can easily get Consequently, applying the Markov properties of the solutions, the desired results in Proposition 6 are established.

B. Proof of Lemma 10
Applying Itô's rule to (15), we get thus, for some constant̂=̂( , ) > 0, which may change at each occurrence throughout the proof, and 1 ∈ [0, ], we obtain by using Assumption 5 It follows from applying Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and taking expectations on both sides that Applying the Burkholder-Davis-Gundy inequality (see [46], pp. 166 ), we get } .

Substituting this into (B.4) produces
Thus, by applying Assumption 7 and the following fact (see, [47]) by directly applying (B.7) to the right hand side of inequality (B.6) to simplify the corresponding formula, which immediately gives rise to the desired assertion in the lemma.

Journal of Applied Mathematics
Then by the Young inequality (see, [47]) and for any > 0 (C.7) Thus, we obtain . (C.14) Hence, for ∀ > 0, we can choose some and such that To summarize, we obtain the desired results in the theorem, that is, Moreover, noting that, for any given , lim → ∞ ( , ) = 0 (∀ = 1, 2), thus, we have Applying the well-known Levi lemma leads us to which completes the proof.

D. Proof of Corollary 17
By (29) hence, we get

E. Proof of Corollary 18
Noting that (E.2) Then we have

Conflict of Interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.