product news

Solar power has been established as a source of mainstream power generation across the globe. With numerous installations of photovoltaic (PV) systems for residential homes at or near the distribution site, there is a challenge to balance supply and demand to make these intermittent energy sources reliable. Too little sun means low solar generation and poor PV system efficiency. Excessive generation can jeopardize normal operation of electricity networks. Demand response (DR) is one promising way to increase operational flexibility and energy efficiency. However, little research has been conducted on a large scale to quantify the benefits of DR in residential communities. To fill this gap, researchers at the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) in Malaysia incorporated DR scenarios in simulated comprehensive network case studies based on 100 urban low-voltage network samples. Different degrees of DR participation at varying levels of PV penetrations were considered for each of three case studies, for a total of 10,000 network analyses performed for each case study. Demand response applications with 100% PV penetration provided the best use of solar energy and influenced network performance the most, reducing energy consumption at peak demand by 32%, reducing network losses by 42%, and improving network utilization by 12%. ‘‘Although demand response provides notable benefits to the network, it cannot by itself fully unleash benefits of intermittent renewable energy, particularly when the output of generation is higher than the demand,’’ said Chin Kim Gan, UTeM associate professor. ‘‘Demand response, therefore, coupled with the integration of energy storage and energy management systems would likely maximize the benefits of renewable energy in future energy systems.’’ For more information: M. Shamshiri, C.K. Gan, and R.B. Omar, Assessment of Distribution Networks Performance Considering Residential Photovoltaic Systems with Demand Response Applications, J. Renew. Sustain. Ener., Vol 9, July 25, 2017.

Upon completion of a sample run, a termination report is printed which summarizes the previous samples which have been flagged for system alarms.
The system uses a compact micro-processor module which includes a buffer memory enabling the storage of up to 15 patients' reports which may be recalled at the operator's request, allowing ample time for paper-roll changes. A printer mounted on a portable base, which may be remote from the parent Technicon system, is included. An important market for the Autobond CR3 is the car industry, where a recent change to cathodic electropainting has necessitated the introduction of a chromium-containing rinse at the end of the pre-treatment line, immediately prior to a deionized water rinse. A chromiumcontaining rinse has proved beneficial to the phosphate-conversion coating process as an additional aid to paint adhesion and increased corrosion protection.
Trivalent chromium-based solutions are difficult to control by conventional lowcost conductivity or ion-selective electrode methods, the CR3 overcomes this problem by monitoring the colour of the chromium solution to maintain chemical strength. A robust probe, incorporating a light source and light sensors in two directly opposing arms, is immersed in the solution and the signals generated by the sensors are transmitted to the controller. The degree to which the light is obscured by optical density of the solution is converted to ppm of chromium, or the equivalent titration points, and displayed on a digital read-out by the controller, which also automatically switches the rinse chemical dosing pump on and off as required. The CR3 has an indicated accuracy of +5% and automatically corrects the reading to allow for build-up of contaminants in the solution. This measurement method is absolute and there is no need for periodic titration to check the digital read-out. Mounted alongside the digital readout is a 10-bar illuminated display, which indicates a gradual build-up of contaminants.When eight or more lights are on, a red light warns that the solution needs to be changed, as it has become too dirty for efficient rinsing. The controller also includes circuitry for automatically overflowing the tank to maintain the level of contamination within acceptable limits. In addition to controlling solution strength, it is usually important to maintain a pH ofbetween 4 and 5. Ifthe tank is continually made up with tap-water, for example, the alkalinity of the rinse may rise, but this can be compensated for by adding a compatible acid. For this purpose, the CR3 is fitted withpH monitoring and control of a separate acid-dosing pump.

Ion analysis
The Opti-Ion series of detectors (Dionex) is intended for work on transition metals, UV/vis absorbing and some nonabsorbing compounds and amino-acids. One of the instruments, the Opti-Ion/UV-vis detector, can be used with ion chromatographs and with liquid chromatographs. When combined with a Dionex Series 2000i Ion Chromatograph, it offers significant advantages in the chromatographic capabilities to separate and determine transition metals and compounds. The detector employs a single deuterium source and a series of easily selected filters to provide capability in the 200-750 nm region. So the analyst is able to choose the proper wavelength for most applications without having to buy an expensive monochromator and without having to change filter cartridges. The Opti-Ion/Fluor detector, which uses fluorescence principles, is designed for use with a post-column reactor to provide high-sensitivity delection of amino-acids and polyamines.
More information from Dionex (UK) Ltd, First  Serious haemostatic problems have traditionally been evaluated with the standard laboratory tests of bleeding time, platelet count, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). While these tests help define the general dimensions of a patient's problem, the more specific AT III, fibrinogen and plasminogen assays assist in pinpointing causes and provide a more accurate picture of haemostasis. Automation of these tests means that results can be available on a STAT basis. Also, ACA results are consistently precise and accurate, unlike manual methods, which can produce more variable results.
The AT III assay provides insight into the status of an important blood component that protects against thrombosis, and the test is recommended where a patient has a high thromboembolic risk: women taking oral contraceptives and

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The Opti-Ion/UV-vis detector, a part of the Opti-lon series, which when combined with Dionex's ion chromatographs and column technologies provide total ion analysis capabilities. (Dionex, Frimley, UK and Sunnyvale, USA.) patients over 40 about to undergo surgery for example. An AT III assay also helps to confirm a diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and to monitor the effect of heparin therapy.
The immediate availability of fibrinogen measurements on the ACA makes the fibrinogen test valuable as a supplement to determine PT and APTT; it can also be used as a monitoring tool. The fibrinogen test aids in the diagnosis of DIC in patients who have conditions carrying an increased risk, such as cancer, obstetrical complications, extensive trauma and prolonged shock.
The ACA test for plasminogen, together with AT III, may be useful in diagnosing suspected DIC when the fibrinogen level is normal. And plasminogen testing is useful in diagnosing unexplained recurrent thrombophlebitis and is valuable in monitoring the effectiveness of streptokinase therapy. The test may also complete the clinical picture of a patient with a tendency to bleed or clot. Du Pont's ACA is now capable of performing 45 different tests; more coagulation tests are being developed for the analyser.
New viscometer for hazardous areas The Nametre Company's Model 7.006C4P or 7.010C4P direct read-out recording viscometer is now available for high temperature, hazardous area application. The 316 stainless-steel transducer system is contained in a watertight and oiltight 1" 8 in thick 316 polished stainlesssteel enclosure, which can be as far as 350 ft away from the control room. MTL-161 shunt diode safety barriers provide an intrinsically safe system. The viscosity range is from 0 to 200000cps and is selectable by push-button in six linear bands. Digital readout, pipeline or reactor operation, noise filter, 0.2 V d.c. recorder and 4-20mA control outputs for computer interfacing and density compensation are standard features. RIIC's J2-21 centrifuge, the Model J2-21M, has just been put on the market. The new features of the J2-21M include microprocessor control, which automates centrifugation and offers a higher degree offlexibility. The system can memorize 10 programs, so that runs can be repeated exactly. A choice of nine acceleration and 10 deceleration rates is offered and automatic temperature compensation can be made after keyboard entry of the name of the rotor to be used. Operating parameters and actual conditions are produced on a clear digital display. The machine has 'Ultra-smooth' drive, which means there are no brushes to wear out or replace; and a frequency-controlled induction motor provides the high torque and power to accelerate rotors smoothly and rapidly. Other advantages of the J2-21M are diagnostic signals, automatic partial vacuum, sturdy components and such safety features as rotor imbalance detection, over-temperature protection and an electronic lid lock. The J2-21M accepts 11 rotors (like the J2-21) ranging from versatile fixed angle and swinging bucket rotors to the special elutriator rotor designed for harvesting living cells. The centrifuge's maximum speed is 21000rpm and its maximum force is 51 500 g. peaks with the full range of chromatographic calculations, including multipoint calibration. Special features include reprocessing the chromatogram and recalculation of the results; and 'Alpha Graphic' display of either, or both, chromatograms can be presented as they emerge on the printer plotter and VDU. As an alternative to printing of retention time, peaks can be identified by name with a time scale along the bottom of the chromatogram. The C-R2A will link to computers through an RS232 interface and to the larger Shimadzu GCs and LCs for total operational control.
Finally, through integral NiCad cells, the C-R2A has 2 months' memory protection against loss of mains power. The manufacturer offers a comprehensive Inc. The air-stream technique provides a way of controlling samples' temperature without interfering with visual observation or physical measurements. The technique is particularly successful when low temperatures are required" the air is dry and will prevent condensation on the specimen. The new unit is described as particularly useful for routine crystal structure analysis since it can be used for specimen temperature control for investigations in X-ray diffraction, NMR, ESR, optical microscopy and infra-red diffraction. The Air-Stream system has a mechanically refrigerated delivery line which permits air delivery to remote locations up to 10ft without loss of efficiency. A digital indicator controller provides continuous monitoring and temperature control to + 0" IC. Flat-surface pH electrode The Fisher 'Flat-Surface Polymer Combination Electrode', which can be used to measure pH on most moist fiat surfaces, is described in a new bulletin (No. 600). The electrode can be used for liquid film, soil samples, meat, fruit, cheese, bacterial plates and in liquid samples, even in liquid beads as small as 10 And it takes less than 30s to provide a reading once its flat-surface sensing membrane is pressed to a sample surface. The electrode covers the full 0 to 14 pH range, with repeatability better than _+ 0"05 pH, on samples from + 10 to + 80C. The electrode features a rugged polymer body, which is chemically resistant; a porous ceramic plug that serves as a liquid junction; and a 76 cm long lead, terminated in standard American connectors.  'Lyphochek Anaemia Control' is a human-serum based control material designed for haematology laboratories. The serum contains clinically significant levels of vitamin B-12, folic acid, ferritin and transferrin; serum iron, UIBC, TIBC and percentage saturation measurements are also present. The new product is described as making a unique contribution to the control of assays in the diagnosis of anaemic states and, when used in conjunction with Bio-Rad's Lyphochek Radioimmunoassay Controls, it provides total quality-control. The product is freeze-dried and manufactured to rigid quality-control standards; vial to vial stability and consistency of the product are guaranteed by Bio Four-output high voltage power-supply system The 'Quadrupower' or Bertan LS-10 is designed for applications requiring master-slave or independent multioutput operation; it is suitable for powering quadrupole optics or the pre-and post-accelerator sections in ion-implantation equipment. Tlie LS-10 provides two 0 to + 10kV at 2-5 mA and two 0 to 10 kV at 2.5 mA supplies. Frontpanel switches allow selection of masterslave tracking or independent control operations. Regulation of all outputs is less than 100mV for +_ 10o line change and 500mV for NL-FL or FL-NL variations; ripple is less than 2"5V pk-pk. Independent or tracking mode operation can be remote resistance or voltage programmed and remote monitoring is included for all four outputs. The outputs are short-circuit and over-voltage protected. An IEEE-4888 interface will be available shortly. The LS-10 is fully solid state and features plug-in printed circuit boards and encapsulated high-voltage circuitry. Input power is 115/230 V, 50/60 Hz.
The instrument is available from stock but can be customized: alternative controls, programming, output voltages and interfaces are possible.

Circle No. 19 on Reader Enquiry Card
High-sensitivity analysis for phenols in water A complete HPLC system for the analysis of priority phenols in water (the concentration of phenols as by-products and degradation species in waste-water is now regulated) has been announced by Anachem. HPLC with electrochemical .detection offers many advantages over colorimetric detection and other methods. Phenols are easily oxidized at a glassy carbon working electrode and thus may be detected to low picogram levels in aqueous samples. The isocratic HPLC system recommended for this analysis includes the Model 302 pump, injection valve, column and electrochemical detector. Optional data handling and automatic sample-injection are available where large numbers of samples are generated. A further option allows 'on-line' trace enrichment of very low concentration samples prior to LC analysis, this technique being particularly applicable

Temperature-sensing probes
Grant Instruments' range oftemperaturesensing probes is now being offered to OEM (original equipment manufacturers) and to end-user customer. Their range of probes use three basic types of sensor, the thermistor, thermocouple and platinum resistance, which together provide a combination ofmore than 50 types. Two sizes of thermistor are used, both providing accurate temperature sensing over the range -50C to + 150C. The thermocouples, chromal-alumel, copperconstantan and iron-constantan provide an overall temperature range of -250C to + 1250C; accuracy is dependent on the sensor tolerance and cold-junction compensation. Grant's p.t. 100 platinum resistance sensor can be used between -150C and +300C; it has a slower response than the thermocouples, but is more accurate.
The company have 13 types of probe in current production including probes with stainless-steel sheaths; two chtheter probes embedded in flexible nylon tubing of 0.4mm and 0.8mm diameter; two hypodermic probes, in needles 0.4ram and 0"6 mm diameter; one surface probe, using an epoxy-coated copper disc; an air-temperature probe with a removable globe; an unprotected thermocouple, and a mineral-insulated probe with a stainless-steel sheath. The probes are available with co-axial and non-co-axial PC, nylon sheath and PTFE cables of lengths up to 50m (up to 500m can be supplied when thermistor sensors are used).
Circle No. 22 on Reader Enquiry Card Liquid head assembly for HPLC system DuPont is offering a new head assembly for its Series 8800 HPLC pump module, which can be converted in a few minutes from analytical to preparative operation. DuPont's 8800 Series HPLC system is thus the first to offer single-pump, binary or multi-solvent gradient capability for both analytical and preparative separations. The self-contained head assembly can operate at back-pressures high enough (up to 200 bar) to allow the preparative pump to work with microparticulate analytical columns, thus minimizing solvent consumption during method development. This high backpressure capability also permits use of micro-particulate packings for preparative separations in reversed phase chromatography. The use of a 'Zorbax' preparative column provides a large sample capacity in a minimum solvent volume, thus reducing the work required to recover the sample after collection.
With the preparativehead installed, the Du Pont pump also provides the high flow rates (up.to 40ml/min) needed for high sample throughput on an analytical time scale using preparative columns. This capability enables maximum advantage to be derived from the use of micro-particulate columns and produces high resolution for difficult separations and sharp peaks for concentrated Clayton-Heyes Engineering. Nozzle replacement takes only seconds to perform using a simple hand-tool, whilst highpressure jets reduce the risk of blockages. The spray has options for solid or hollowcone jets and is designed to operate at pressures up to 2000 p.s.i. Benefits claimed by the manufacturer include increased capacity stemming from workpieces being rapidly indexed through industrial spray-plant equipment and, for horticulture and agricultural industries, ground is covered more quickly without loss of area cover efficiency. The spray body and nozzle are made from stainless steel. Each replaceable nozzle is firmly held in place and cannot be dislodged by fluid pressure or removed by hand without using the hand-tool provided. Brochure about rapid-scanning detector for HPLC A brochure describing their Model 165 variable wavelength UV/vis detection system for liquid chromatography is available from Beckman-RIIC. The Model 165 includes a microprocessorcontrolled monochromator which provides qualitative spectral information over the UV/vis range to assist in the identification and measurement of compounds eluting from the LC column.
Dual-channel monitoring of absorbance at any two selected wavelengths--LX 195 and 600 nm--is a feature of the machine. This avoids the risk of not detecting compounds which do not absorb strongly at the more normal detector wavelengths. Time-programmable wavelength changes can be made to maximize detector response. A rapid-scan feature combines a very fast scanning speed with automatic concentration correction and a fast time constant in order to produce useful spectral information on each peak, either automatically or manually. The requirement to stop flow is eliminated. And a ratio channel provides a time-corrected plot of the ratio of absorbances at two pre-selected, calibrated wavelengths. This 'ratiogram' can .be of great assistance in confirming peak identity or purity.
Copies of the brochure .from Beckman-RIIC Ltd, Progress Road, Sands Industrial Estate, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK. Tel.: 0494 41181. Perkin-Elmer 1957-1982 Perkin-Elmer Ltd celebrates 25; years of manufacturing analytical instruments this year. The company was set up in Beaconsfield as a small-scale operation in 195;7; it is now a leading supplier exporting over 80% of its production. The number of employees has increased from the original 10 to almost 700, and the facilities have expanded from an initial 10000 ft 2 to 238000 ft2, split between Beaconsfield and Llantrisant, South Wales. Highlights of the past 25 years include sales to Russia and China, the Queen's Award to Industry for exports in 1971, and two Design Council awards: one for the F30 gas chromatograph in 1974, the other for the Model 580 infrared spectrophotometer in 1977.
The first instrument produced at Beaconsfield was the Model 137 'Infracord', an infra-red spectrophotometer; it was followed by a ravage of infra-red instruments--the popular 57 Series, the 680s and the more recent 983. The company's recent infra-red spectrophotometers, the 780 Series, incorporate the latest technical advances: microprocessor-control, ratio recording and built-in data-processing factilities.
In addition to infra-red machines, Perkin-Elmer Ltd has developed and built a wide range of analytical instruments using ultra-violet, gas chromatography, photoelectron, nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence techniques.

Liquid chromatography detectors
The LC-21 conductivity detector and the LC-4B electrochemical detector have recently been launched by Perkin-Elmer. The LC-21 converts any Perkin-Elmer liquid chromatograph into an ionchromatography system: it detects ions in solution by monitoring changes in electrolytic conductivity. Its wide-range background suppression allows the use of most common buffers without the need for special ion-suppression columns. The LC-21 is available as a detector only or as a system, including a matching ionexchange column to provide complete anionic separation and detection capability.
The LC-4B provides selective and sensitive analyses of materials which can be readily oxidized or reduced (for example catecholamines, nitrosamines and phenols). The instrument consists of the 'Amperometric Controller' and a thin-layer cell. The new amperometric controller features illuminated status indicators with digital read-out of applied potential, output current and background offset-current. Specially designed protective circuits shield sensitive electronic components from static discharge. Current-to-voltage gain is available from 0.1 to 500nA/V in 12 steps and a con- Perkin-Elmer software PECLS is a data-processing software package which Perkin-Elmer has launched to interface their LS series of luminescence spectrometers with the model 3600 data station. The software allows the analyst to determine instrument parameters, to operate the instrument directly, to program operation to manipulate spectra, to store and retrieve data, and to obtain printed copies of spectra or alphanumeric information using the model 660 printer. PECLS provides the analyst with a powerful tool without the need to learn computer programming. Full instrument control is provided via the data station keyboard, and special-function keys are used to initiate 32 software commands. After selecting the appropriate function key, the analyst simply specifies the operating parameters. Any of the operations actioned by the special-function keys can also be entered by typing the command via the normal keyboard. In addition to these special functions there are seven other commands, which are entered through the keyboard and used for spectral and data manipulation.
A particularly useful feature of PECLS is the ability to string a number of commands together in mini-programs called OBEY files. Such programs allow the analyst to carry out a wide variety of operations with the instrument completely unattended and to provide automatic decision-making based on the results.
Circle No. 31 on Reader Enquiry Card 3030 AA spectrophotometer The new Model 3030 atomic absorption spectrophotometer offers video display of analytical data and operating conditions, proven Perkin-Elmer high-performance optics and high-speed computer electronics. The machine has a large 12in video display unit (VDU) for monitoring an entire AA analysis from start to finish.
Analytical information for all elements, peak shape display and calibrations appear on the VDU as required. Optional graphical displays show true analytical signals generated during flame, graphite furnace, cold vapour and hydridegeneration techniques. With the operating system and analytical data stored on floppy disc, upgrading is easy. Up to 30 methods can also be stored on each floppy disc. 'Soft' keys for entry of parameters and method selection reduce the number of function keys to a minimum and provide logical and easy instrument set-up. The 3030 uses quartz-coated reflective optics for efficient operation over a wavelength range of 190 to 870 nm with a resolution of 0.07 nm. Two wavelength scan speeds are built-in: and 5 nm/min. A dual-blazed grating provides high energy throughput over the entire wavelength range for low base-line noise. All Perkin-Elmer AA accessories are compatible with the 3030. In addition, it has an optical two-way RS 232 interface to connect the spectrophotometer to an external computer, and a printer is available for hard copy.

Circle No. 32 on Reader Enquiry Card
Automatic analyser for naphtha-type samples Market research in refineries and other sections ofthe petrochemical industry has shown a growing need for the replacement of ageing equipment and for greater flexibility and automation in naphtha analysis.
Perkin-Elmer, in co-operation with a Dutch company, Analytical Consumables, have developed a special naphtha analyser based on the SIGMA range of gas chromatographs. The following analysis options are available: PNA paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics; PINA --paraffins, iso-paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics; PONA--paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics; PIONA--paraffins, iso-paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics. Complex mixtures like naphthas cannot be separated on a onecolumn system. The naphtha analyser 204 contains two separate gas chromatographic systems interconnected via a trap. The system permits quantitative analysis per carbon number of paraffins up to Cll, naphthenes up to C10-Cll and aromatic components up to C10. All components with a boiling point above 200C are summed. All stages of the naphtha analysis are performed by timedevent relays, which can be provided by a SIGMA data station or by the user's own computer system. Detector is now being sold by Perkin-Elmer for use with the SIGMA 3B gas chromatograph. The Hall detector has four specific modes of operation: halogen, nitrogen, sulphur and nitrosamine. It can be adjusted from one mode to another by appropriate changes of reaction gas, reactor temperature, electrolyte composition, or the scrubber to eliminate specific reaction products. Perkin-Elmer consider the instrument effective for analysing sulphur in hydrocarbon compounds (such as natural gas and pesticides). In the nitrogen mode its applications include analysis of pesticides in soils, vegetables and animal tissue. The halogen mode is designed for sensitive analyses of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (together with a purge-andtrap method of sample concentration the detector is ideal for determining trihalomethanes in drinking-water). And in its nitrosamine mode it will detect nitrosamines in the presence of other nitrogencontaining compounds.

Temperature-controlled baths
The DP series is Grant Instruments' new range of temperature-controlled baths: they have an LED temperature display and feature a high degree of control accuracy and uniformity over the whole working area of the bath. Particular attention has been paid by the manufacturer to the design of the control unit, eliminating all projections from the top and sides. The main controls, together with the LED display, are mounted unobtrusively on the inset control panel. The temperature setting is by thumbwheel adjustment--avoiding the traditional large setting knob, this is fitted with a locking device to avoid accidential movement. The contol unit case is constructed entirely from metal, providing the strength and resilience needed for continuous use. The stainless-steel heater is controlled by a new solid-state system, which was developed specifically for the series. Liquid circulation within the bath is provided by a high-speed stirrer; the stirrer also incorporates a centrifugal pump for circulating the bath liquid through external apparatus so the bath can be used as a temperature-controlled circulator. Bath temperature is continuously monitored on the LED display; by pressing a switch, the display also monitors the set temperature of the bath, this is also used when the temperature control is being adjusted. Kratos Analytical Instruments' D505-1 silicon photodetector.
The flat response of the detector means it is very suitable for application as the detector element in a spectroradiometer. The D505-1 can also be used in broadband applications. The photosensitive surface area of the detector is 33mm (5"9 mm x 5"9 mm). Kratos also manufacture germanium detectors. Ion-exchange resin selection pack Laboratories performing chromatography, electrophoresis, immunology and quantitative analysis need ion-exchange products for deionization, desalting and other ionic separations. And because the choice of methods available for any of these applications is varied, the cost of purchasing materials to try all the alternatives can be inhibitive to ultimately achieving the best method. Bio-Rad Laboratories, therefore, have introduced an ion-exchange selection pack, which is designed as an introductory range of resins in 100g quantities. The range includes: 100g of AG50W-X8 100-200 mesh cation exchange resin; 100g of AG1-X8 100-200 mesh anion exchange resin; 100g of AG501-X8 20-50 mesh mixed bed resin for deionization; and 100g of Chelex 100 100-200 mesh chelating resin.

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All the resins are composed ofa highly purified styrene divinylbenzene matrix with an appropriate counter-ion. In addition to the resins, the kit contains a 40-page basic manual on ion-exchange theory and practice. Heparin affinity 9el for protein purification Bio-Rad have also announced an addition--Affi-Gel Heparin--to their range of affinity gels. The new gel is a ready-to-use affinity support for purifying a wide range of proteins. It provides a rapid, one-step purification of coagulation factors and other plasma proteins, polynucleotide polymerase, nuclease, lipase, lipoproteins and proteases. The sample is applied and unbound proteins eluted with low salt buffer; by increasing the salt concentration the bound protein is eluted. A mixture of bound proteins may be selectively eluted using a salt gradient or, alternatively, using selected heparin concentrations. Regeneration of the column is simply achieved by 2.3 bed volumes of 8M urea, 1.5M NaC1 in PBS.
More information about their resins and gels from Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd, Additions to the Trilab and Trojan range of chromatography data systems have been announced by Trivector Scientific Ltd. Mini-floppy disc drives, for example, are now available for the Trilab; providing nearly megabyte of backing store. This enables storage ofraw and processed data, operating and analysis methods and programs, and BASIC and BASIC programs on disc. A high-speed printer/ plotter, capable of being driven by the standard chromatography routines and by BASIC, has also been added to Trilab. The Trojan data system has new chromatography search routines, which enable a data library on disc to be rapidly scanned for chromatogram matching.

ERMA degasser
The ERMA range of in-line degassers for HPLC or other liquid-flow techniques will in future be distributed in the UK by As an addition to their range of flame photometers, Instrumentation Laboratory have just released the new microprocessor-controlled IL943. The IL943 measures the concentration of sodium, potassium and lithium in serum, plasma, urine and other biological fluids. Caesium is used as the internal standard allowing fast, reliable lithium determinations and reduced instrument maintenance. The IL943 incorporates a newly designed selfpriming piston dilutor, allowing analysis with as little as 20/A ofsample without the need for a supply ofdistilled water. Microprocessor control gives fully automated operation using a spill-proof membrane keyboard, and results are shown on fourdigit LED displays. The instrument can be supplied with or without a printer and an optional integral automatic sampler allows analysis at a rate of 100 samples/h, Product news Sample submission requirements are described and typical analysis results illustrated. Laboratory analyses are available to customers on either a fee or contract basis and consulting services are provided to help customers get the best interpretation of their Micromeritics analyses. Specific analyses offered by the laboratory include particle-size distribution, density and absolute volume, zeta potential, specific surface area, chemisorption, pore structure by automatic physical absorption, mercury intrusion porosity, and mercury contact angle. The Camag Linomat III, for highprecision narrow band and spot application of samples for quantitative or qualitative TLC analysis, was designed for all TLC users and particularly for those involved in qualitative analysis or preparative work. By using a 'spray-on' technique with nitrogen or compressed air as the carrier gas, large volumes (for example 100 #1) can be concentrated into a narrow band on the TLC plate. The length of the band can be freely selected between 0 and 199mm and is evenly distributed. Automatic control of sample dispensing and uniform sample distribution is carried out by separate steppingmotors. With a Hamilton syringe application for a 10/1 sample volume will require between 40 and 100 s (depending on the speed selected and solvent used).
The Linomat III is to be distributed in the UK by Baird

Single-well integrity in RIA
The 'Removawells' and 'Removastrips' produced by Dynatech for Microelisa techniques are now being sold for radio immune assay (RIA) procedures. The company has developed a matrix of numbered wellcaps and a simple cap-sealer and press, so researchers are now able to seal a whole plate with pre-numbered caps and then separate each into individual wells. Single-well integrity is thus maintained, which is vital when handling wells during RIA testing. Insertion of the caps is rapid and positive and once the caps have been inserted, the entire plate can be disassembled into individual wells or strips by using the ejection system on the press. Like Dynatech's Microelisa plates, Removawells and Removastrips are constructed from Immulon--a plastic which enhances protein-binding onto the surface of the wells. Removawells consist of 96 individually moulded wells--each identical in format to a single well from a Microelisa plate--held securely in a rigid plastic matrix. Removastrips, specially developed for RIA work, consist of eight wells in strip form, easily separated by either the new press or by a twist of the fingers.

RV100--a viscometer
The Haake RV 100s are the latest generation of rotovisco rotational viscometers.
The RV 100 was originally designed for use with the CV 100 low shear viscometer, but its advantages of compactness, convenience and ease of use, mean that it is suitable for anyone who needs a generalpurpose rotational viscometer. The RV 100 offers built-in versatile data display and recording and can be operated by almost any laboratory worker. announced an improvement on the DL40 itself: it now incorporates a 16-place sample changer. Turntable, printer and titrator are co-ordinated by an RT40 microprocessor. Sample weight data is transferred to the titrator from the batteryprotected memory which can store up to 50 weights, a balance can be connected on-line for rapid weight-data entry. In addition to titrant, reagent can be added and the burette, stirrer and delivery tips are washed between determinations to prevent carry-over.
The DL40-RT40 combination offers unattended, sequential titration with full data analysis and processing, with a hardcopy record of required sample and method data. Two new Kent measurement and control systems are featured in the June 1982 issue of Kent Review, Brown Boveri Kent's quarterly house magazine. One of these, a distributed control system in the Kent P4000 range, is capable of controlling up to 4000 plant items with as many as 10000 individual channels, over distances of up to 5km. The other--System 19--is a modular instrumentation package for smaller process and analytical measurement and control applications. Other new products discussed in the magazine include a Testomat waterhardness monitor, a non-dispersive infrared gas analyser in the company's Infragas range, and a microprocessorcontrolled multi-stream switching system for EIL ion-selective and colorimetric online liquid monitors. The first stand-alone mass-selective detector for chromatographers A team from Hewlett-Packard's Analytical Group introduced a new, stand-alone gas chromatographic detector for specific and selective samplecomponent identification at Laboratory '82, which was held in London in mid September. The machine has been designated the HP 5970A mass-selective detector (MSD). The machine can be interfaced with most capillary gas chromatographs and is intended for the gas-chromatograph user who needs fast, low-cost sample identification. Used specifically in capillary gas chromatography, the HP 5970A makes chemical analyses in such areas as methods development for confirmation of targetcompound identity, drug contents and. stat identification in overdose cases. It will also be important in pesticide analyses, providing data specifically comparable to, or better than, that obtained with nitrogen-phosphorus, flame-photometric and electron-capture detectors.

Copies of 'Kent
The HP 5970A provides both qualitative and quantitative information about a sample. It confirms the presence of an analyte through spectral acquisition when used in qualitative analyses. And, due to selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) software, it monitors up to six ions with a high degree of specificity. Simultaneous quantitation of selected ions may be performed, and, with due consideration to the inherent limitations ofquadrupolebased analysers, the system's quantitative performance approaches that of conventional detector/integrator systems.
The HP 5970A MSD system is supplied in two compact modules. Attachable to either the right or the left side of the gas chromatograph, the detector module houses the hyperbolic The HP 5970A, a low-price mass-selective detector, which offers chromato-9raphers high sensitivity, selectivity and unambiguous compound identification. The inset shows how the detector interfaces to the capillary column through an openin9 in the 9as chromatograph oven. (Hewlett-Packard Ltd, Wokingham, UK.) quadrupole mass analyser, an air-cooled turbo-molecular pump and other related hardware. In addition, the module is easy to maintain and requires no special utilities for operation. The second controller module includes an HP 9825B computer controller mounted with an HP 2671G graphics printer.
Software for spectral-data acquisition, SIM and internal diagnostics are standard with the machine, as is software which allows users to design and input custom programs. Specifications for the HP 5970A MSD unit include operation on 120 or 240V, a mass range of 10-600 amu, five-decade dynamic range and capillary-direct capability to allow sample components to elute directly into the detector-ion source. The instrument features threshold settings, automatic detection of system error, print-out of instruction for errortracking, automatic capillary black-flush, a built-in service programme and automatic evaporation of animal blood or other particle suspensions. An EDp interface is available. (1) An analogue-to-digital converter, which displays most linear parameters that can be expressed in 1999 to + 1999 units; the signal is automatically converted.

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(2) A BCD signal indicator, which accepts BCD signals from other instruments and displays corresponding numbers; coded card edge connectors are used.
(3) A counter/timer, which counts up any series of events that can provide an appropriate signal. Elapsed time is displayed in seconds or tenths of a second and 'hold' and 'reset' functions are included. Readings up to 2 000 000 are possible.
(4) A programmable up-down counter/timer--this has all the features of the counter/timer, plus a selector switch for up or down count; a pre-settable starting point, so that count can be started and reset at any desired number; and an output signal for use as a controller when the count reaches zero.
(5) A rate indicator and counter, which can display rate of virtually any series of operations that can provide a contact closure or electronic signal for each event. This Digi-King automatically updates the rate at the end of the time increment. A switch provides a cumulative total and 2 000 000 + are possible. Anaspec now offer a range of chromatography data systems. Systems are available for GC/LC and GPC applications with software facilities allowing real-time capture and display of chromatograms, calculation of results (peak heights, retention times, percentage area, base-line correction) and the ability to store the raw data on cassette or disc. All of the systems are based on Hewlett-Packard's range of microcomputers and allow greater flexibility than purpose-built integrators. A new feature is multi-instrument capability, up to 10 chromatographs can be simultaneously controlled by one computer system, with further facilities to control timed events and autosampling standard on all systems. The software packages are menu-driven with prompts aimed at the chromatographer rather than a computer expert, so there is no need for the user to understand a programming language. Details from Anaspec Ltd, Pearl House, Bartholomew  Handbook and Selection Guide.
The booklet will be of interest to anyone involved in liquid scintillation counting: it contains details of how to select the correct 'cocktail' for use, as well as a guide to the selection of the most suitable vials. Beckman cocktails and vials are also listed in some detail, together with ingredients. Special applications are discussed in the brochure, which is illustrated with useful graphs of counting efficiences and phase diagrams for a wide variety of sample types for each cocktail.