Concentrations and bioconcentration potential of nine elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn) in ten species of wild edible
Mushrooms are traditionally recognized as a valued source of nutrients and a popular delicacy in many countries for their rich contents in proteins, essential minerals, and low energy levels [
Macromycetes in nature play a major role in biogeochemical transformation of macro- and microelements essential to humans [
Rich resources of wild edible fungi are distributed in Yunnan province (southwest of China) due to the mild and rainy climate. Laterite, lateritic red loam, red soil, yellow soil, and brown soil are the main agrotypes in Yunnan [
Species of the genus
There was little information available about bioaccumulation ability of elements in
Mature fruiting bodies of ten edible species of the genus
Families, habitat, and number of analyzed fruiting bodies.
Species | Habitat | Number |
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On mixed woods ground | 10 |
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On needles, oak, and chestnut forest ground | 10 |
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On broadleaf or mixed woods ground | 8 |
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On forest ground | 8 |
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On needles and broadleaf forest ground | 7 |
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On mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest ground | 10 |
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On shaw ground | 9 |
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On mixed pine tree and katue forest ground | 9 |
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On broadleaf or mixed woods ground | 7 |
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On oak forest ground | 7 |
Fresh fruiting bodies of
Dried mushroom samples were weighed as 0.3 g accurately and placed into the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) pressure vessels. 4 mL HNO3 (65%) and 2 mL H2O2 (30%) were added to the vessel and digested under pressure in an automatic microwave digestion system, Ethos One (Milestone, Italy). The extract was further diluted to 25 mL using deionized water.
Soil samples (0.1 g) were placed into the polytetrafluoroethylene beaker and digested and mixed with 6 mL HNO3 (65%) and 1 mL HClO4 (72%) on an electric hot plate at 170°C, removing and cooling the samples when they turned into paste. Then the paste was dissolved in 10 mL HF (40%) and 0.5 mL HClO4 (72%) and heated again at 210~220°C until the acid evaporated completely. Further, 10 mL HCl (38%) was added and heated until dissolved and diluted with distilled water up to 25 mL.
All elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn) contents in dry weight (dw) of mushrooms and soils samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer (ICPE-9000, Shimadzu, Japan). The repeatability for all determined elements was less than 5%. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) for Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn were 0.04, 0.17, 0.18, 2.16, 0.04, 0.01, 1.53, 0.44, and 0.05 mg/kg dw, respectively. The efficiency of the process was validated with 94–107% recovery success using certified reference materials, namely, tea leaves (GBW07605) and soils (GBW07406), both produced by the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration in Beijing, China.
The element contents in fruiting bodies of
Elements content in the caps and stipes of
Species | Ca | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | Mn | Na | P | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cap | 172 ± 36 | 66 ± 12 | 1021 ± 216 | 9017 ± 453 | 909 ± 158 | 21 ± 6 | 130 ± 76 | 5612 ± 587 | 148 ± 25 |
Stipe | 141 ± 91 | 22 ± 5 | 959 ± 232 | 6105 ± 829 | 504 ± 307 | 30 ± 2 | 118 ± 13 | 2218 ± 573 | 56 ± 26 | |
Soil | 449 ± 234 | 35 ± 21 | 20081 ± 3426 | 3169 ± 432 | 1134 ± 673 | 140 ± 32 | 876 ± 27 | 656 ± 32 | 63 ± 2 | |
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Cap | 538 ± 56 | 40 ± 13 | 1166 ± 133 | 17310 ± 667 | 577 ± 54 | 48 ± 22 | 324 ± 26 | 7126 ± 334 | 205 ± 55 |
Stipe | 512 ± 32 | 24 ± 6 | 1194 ± 244 | 15308 ± 565 | 407 ± 75 | 63 ± 22 | 226 ± 13 | 4789 ± 454 | 125 ± 52 | |
Soil | 1076 ± 32 | 39 ± 13 | 26989 ± 2411 | 5373 ± 3458 | 1169 ± 113 | 459 ± 89 | 1020 ± 675 | 1686 ± 242 | 113 ± 7 | |
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Cap | 475 ± 29 | 65 ± 13 | 1600 ± 345 | 11206 ± 677 | 556 ± 81 | 67 ± 23 | 105 ± 12 | 6832 ± 565 | 131 ± 18 |
Stipe | 395 ± 165 | 20 ± 12 | 1117 ± 212 | 7594 ± 434 | 340 ± 223 | 85 ± 21 | 90 ± 27 | 2742 ± 345 | 51 ± 23 | |
Soil | 2438 ± 341 | 54 ± 23 | 28210 ± 788 | 6665 ± 178 | 2694 ± 252 | 773 ± 95 | 2292 ± 321 | 1293 ± 132 | 87 ± 54 | |
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Cap | 166 ± 33 | 43 ± 11 | 747 ± 256 | 10740 ± 234 | 431 ± 56 | 21 ± 4 | 421 ± 67 | 5325 ± 453 | 90 ± 23 |
Stipe | 95 ± 12 | 34 ± 13 | 357 ± 32 | 8360 ± 568 | 279 ± 32 | 26 ± 5 | 451 ± 134 | 2176 ± 234 | 33 ± 6 | |
Soil | 758 ± 54 | 26 ± 12 | 19966 ± 4663 | 5154 ± 126 | 990 ± 645 | 315 ± 13 | 2071 ± 234 | 1778 ± 543 | 110 ± 78 | |
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Cap | 99 ± 45 | 48 ± 6 | 376 ± 32 | 11488 ± 345 | 386 ± 234 | 17 ± 2 | 170 ± 11 | 5155 ± 324 | 115 ± 45 |
Stipe | 113 ± 34 | 28 ± 5 | 751 ± 65 | 10775 ± 454 | 314 ± 32 | 38 ± 3 | 107 ± 76 | 3089 ± 235 | 90 ± 6 | |
Soil | 1081 ± 38 | 53 ± 6 | 38286 ± 479 | 5761 ± 46 | 1118 ± 67 | 281 ± 37 | 681 ± 89 | 850 ± 46 | 108 ± 23 | |
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Cap | 320 ± 26 | 51 ± 34 | 931 ± 82 | 9413 ± 567 | 429 ± 54 | 26 ± 11 | 191 ± 53 | 6615 ± 343 | 88 ± 4 |
Stipe | 317 ± 33 | 32 ± 4 | 4200 ± 678 | 4865 ± 245 | 297 ± 65 | 70 ± 13 | 122 ± 23 | 2429 ± 545 | 41 ± 33 | |
Soil | 1624 ± 45 | 152 ± 20 | 52613 ± 656 | 8533 ± 234 | 3665 ± 867 | 945 ± 77 | 1972 ± 45 | 1495 ± 22 | 118 ± 67 | |
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Cap | 342 ± 234 | 78 ± 6 | 1475 ± 56 | 18968 ± 676 | 1239 ± 82 | 36 ± 2 | 601 ± 4 | 10611 ± 234 | 45 ± 76 |
Stipe | 378 ± 56 | 39 ± 4 | 1823 ± 341 | 15325 ± 459 | 935 ± 240 | 39 ± 22 | 500 ± 345 | 5621 ± 248 | 37 ± 9 | |
Soil | 2624 ± 787 | 261 ± 55 | 83294 ± 676 | 3617 ± 89 | 1745 ± 456 | 1092 ± 88 | 1288 ± 67 | 1330 ± 234 | 396 ± 78 | |
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Cap | 669 ± 34 | 33 ± 23 | 741 ± 78 | 11757 ± 346 | 759 ± 21 | 29 ± 8 | 472 ± 44 | 4942 ± 986 | 167 ± 50 |
Stipe | 154 ± 78 | 16 ± 4 | 702 ± 23 | 10320 ± 654 | 513 ± 78 | 38 ± 2 | 216 ± 56 | 2949 ± 873 | 88 ± 57 | |
Soil | 1879 ± 245 | 50 ± 14 | 32165 ± 343 | 6765 ± 652 | 1307 ± 45 | 744 ± 22 | 891 ± 454 | 2007 ± 13 | 145 ± 29 | |
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Cap | 285 ± 67 | 56 ± 34 | 1376 ± 46 | 11606 ± 428 | 773 ± 65 | 41 ± 16 | 203 ± 46 | 5888 ± 106 | 223 ± 54 |
Stipe | 632 ± 35 | 35 ± 21 | 3488 ± 785 | 10732 ± 345 | 631 ± 76 | 71 ± 13 | 340 ± 78 | 4853 ± 906 | 131 ± 86 | |
Soil | 3289 ± 442 | 159 ± 45 | 57870 ± 466 | 5675 ± 545 | 1802 ± 42 | 682 ± 24 | 825 ± 74 | 2176 ± 346 | 251 ± 57 | |
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Cap | 140 ± 21 | 61 ± 41 | 654 ± 45 | 11365 ± 343 | 758 ± 67 | 26 ± 3 | 546 ± 50 | 5467 ± 535 | 165 ± 24 |
Stipe | 139 ± 6 | 37 ± 5 | 2323 ± 210 | 7905 ± 676 | 556 ± 35 | 77 ± 4 | 291 ± 65 | 2497 ± 342 | 75 ± 6 | |
Soil | 687 ± 43 | 60 ± 3 | 34440 ± 652 | 5675 ± 874 | 1535 ± 257 | 378 ± 35 | 2393 ± 256 | 695 ± 57 | 77 ± 20 |
Among the mushroom species analyzed, the greatest contents of Cu, K, Mg, Na, and P were quantified in the caps and stalks of
K contents in caps and stalks of
The range of Fe contents in this study was 376–1600 in caps and 357–4200 mg/kg dw in stalks, which are much higher than the values previously reported [
Mg and Zn concentrations in different
Uneven distribution of elements between caps and stalks is shown in Table
According to the EU Scientific Committee, 60 kg of body weight was used for intake calculations. For intake calculations, usually a 300 g portion of fresh mushrooms per meal is assumed, which contains 30 g of dry matter [
Daily metal intakes by a normal, 60 kg consumer in mg/serving.
Species | Ca | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | Mn | Na | P | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cap | 5.16 ± 1.08 | 1.98 ± 0.36 | 30.6 ± 6.48 | 271 ± 13.6 | 27.3 ± 4.74 | 0.63 ± 0.18 | 3.9 ± 2.28 | 168.4 ± 17.6 | 4.44 ± 0.75 |
Stipe | 4.23 ± 2.73 | 0.66 ± 0.15 | 28.8 ± 6.96 | 183 ± 24.9 | 15.1 ± 9.21 | 0.9 ± 0.06 | 3.54 ± 0.39 | 66.5 ± 17.3 | 1.68 ± 0.78 | |
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Cap | 16.1 ± 1.68 | 1.2 ± 0.39 | 35.0 ± 3.99 | 519 ± 20.0 | 17.3 ± 1.62 | 1.44 ± 0.66 | 9.72 ± 0.78 | 214 ± 10.0 | 6.15 ± 1.65 |
Stipe | 15.4 ± 0.96 | 0.72 ± 0.18 | 35.8 ± 7.32 | 459 ± 17.0 | 12.2 ± 2.25 | 1.89 ± 0.66 | 6.78 ± 0.39 | 144 ± 13.6 | 3.75 ± 1.56 | |
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Cap | 14.3 ± 0.87 | 1.95 ± 0.39 | 48 ± 10.4 | 336 ± 20.3 | 16.7 ± 21.43 | 2.01 ± 0.69 | 3.15 ± 0.36 | 205 ± 17.0 | 3.93 ± 0.54 |
Stipe | 11.9 ± 4.95 | 0.6 ± 0.36 | 33.5 ± 6.36 | 228 ± 13.0 | 10.2 ± 6.69 | 2.55 ± 0.63 | 2.7 ± 0.81 | 82.3 ± 10.4 | 1.53 ± 0.69 | |
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Cap | 4.98 ± 0.99 | 1.29 ± 0.33 | 22.4 ± 7.68 | 322 ± 7.02 | 12.9 ± 1.68 | 0.63 ± 0.12 | 12.6 ± 2.01 | 160 ± 13.4 | 2.7 ± 0.69 |
Stipe | 2.85 ± 0.36 | 1.02 ± 0.39 | 10.7 ± 0.96 | 251 ± 17.0 | 8.37 ± 0.96 | 0.78 ± 0.15 | 13.5 ± 4.02 | 65.3 ± 7.02 | 0.99 ± 0.18 | |
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Cap | 2.97 ± 1.35 | 1.44 ± 0.18 | 11.3 ± 0.96 | 345 ± 10.4 | 11.6 ± 7.02 | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 5.1 ± 0.33 | 155 ± 9.72 | 3.45 ± 1.35 |
Stipe | 3.39 ± 1.02 | 0.84 ± 0.15 | 22.5 ± 1.95 | 323 ± 13.6 | 9.42 ± 0.96 | 1.14 ± 0.09 | 3.21 ± 2.28 | 92.7 ± 7.05 | 2.7 ± 0.18 | |
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Cap | 9.6 ± 0.78 | 1.53 ± 1.02 | 27.9 ± 2.46 | 282 ± 17.0 | 12.9 ± 1.62 | 0.78 ± 0.33 | 5.73 ± 1.59 | 198 ± 10.3 | 2.64 ± 0.12 |
Stipe | 9.5 ± 0.99 | 0.96 ± 0.12 | 126 ± 20.3 | 146 ± 7.35 | 8.91 ± 1.95 | 2.1 ± 0.39 | 3.66 ± 0.69 | 72.9 ± 16.4 | 1.23 ± 0.99 | |
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Cap | 10.3 ± 7.02 | 2.34 ± 0.18 | 44.3 ± 1.68 | 569 ± 20.3 | 37.2 ± 2.46 | 1.08 ± 0.06 | 18.0 ± 0.12 | 318 ± 7.02 | 1.35 ± 2.28 |
Stipe | 11.3 ± 1.68 | 1.17 ± 0.12 | 54.7 ± 10.2 | 460 ± 13.8 | 28.1 ± 7.2 | 1.17 ± 0.66 | 15 ± 10.4 | 168.6 ± 7.44 | 1.11 ± 0.27 | |
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Cap | 20.1 ± 1.02 | 0.99 ± 0.69 | 22.2 ± 2.34 | 353 ± 10.4 | 22.8 ± 0.63 | 0.87 ± 0.24 | 14.2 ± 1.32 | 148 ± 29.6 | 5.01 ± 1.5 |
Stipe | 4.62 ± 2.34 | 0.48 ± 0.12 | 21.1 ± 0.69 | 310 ± 19.6 | 15.4 ± 2.34 | 1.14 ± 0.06 | 6.48 ± 1.68 | 88.5 ± 26.2 | 2.64 ± 1.71 | |
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Cap | 8.55 ± 2.01 | 1.68 ± 1.02 | 41.3 ± 1.38 | 348 ± 12.8 | 23.2 ± 1.95 | 1.23 ± 0.48 | 6.09 ± 1.38 | 177 ± 3.18 | 6.69 ± 1.62 |
Stipe | 19.0 ± 1.05 | 1.05 ± 0.63 | 105 ± 23.6 | 322 ± 10.4 | 18.9 ± 2.28 | 2.13 ± 0.39 | 10.2 ± 2.34 | 146 ± 27.2 | 3.93 ± 2.58 | |
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Cap | 4.2 ± 0.63 | 1.83 ± 1.23 | 19.6 ± 1.35 | 341 ± 10.3 | 22.7 ± 2.01 | 0.78 ± 0.09 | 16.4 ± 1.5 | 164 ± 16.1 | 4.95 ± 0.72 |
Stipe | 4.17 ± 0.18 | 1.11 ± 0.15 | 69.7 ± 6.3 | 237 ± 20.3 | 16.7 ± 1.05 | 2.31 ± 0.12 | 8.73 ± 1.95 | 74.9 ± 10.3 | 2.25 ± 0.18 |
Bioconcentration factor (BCF) values in caps and stalks of
Bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of caps and stipes of
Species | Ca | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | Mn | Na | P | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Caps | 0.38 ± 0.1 | 1.89 ± 0.24 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 2.85 ± 0.57 | 0.80 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 8.55 ± 1.27 | 2.35 ± 0.78 |
Stipes | 0.31 ± 0.12 | 0.63 ± 0.29 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 1.93 ± 0.75 | 0.44 ± 0.18 | 0.21 ± 0.08 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 3.38 ± 1.69 | 0.89 ± 0.23 | |
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Caps | 0.5 ± 0.08 | 1.03 ± 0.3 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 3.22 ± 0.59 | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 4.23 ± 0.88 | 1.81 ± 0.12 |
Stipes | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.62 ± 0.06 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 2.85 ± 1.32 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 2.84 ± 0.39 | 1.11 ± 0.45 | |
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Caps | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 1.2 ± 0.37 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 1.68 ± 0.67 | 0.21 ± 0.11 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 5.28 ± 1.84 | 1.51 ± 0.34 |
Stipes | 0.16 ± 0.08 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 1.14 ± 0.52 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 2.12 ± 1.55 | 0.59 ± 0.33 | |
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Caps | 0.2 ± 0.13 | 1.7 ± 0.76 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 2.08 ± 1.27 | 0.44 ± 0.26 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.2 ± 0.12 | 2.99 ± 0.65 | 0.82 ± 0.37 |
Stipes | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 1.31 ± 0.54 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 1.62 ± 0.75 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.16 | 1.22 ± 0.48 | 0.3 ± 0.19 | |
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Caps | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.9 ± 0.53 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 1.99 ± 0.45 | 0.35 ± 0.21 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.08 | 6.06 ± 2.14 | 1.06 ± 0.65 |
Stipes | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.53 ± 0.3 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 1.87 ± 0.56 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 3.63 ± 0.73 | 0.8 ± 0.21 | |
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Caps | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.17 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 1.1 ± 0.93 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 4.42 ± 1.3 | 0.75 ± 0.23 |
Stipes | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.57 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 1.62 ± 0.43 | 0.3 ± 0.11 | |
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Caps | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.14 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 5.2 ± 1.46 | 0.71 ± 0.15 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.5 ± 0.27 | 7.98 ± 2.19 | 0.11 ± 0.04 |
Stipes | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 4.24 ± 0.58 | 0.54 ± 0.09 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.39 ± 0.14 | 4.23 ± 0.88 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | |
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Caps | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.66 ± 0.28 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 1.74 ± 0.42 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.53 ± 0.23 | 2.46 ± 0.67 | 1.15 ± 0.17 |
Stipes | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 1.53 ± 1.2 | 0.39 ± 0.14 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.16 | 1.47 ± 0.28 | 0.61 ± 0.03 | |
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Caps | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.16 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 2.05 ± 1.07 | 0.43 ± 0.29 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 2.71 ± 0.78 | 0.89 ± 0.06 |
Stipes | 0.19 ± 0.07 | 0.22 ± 0.1 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 1.89 ± 0.76 | 0.35 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.27 | 2.23 ± 0.55 | 0.52 ± 0.12 | |
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Caps | 0.2 ± 0.09 | 1.02 ± 0.34 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 2.0 ± 1.07 | 0.49 ± 0.23 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 7.87 ± 2.09 | 2.14 ± 0.24 |
Stipes | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 1.39 ± 0.56 | 0.36 ± 0.21 | 0.2 ± 0.17 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 3.59 ± 1.22 | 0.97 ± 0.43 |
Wild mushrooms such as
Matrices of correlation coefficients among elements concentrations of the fruiting body (caps and stalks) and underlying soils are presented in Tables
Correlation matrix that gives the relationship between element concentrations of caps and underlying soil.
Elements in soils | Elements in mushrooms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | Mn | Na | P | Zn | |
Ca | 0.406 | 0.262 | 0.681 |
0.299 | 0.322 | 0.57 | −0.031 | 0.445 | 0.065 |
Cu | 0.021 | 0.556 | 0.487 | 0.475 | 0.58 | 0.1 | 0.289 | 0.775 |
−0.392 |
Fe | 0.01 | 0.492 | 0.382 | 0.509 | 0.54 | 0.061 | 0.322 | 0.728 |
−0.355 |
K | 0.327 | −0.477 | −0.162 | −0.362 | −0.644 |
0.159 | −0.233 | −0.305 | 0.067 |
Mg | 0.173 | 0.242 | 0.372 | −0.217 | −0.176 | 0.345 | −0.318 | 0.257 | −0.262 |
Mn | 0.52 | 0.253 | 0.563 | 0.403 | 0.328 | 0.431 | 0.241 | 0.667 |
−0.336 |
Na | −0.131 | 0.214 | 0.09 | −0.217 | −0.232 | 0.22 | 0.174 | 0.046 | −0.321 |
P | 0.582 | −0.5 | 0.292 | 0.186 | −0.092 | 0.294 | 0.111 | 0.016 | 0.276 |
Zn | 0.137 | 0.423 | 0.483 | 0.673 |
0.675 |
0.128 | 0.456 | 0.760 |
−0.295 |
Correlation matrix that gives the relationship between element concentrations of stipes and underlying soil.
Elements in soils | Elements in mushrooms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | Mn | Na | P | Zn | |
Ca | 0.727 |
0.133 | 0.423 | 0.307 | 0.469 | 0.374 | 0.234 | 0.62 | 0.204 |
Cu | 0.482 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.33 | 0.721 |
0.112 | 0.472 | 0.659 |
−0.156 |
Fe | 0.452 | 0.601 | 0.569 | 0.405 | 0.719 |
0.113 | 0.452 | 0.693 |
−0.057 |
K | 0.094 | −0.173 | 0.445 | −0.384 | −0.544 | 0.537 | −0.422 | −0.307 | 0.054 |
Mg | 0.336 | 0.091 | 0.718 |
−0.439 | −0.145 | 0.628 | −0.316 | −0.103 | −0.318 |
Mn | 0.495 | 0.181 | 0.497 | 0.224 | 0.435 | 0.334 | 0.233 | 0.474 | −0.197 |
Na | −0.164 | 0.281 | 0.175 | −0.464 | −0.253 | 0.47 | 0.089 | −0.442 | −0.571 |
P | 0.522 | −0.056 | 0.171 | 0.295 | 0.027 | 0.05 | 0.359 | 0.378 | 0.338 |
Zn | 0.466 | 0.505 | 0.26 | 0.626 | 0.824 |
−0.126 | 0.684 |
0.818 |
−0.012 |
The present study gives an overview for the levels of elements accumulation, determined in caps and stalks of ten species of
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
This study has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31460538, 31260496, and 31160409), the Special Project on the Countryside Comprehensive Reform (2014NG007-18), and the Science Foundation of the Yunnan Province Department of Education (2013Z074).