Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 3560695, 10 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3560695

Research Article

Transition Metal Complexes of Naproxen: Synthesis, Characterization, Forced Degradation Studies, and Analytical Method Verification

Md. Sharif Hasan,¹ Ruhul Kayesh,² Farida Begum,¹ and S. M. Abdur Rahman¹

¹Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

Received 20 September 2015; Accepted 12 November 2015

Academic Editor: Guido Crisponi

Copyright © 2016 Md. Sharif Hasan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The aim of our current research was to synthesize some transition metal complexes of Naproxen, determine their physical properties, and examine their relative stability under various conditions. Characterizations of these complexes were done by 1H-NMR, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR, HPLC, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Complexes were subjected to acidic, basic, and aqueous hydrolysis as well as oxidation, reduction, and thermal degradation. Also the reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method of Naproxen outlined in USP was verified for the Naproxen-metal complexes, with respect to accuracy, precision, solution stability, robustness, and system suitability. The melting points of the complexes were higher than that of the parent drug molecule suggesting their thermal stability. In forced degradation study, complexes were found more stable than the Naproxen itself in all conditions: acidic, basic, oxidation, and reduction media. All the HPLC verification parameters were found within the acceptable value. Therefore, it can be concluded from the study that the metal complexes of Naproxen can be more stable drug entity and offer better efficacy and longer shelf life than the parent Naproxen.

1. Introduction

Compounds with metals as therapeutic agents for various diseases states have been investigated in the last few decades [1–3]. Metals can react with different atoms of many amino acids residues in proteins providing therapeutic actions [4]. Because of their different mechanism of actions, the development of metal complexes for various drugs provides an alternative route of novel drug delivery system [5]. Binding of a drug to metalloelement can enhance or reduce its activity and in some cases the complex may have even such activity that the parent compound does not have [6].

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most prescribed drugs worldwide as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agents [7]. However, the major limitation to NSAID use is the gastric and intestinal mucosal damage [7]. In the UK an estimated 12000 peptic ulcer complications and 1200 deaths per year are attributable to NSAIDs use [8]. Therefore, much has been studied so far to reduce the gastric toxicity of NSAIDs and in this regard, complex formation of NSAIDs with transition metals has long been recognized as an effective way of reducing gastric mucosal lesions caused by these drugs [9]. Thus, the present study is performed to synthesize transition metal complexes of Naproxen (Figure 1), to resolve their characterization, and to observe their relative stability by conducting forced degradation studies. Forced degradation is an integral component of validating many analytical methods that indicate stability of the drug and detect different impurities coming from manufacturing processes [10, 11]. They facilitate analytical methodology development and validation, better understanding of stability of drug molecules in different environments, and finding out the degradation pathways of drugs and byproducts [12–14].

Figure 1: Chemical structure of Naproxen.

To the best of our knowledge, a combined study of synthesis, characterization, and forced degradation study of Naproxen-metal complexes has never been done yet. But completed studies of the degradation of the drug substance and drug product are required at the new drug application (NDA) stage. So in our current study we put our effort to synthesize and characterize different transition metal-Naproxen complexes along with the determination of their relative stability under various stressed conditions. Also, the RP-HPLC method for analysis of Naproxen outlined in USP has been verified for the drug-metal complexes.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

All the apparatus and reagents were in analytical grade of Merck origin, used without purification, and were available in the laboratory of the Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka.

2.2. Synthesis of Sodium Salt of Naproxen (HL)

0.82 gm (0.1 M) of Naproxen (ligand) was dissolved with 0.1 M of sodium hydroxide solution in water to form the sodium salt of Naproxen. Then the solution was sonicated for 5 minutes and kept in room temperature. The potency of Naproxen must be considered before preparation. The reaction mixture was put on a water bath to evaporate until a crystal film appeared; upon cooling the white product separated out.

2.3. General Procedure for Synthesis of Transition Metal Complexes

Equimolar metal salts dissolved in water were added to the above mixture so that the ratio (metal) : (ligand) of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent ions used was 1 : 1, 1 : 2 and 1 : 3, respectively, in each case and immediate precipitation occurred. Then the solid complexes were isolated by filtration, washed until being free of chlorides with the corresponding solvent (methanol or water), and finally dried at room temperature.

2.4. Analytical Methods

HPLC system (Shimadzu Prominence), equipped with UV-visible detector, was used for the analysis of the samples. LC-solutions software was used for recording data. Reversed phase C-18 column (Zorbax Eclipse XBD-C18, 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used to analyze the standards and samples. The HPLC assay method described in United States Pharmacopoeia (USP35 NF30, volume 3, Page 3996, 2012) was used to analyze the samples.

2.5. Forced Degradation Conditions

It is important that more strenuous conditions than those used for accelerated studies (25°C/60% RH or 40°C/75% RH) should be used while performing this study. In general, the following conditions were investigated: (1) acid and base hydrolysis, (2) hydrolysis at various pH, (3) thermal degradation, (4) photolysis, and (5) oxidation. It was focused on determining the conditions that degrade the drug by approximately 10%. However, beginning at extreme conditions (80°C or even higher, 0.5 N NaOH, 0.5 N HCl, 3% H₂O₂) and testing at shorter (2 hours, 5 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, etc.) multiple time points allow for a rough evaluation of degradation rate. The conditions listed in Table 1 were followed in the current study [15].

Table 1: Types of degradation reactions and conditions.

Degradation reaction
Typical conditions

Elevated temperature
Exposed to 105°C heat, up to 3 hours

Acid hydrolysis
Treated with 1 N HCl up to 24 hours

Base hydrolysis
Treated with 1 N NaOH up to 24 hours

Oxidation
Treated with 10% H₂O₂ solution up to 24 hours

Reduction
Treated with 10% Na bisulfite solution up to 24 hours

Water hydrolysis
Treated with water up to 24 hours

2.6. Acid Hydrolysis

1 mg/mL of solutions was prepared of each Naproxen-metal chelates. Then 1 mL of sample solutions and 4 mL of 1 M HCl were mixed and mixture was kept for 24 hours at room temperature. After 24 hours, the sample solutions were allowed to be neutralized by 1 M NaOH to pH 7.0 and the volume was made up to 10 mL with diluting solution. The prepared samples were then analyzed on HPLC.

2.7. Basic Hydrolysis

1 mg/mL of solutions was prepared of each Naproxen-metal chelates. Then 1 mL of sample solutions and 4 mL of 1 M NaOH were mixed and mixture was kept for 24 hours at room temperature. After 24 hours, the sample solutions were allowed neutralized by 1 M HCl to pH 7.0 and the volume was made up to 10 mL with diluting solution. The prepared samples were then analyzed on HPLC.

2.8. Oxidation

Oxidation of Naproxen and its metal complexes was studied using 10% H₂O₂ for 24 hours. 1 mL of samples and 9 mL of 10% H₂O₂ solution were mixed and the mixture was kept for 24 hours at room temperature. After 24 hours, the sample solutions were analyzed.

2.9. Reduction

Reduction of Naproxen and its metal complexes was studied using 10% Sodium bisulfite for 24 hours. 1 mL of samples and 9 mL of 10% Sodium bisulfite solution were mixed and the mixture was kept for 24 hours at room temperature. After 24 hours, the sample solutions were analyzed.

2.10. Water Hydrolysis

1 mL of samples and 9 mL of distilled water were mixed and the mixture was kept for 24 hours at room temperature. After 24 hours, the sample solutions were analyzed.

2.11. Dry Heat Degradation

5 mg of each Naproxen-metal chelate was placed in an oven for 3 hours at 105°C and then the heated samples were dissolved in 5 mL of diluting solution and allowed to attain the room temperature. The prepared samples were then suitably diluted and analyzed.

2.12. Analytical Method Verification

The analytical method was verified according to United States of Pharmacopeia (USP) 37, General Information, 1225, Validation of Compendial Procedures guideline with respect to some parameters used in method validation. According to 21 CFR 211.194(a)(2) of the current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations, “suitability of all compendia testing methods used shall be verified under actual conditions of use” (USP 37, General Information/〈1226〉 Verification of Compendial Procedures). In current case, system suitability, solution stability, accuracy, precision, and robustness were performed for method verification.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Physical, Analytical, and Thermal Properties

All the complexes synthesized were crystalline solids and soluble in common organic solvents but insoluble in ethanol and acetone. They were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, thermal analysis, electronic photography (SEM), and magnetic properties (NMR). Table 2 shows the results of elemental and thermal analysis of the complexes. The melting points or decomposition temperatures of the chelates are higher which suggests their thermal stability. Naproxen decomposes at 153°C where the complexes decompose in the range of 218–250°C (Figure 2(a)) followed by complete burning at above 700°C. The representative equations for the formation of the complexes can be presented as

(where = Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, Fe; or 2 or 3; = 0, 2, 4, or 6; = 0 or 2 or 3).

Table 2: Physical, analytical, and thermal properties of metal complexes.

Compound
Formula
Formula weight
Color
Yield % (g)
Analysis (%) calculated (found)
Melting point (°C)

C
H
M

Cu·2H₂O

558.07
Green
84.7
60.21 (60.08)
5.38 (5.32)
11.39 (11.42)
227.51

Co·2H₂O

553.45
Light red
75.8
60.71 (60.39)
5.42 (5.45)
10.65 (10.67)
242.62

Fe·3H₂O

797.63
Yellow
86.3
63.19 (63.12)
5.64 (5.63)
7.00 (6.97)
235.13

Ag·H₂O

355.13
White
85.3
47.30 (47.22)
4.26 (4.22)
30.38 (30.41)
218.89

Zn·2H₂O

559.9
White
78.3
60.01 (59.78)
5.36 (5.32)
11.68 (11.73)
225.28

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: (a) DSC thermogram of Naproxen and its Copper complex: (b) and (c) IR spectrum of Naproxen and its Copper complex, respectively.

3.2. FTIR Spectra

In this study, the carboxylic acid group of Naproxen shows the (C=O) stretching mode as a band at = 1729 cm⁻¹. This was gone because of deprotonation and in the sodium salt there were two new bands at 1535–1546 and 1405–1414 range, the carboxylate antisymmetric and symmetric vibrations, respectively (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)). The coordination of the carboxylate ion to metal ion took place in three different ways [16]. The difference between and in monodentate complexes was expected to be greater than 350 cm⁻¹. When  cm⁻¹, anisobidentate was observed which means an intermediate state between monodentate and bidentate and when  cm⁻¹, the carboxylate groups were regarded as bidentate [16]. These situations were observed in the relative position of the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations. The main IR bands in the spectra of the sodium salt and the complexes are listed in Table 3. There was a band observed in the region 3145–3455 which is certainly due to the absorption of crystal or coordination water. Assignment of the carboxylate group of these metal complexes coordination depended on the position of both and bands and the values of [17–21]. The values of all of these complexes lie in the range of 132–159 cm⁻¹ which is close to that of sodium salt of Naproxen indicating that the carboxylate group acts as a bridging ligand. In solid state, the synthesized complexes of carboxylate mostly form bridged dimers (M₂L₂ or M₂L₄) and also polymeric networks [22].

Table 3: Infrared data (cm⁻¹) of Naproxen-metal complexes in KBr.

Compound
(COO⁻)
(H₂O)

NaL
1545
1409
136
—

CuL₂·2H₂O
1554
1405
149
3406

CoL₂·2H₂O
1562
1415
147
3418

FeL₃·3H₂O
1601
1449
142
3422

AgL·H₂O
1610
1451
159
3388

ZnL₂·2H₂O
1544
1412
132
3386

3.3. NMR Spectra

In the ¹H-NMR spectrum of Naproxen, the protons of methyl (CH₃) group have a sharp doublet at ~δ 1.5–1.6; the methenyl (–CH) proton has a triplet around δ 3.60–3.90. In case of the methoxy (CH₃O) protons, they exhibit a sharp singlet at δ 4.00 and the naphthyl protons appear at δ 7.10–7.80 as a multiplet. Sequentially all of these protons shift upfield in complexes; the methenyl proton displays the highest shift δ 0.25–0.30, whereas the methoxy protons shift the least ~δ 0.05. This occurs because of the lesser electron withdrawing capacity of metal ions in the complexes relative to that of the carboxy proton in the ligand. The hydrogen atom of the –COOH group is absent in the metal complexes of ¹H-NMR spectra (range of 10–13 ppm). This data indicates coordination and the carboxyl group is not protonated and the complexation reaction takes place.

3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken in order to study the surface morphology of Naproxen-metal complexes. The SEM micrographs of ligand and its complexes are shown in Figure 3. The images showed particles with fiber-like morphology of the complexes compared to ligand (Naproxen) which is homogenously distributed in the solid powder. The photograph clearly indicated that the complexes are hydrated and they formed dimer or even polymeric networks in micrometer range.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 3: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrograph of (a) Naproxen, (b) Naproxen-Copper complex, (c) Naproxen-Cobalt complex, (d) Naproxen-Iron complex, (e) Naproxen-Silver complex, and (f) Naproxen-Zinc complex, respectively.

3.5. Characterization by HPLC

The RP-HPLC studies were performed in order to determine identity of the new synthetic products in comparison to the free ligand with respect to retention time. Acetonitrile and water in various ratios were used as mobile phases. HPLC methods were used to confirm the appearance of new products after the synthesis had been performed. The samples of ligand and complexes eluted close to each other with similar retention times (Figure 4). The chromatographic data for the complexes and free ligand are given in Table 4.

Table 4: Retention times of the complexes and their ligands.

Compound
Retention time () (min)

Naproxen (ligand)
4.442

Naproxen-Copper complex (N-Cu)
4.353

Naproxen-Cobalt complex (N-Co)
4.336

Naproxen-Iron complex (N-Fe)
4.388

Naproxen-Silver complex (N-Ag)
4.424

Naproxen-Zinc complex (N-Zn)
4.388

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 4: HPLC chromatograms of (a) Naproxen, (b) Naproxen-Cobalt complex (N-Co), (c) Naproxen-Zinc complex (N-Zn), (d) Naproxen-Silver complex (N-Ag), (e) Naproxen-Iron complex (N-Fe), and (f) Naproxen-Copper complex (N-Cu), respectively.

3.6. Stability Profile

In the forced degradation study it was found that Naproxen-metal complexes were the most stable compounds against any type of forced degradation condition applied than parent Naproxen. The highest degradation of Naproxen was found by acid hydrolysis and it was only 7.92%. Among the complexes, Naproxen-Iron complex was found most stable against the stressed conditions. Degradation levels are very close among all these complexes and it is due to the almost same coordination environment of the complexes. The most probable reason for their higher stability than Naproxen is the possibility of forming dimer or even polymer structures that is shown in SEM images. In DSC study, it was also revealed that the complexes have very high decomposition point than that of the parent Naproxen. That is why they are able to show better stability against stressed condition. The results were summarized in Table 5 and in Figures 5 and 6.

Table 5: Degradation profile of Naproxen and its metal chelates.

Tested compounds
% of loss in acid media
% of loss in basic media
% of loss in oxidation
% of loss in reduction
% of loss in water hydrolysis
% of loss in dry heat

Naproxen
7.92
4.76
6.99
7.31
1.39
5.03

Nap-Cu complex
3.59
2.48
2.12
2.13
0.29
3.50

Nap-Co complex
2.13
1.99
2.98
2.55
0.31
3.07

Nap-Fe complex
3.75
1.72
1.68
1.86
0.01
2.65

Nap-Ag complex
4.36
3.57
4.71
3.29
0.18
4.18

Nap-Zn complex
2.50
2.26
2.02
2.42
0.05
3.78

Figure 5: Graphical presentation of liquid state degradation of Naproxen-metal chelates.

Figure 6: Graphical presentation of dry heat degradation of Naproxen-metal chelates.

3.7. Method Verification Study

3.7.1. System Suitability Test

All parameters were found within the limit. Results were summarized in Table 6.

Table 6: System suitability parameters.

Parameter
Naproxen (free ligand)
USP limit [23]

Tailing factor ()
0.899

Theoretical plates ()
2834.541

% RSD of retention time
0.075
% RSD ≤ 2.0%

% RSD of peak area
0.094
% RSD ≤ 2.0%

3.7.2. Solution Stability

Area changes were investigated up to three consecutive days. Low quantity of % RSD of area changes demonstrated that the drugs were fairly stable in the diluting solution and in the mobile phase. Results were shown in Table 7.

Table 7: Solution stability parameters.

Days
Storage condition
Naproxen
Nap-Cu
Nap-Co
Nap-Fe
Nap-Ag
Nap-Zn

Freshly prepare sample
NA
611646
674528
648965
719744
639765
639976

Solution stability test (Day 2)
RT (% RSD of area change)
611199 (0.07%)
674141 (0.06%)
645675 (0.51%)
718188 (0.22%)
638212 (0.24%)
639233 (0.12%)

Fridge (% RSD of area change)
611333 (0.05%)
674312 (0.03%)
648723 (0.04%)
719499 (0.03%)
639387 (0.06%)
639691 (0.04%)

Solution stability test (Day 3)
RT (% RSD of area change)
610387 (0.21%)
673102 (0.21%)
642671 (0.97%)
717297 (0.34%)
632037 (1.21%)
637441 (0.40%)

Fridge (% RSD of area change)
611301 (0.06%)
674199 (0.05%)
648164 (0.12%)
719123 (0.09%)
638754 (0.16%)
639501 (0.07%)

RT: room temperature.

3.7.3. Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy or recovery study was performed and result found in acceptable range for all samples for different concentrations. The range of the acceptability for accuracy was 97.0–103.0%.

The %RSD values found in precision study depicted in Table 8 showed that the compendial method provides acceptable intra- and interday variations for samples.

Table 8: Accuracy and precision parameters.

Parameters
Limit
Naproxen
Nap-Cu
Nap-Co
Nap-Fe
Nap-Ag
Nap-Zn

Accuracy
97.0–103.0%
98.95–100.11
99.34–99.87
98.45–99.24
98.45–101.45
99.45–101.37
99.55–102.62

Precision (intraday)
% RSD ≤ 2
0.812
0.522
0.657
0.729
0.478
0.835

Day 1
0.974
0.745
1.135
1.256
0.875
0.435

Precision (interday)
Day 2
0.486
0.467
0.409
1.145
1.155
1.479

Day 3
1.134
1.324
1.421
1.678
1.137
1.146

Different analyst and instruments
% RSD ≤ 3 (interday)
1.342
1.421
1.241
1.289
1.231
1.123

3.7.4. Robustness

Predetermined variations were performed under the experimental conditions to assess their robustness. We changed pH ±0.2, flow rate ±50%, wave length ±3 nm, and solvent concentration ±30%. Results were shown in Table 9. No significant changes were found.

Table 9: Robustness of the method.

Parameter
Samples
Retention time (min)
Tailing factor
Theoretical plate

Flow rate
(±50%)
()
Naproxen
3.121–6.675
0.564–1.134
2536–3002

Nap-Cu
2.858–7.456
0.637–1.046
2535–3257

Nap-Co
2.936–7.136
0.635–1.145
2504–2993

Nap-Fe
3.012–6.546
0.537–1.267
2245–2866

Nap-Ag
2.789–7.245
0.563–1.046
2536–3658

Nap-Zn
2.977–6.896
0.682–1.035
2546–3527

Solvent ratio
(±30%)
()
Naproxen
3.234–6.789
0.456–1.464
2454–3013

Nap-Cu
3.567–5.346
0.523–1.368
2575–2935

Nap-Co
3.786–5.359
0.684–1.257
2576–2896

Nap-Fe
3.008–5.289
0.473–1.147
2689–3035

Nap-Ag
3.678–6.149
0.568–1.427
2736–3024

Nap-Zn
3.789–7.899
0.564–1.139
2524–3467

pH of buffer solution
(±0.2)
()
Naproxen
3.934–4.567
0.836–0.956
2890–3205

Nap-Cu
4.003–4.678
0.845–0.899
2600–3765

Nap-Co
3.612–4.568
0.786–0.876
2535–3402

Nap-Fe
3.613–4.257
0.823–0.956
2546–3867

Nap-Ag
3.583–4.945
0.726–0.915
2394–3957

Nap-Zn
3.993–4.456
0.736–0.925
2356–2895

Detector
wave length
(±3 nm)
()
Naproxen
4.346–4.467
0.823–0.913
2536–3406

Nap-Cu
4.456–4.789
0.823–0.834
2675–3177

Nap-Co
4.345–4.456
0.864–0.900
2465–2794

Nap-Fe
4.412–4.467
0.789–0.822
2575–2904

Nap-Ag
4.367–4.467
0.844–0.878
2356–3602

Nap-Zn
4.367–4.419
0.812–0.901
2531–3387

Temperature
(±10°C)
()
Naproxen
4.324–4.456
0.823–8.678
2567–2958

Nap-Cu
4.326–4.567
0.746–8.134
2296–3042

Nap-Co
4.324–4.467
0.783–0.899
2515–3657

Nap-Fe
4.389–4.498
0.823–0.843
2549–3208

Nap-Ag
4.358–4.418
0.823–0.845
2285–3647

Nap-Zn
4.329–4.475
0.813–0.843
2576–3102

4. Conclusion

Search for drugs of higher efficacy and lower toxicity is a never ending effort. In our current research we were able to synthesize some Naproxen-metal derivatives and to highlight their stability profile under stressed conditions with a view to facilitating the invention of novel NSAIDs with better therapeutic efficacy. Lower toxicity of Naproxen in terms of gastric irritation has been established earlier. But from the result of present study further useful information was achieved that the metal derivatives of Naproxen were found more stable than Naproxen itself. This finding suggests that the metal derivatives of Naproxen can be more potent anti-inflammatory agent in human body with longer half-life as well as in the dosage form with longer shelf life when compared to the parent Naproxen.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Authors’ Contribution

The study was carried out in collaboration among all the authors. The idea was developed by Md. Sharif Hasan. The analyses were done by Md. Sharif Hasan and Ruhul Kayesh. Ruhul Kayesh wrote the first draft of the manuscript and arranged the references which were edited and finalized by Md. Sharif Hasan.

Acknowledgments

Md. Sharif Hasan and Ruhul Kayesh are very grateful to Dr. S. M. Abdur Rahman and Farida Begum for their administrative support, guidance, and reviewing paper.

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United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 34 (NF 29), Chapter 621, 2011