Journal of Chemistry

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 519415, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/519415

Research Article

Convenient Synthesis of 1,4-Dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol from D-Ribose

Makoto Oba, Shoi Kawaji, Hironobu Kushima, Takanori Sano, and Kozaburo Nishiyama

Department of Materials Chemistry, Tokai University, 317 Nishino, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0395, Japan

Received 30 April 2013; Accepted 5 June 2013

Academic Editor: Zurina Shaameri

Copyright © 2013 Makoto Oba et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper describes a convenient synthesis of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol (DRB) from D-ribose. L-Lyxonolactone, a key intermediate in this synthesis, was prepared by base-promoted hydrolysis of a 5-chlorinated D-ribonolactone derivative with inversion of configuration at the C-4 position. Cyclization of the generated dimesylated L-lyxitol with benzylamine proceeded with another configurational inversion at C-4 to afford the D-ribo-configured pyrrolidine system, which upon deprotection gave DRB.

1. Introduction

1,4-Dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol (DRB, 1) is a polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine alkaloid isolated from the roots of mulberry trees (Morus alba) [1] and from the bark and pods of leguminous plants (Angylocalyx pynaertii) [2, 3]. Owing to its structural [4-aza]ribofuranose feature, DRB and its derivatives have attracted considerable attention as enzyme inhibitors that mimic glycoside and nucleoside substrates. In fact, DRB was found to be a potent inhibitor of lysosomal β-mannosidase [3] and eukaryotic DNA polymerases [4] and was also employed as a synthetic precursor of some enzyme inhibitors containing the [4-aza]ribosyl group [5–8]. Therefore, there is a need to develop a simple method for the preparation of DRB derivatives.

Two major approaches have been used to construct the DRB framework. One is the stereoselective dihydroxylation of optically active 2-substituted 3-pyrroline derivatives, in which the oxidation is usually carried out using a highly toxic osmium catalyst [9–13]; the other is a sugar-based approach. The D- and L-forms of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-iminoribitol were prepared from D-gulonolactone (29% overall yield over 9 steps) and D-mannose (28% overall yield over 9 steps), respectively [14–16]. From the viewpoint of atom economy, pentose as a starting material is more favorable. Recently, a related study was reported by Mercer and coworkers [17], in which both enantiomers of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-iminolyxitol were efficiently synthesized from D- and L-ribonolactone. Since the process involves configurational inversion at the C-4 position, a straightforward precursor to DRB is considered to be L-lyxose, which is an expensive unnatural pentose. Herein, we describe a convenient synthesis of DRB starting from D-ribose via L-lyxonolactone, in which the D-ribo-configured pyrrolidine ring is constructed with overall retention of the stereochemistry at C-4 by a double inversion.

2. Results and Discussion

The synthetic route to DRB is illustrated in Scheme 1. 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-ribono-1,4-lactone (2) is easily obtained from inexpensive D-ribose using a well-established procedure [18, 19] or is commercially available. At the beginning of the synthesis, we examined the conversion of D-ribonolactone 2 to L-lyxonolactone 4 with inversion of stereochemistry at C-4. A production-scale synthesis of 4 from 2 via a 5-O-methanesulfonyl derivative was reported (59% yield at a 200 kg scale) [18]; however, we experienced variable yields at a laboratory scale. In this study, therefore, we adopted an alternative route via the corresponding chloride 3.

Scheme 1: Synthesis of DRB (1). Reagents and conditions: (i) (COCl)₂, DMF, CH₂Cl₂, 97%; (ii) KOH, H₂O, then, 3 M HCl, quant; (iii) TBSCl, imidazole, CH₂Cl₂, 91%; (iv) NaBH₄, MeOH, 95%; (v) MsCl, pyridine, 85%; (vi) PhCH₂NH₂ (BnNH₂), toluene, 86%; (vii) 1 M HCl, quant; and (viii) H₂, 10% Pd/C, H₂O, quant.

Chlorination of the hydroxyl group at C-5 of 2 was performed using a Vilsmeier reagent prepared in situ from DMF and oxalyl chloride to afford 5-chloro-5-deoxy derivative 3 in 97% yield [20]. Treatment of chloride 3 with an aqueous KOH solution followed by acidification gave 2,3-O-isopropylidene-L-lyxono-1,4-lactone (4) in quantitative yield. It is believed that configurational inversion at the C-4 position occurred as reported for the mesylate reaction [21]. Namely, a base-promoted ring opening of the chlorinated ribonolactone 3 followed by intramolecular S N2 reaction gave epoxide 10 (Scheme 2). Subsequent 5-exo-tet [22] ring closure between the carboxylate and epoxide proceeded with inversion of configuration at C-4 to furnish the lactone, which was then hydrolyzed to the open-chain derivative 11 under strongly basic conditions. Upon acidification, carboxylate 11 immediately cyclized to lyxonolactone 4.

Scheme 2: Plausible reaction pathway for the configurational inversion at C-4 by base-promoted hydrolysis of lactone 3.

After protection of the primary hydroxyl group of 4 as a tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) ether in 91% yield, the fully protected lactone 5 was subjected to reductive ring opening by NaBH₄ in MeOH to afford partially protected L-lyxitol derivative 6 in 95% yield. Diol 6 was then treated with methanesulfonyl chloride in pyridine to give the corresponding dimesylate 7 in 85% yield. Cyclization of 7 with benzylamine involving inversion at C-4 was performed in refluxing toluene for 3 days to give fully protected DRB 8 in 86% yield. Acidic hydrolysis of both the acetonide and TBS protective groups in 1 M HCl gave N-benzyl DRB derivative 9 in quantitative yield. Finally, DRB was quantitatively obtained as its hydrochloride salt by catalytic hydrogenolysis of the N-benzyl group. Comparison of the physical and spectral data of DRB with the literature data completely confirmed its identity.

In conclusion, we have achieved a convenient synthesis of DRB in 61% overall yield from D-ribonolactone 2 over eight steps. The D-ribo-configured pyrrolidine system was constructed with overall retention of the stereochemistry at C-4 by a double S N2 inversion.

3. Experimental

3.1. General

Melting points were determined using a Yamato MP-21 melting point apparatus in open capillaries and are uncorrected. ¹H and ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were measured on a Varian Mercury plus 400 spectrometer at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively. All chemical shifts are reported as δ values (ppm) relative to residual chloroform (δ H 7.26), HDO (δ H 4.79), the central peak of deuteriochloroform (δ C 77.0), or dioxane (δ C 67.2); values are expressed in Hz. Optical rotations were measured on a HORIBA SEPA-200 polarimeter. Elemental analyses were performed using a PerkinElmer 2400 Series II analyzer.

All reagents and solvents were of commercial grade and used according to supplier instructions unless otherwise mentioned.

3.2. 5-Chloro-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribono-1,4-lactone (3) [20, 23]

DMF was added (117 μL, 110 mg, 1.51 mmol) to a solution of oxalyl chloride (129 μL, 194 mg, 1.52 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) at 0°C, and the mixture was stirred for 12 min. To the resultant cloudy suspension, a solution of compound 2 (188 mg, 0.999 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added dropwise at the same temperature, and the mixture was refluxed for 90 min. The cooled reaction mixture was diluted with CHCl₃, washed with brine, and dried over MgSO₄. After removal of the solvent, the residue was chromatographed on SiO₂. Elution with a mixture of hexane and AcOEt (7/3) gave compound 3 (200 mg, 0.968 mmol, 97%) as a white solid. An analytical sample was obtained by recrystallization from a mixture of EtOH and acetone. Colorless powder, mp 97.5–98.5°C. −60.8 (c 1.00, CHCl₃). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ  1.40 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 3.79 (dd, and 2 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dd, and 3 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (d,  Hz, 1H), 4.87 (dd, and 2 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (d,  Hz, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 25.4, 26.5, 44.7, 75.2, 78.2, 80.8, 113.7, 173.3.

3.3. 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-L-lyxono-1,4-lactone (4) [18]

Compound 3 (207 mg, 1.00 mmol) was added to a 2.5 M aqueous solution of KOH (1.00 mL, 2.50 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solution was acidified with 3 M HCl to pH 3 and concentrated. The residue was triturated with acetone (6 mL) and heated to reflux. After removal of the insoluble materials by filtration, the filtrate was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give compound 4 (193 mg) in quantitative yield as a white solid, mp 94-95°C (lit [18], mp 98-99°C).   −88.0 (c 0.50, acetone) (lit [18],   −89.0 (c 1.00, acetone)). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ  1.40 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 2.10 (br s, 1H), 3.97 (dd, and 5 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (dd, and 7 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (ddd, , and 4 Hz, 1H), 4.87 (d,  Hz, 1H), 4.89 (dd, and 4 Hz, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 25.7, 26.6, 60.8, 76.1, 76.2, 79.1, 114.5, 173.5.

3.4. 5-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-L-lyxono-1,4-lactone (5) [24]

A solution of compound 4 (193 mg), tert-BuMe₂SiCl (166 mg, 1.10 mmol), and imidazole (102 mg, 1.50 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with CHCl₃, washed with brine, and dried over MgSO₄. After removal of the solvent, the residue was chromatographed on SiO₂. Elution with a mixture of hexane and AcOEt (7/3) gave compound 5 (276 mg, 0.913 mmol, 91%) as a white solid. An analytical sample was obtained by recrystallization from hexane. Colorless powder, mp 87-88°C (data for enantiomer [25]: mp 90–91°C).   −52.2 (c 1.00, CHCl₃) (data for enantiomer [25]:   +54.9 (c 1.03, CHCl₃)). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ  0.09 (s, 6H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 3.93 (dd, and 7 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (dd, and 6 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (ddd, and 6 and 2 Hz, 1H), 4.79–4.82 (m, 2H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃) δ  −5.6, −5.4, 18.3, 25.7, 25.8, 26.7, 60.8, 75.7, 76.0, 79.4, 114.0, 173.8.

3.5. 5-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-L-lyxitol (6) [24]

NaBH₄ (351 mg, 9.28 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 5 (561 mg, 1.85 mmol) in MeOH (19 mL) at 0°C, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After removal of the solvent, the residue was diluted with CHCl₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give compound 6 (543 mg, 1.77 mmol, 96%) as a white solid. An analytical sample was obtained by recrystallization from hexane. Colorless powder, mp 64-65°C (data for enantiomer [25]: mp 67–68°C).   +9.3 (c 1.02, CHCl₃) (data for enantiomer [25]:   −9.2 (c 0.08, CHCl₃)). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ  0.08 (s, 6H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 2.83 (dd, and 5 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (d, Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, and 7 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (dd, and 6 Hz, 1H), 3.77–3.85 (m, 3H), 4.23–4.25 (m, 2H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl3) δ  − 5.5,  –5.4, 18.2, 25.0, 25.8, 27.1, 61.3, 64.5, 69.1, 75.7, 77.3, 108.2.

3.6. 5-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-1,4-di-O-methanesulfonyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-L-lyxitol (7) [24]

Methanesulfonyl chloride (0.411 mL, 608 mg, 5.31 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 6 (543 mg, 1.77 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) at 0°C, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After removal of the solvent, the residue was diluted with AcOEt, successively washed with 1 M HCl and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give compound 7 (695 mg, 1.50 mmol, 85%) as a colorless oil.   −5.5 (c 1.02, CHCl₃) (data for enantiomer [25]:   +5.0 (c 0.14, CHCl₃)). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.097 (s, 3H), 0.103 (s, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 3.83 (dd, and 6 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (dd, and 5 Hz, 1H), 4.37–4.45 (m, 4H), 4.74 (m, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃) δ −5.6 (2C overlapped), 18.2, 25.4, 25.8, 27.2, 37.6, 38.9, 63.1, 67.9, 74.4, 75.3, 78.9, 109.6.

3.7. N-Benzyl-5-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol hydrochloride (8) [5, 8]

A mixture of compound 7 (695 mg, 1.50 mol) and benzylamine (891 μL, 874 mg, 8.16 mmol) in toluene (8 mL) was heated to reflux for 3 days. The reaction mixture was then diluted with CHCl₃, successively washed with water and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and dried over MgSO₄. After removal of the solvent, the residue was chromatographed on SiO₂. Elution with a mixture of hexane and AcOEt (9/1) gave compound 8 (487 mg, 1.29 mmol, 86%) as a colorless oil.   −28.0 (c 1.01, CHCl₃). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.58 (s, 3H), 2.74 (dd, and 3 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (ddd, , and 2 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (dd, and 6 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dd, and 4 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (d,  Hz, 1H), 3.79 (dd, and 4 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (d,  Hz, 1H), 4.58 (dd, and 2 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (ddd, , 6, and 3 Hz, 1H), 7.15–7.38 (m, 5H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃) δ  −5.6,   –5.5, 18.2, 25.1, 25.9, 27.1, 56.9, 59.2, 63.1, 68.8, 79.4, 83.2, 111.8, 126.8, 128.2, 128.5, 139.2.

3.8. N-Benzyl-1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol hydrochloride (9)

A mixture of compound 8 (354 mg, 0.938 mmol) and 1 M HCl (10 mL) was refluxed for 1 h. The cooled solution was washed with CHCl₃ and concentrated to give a quantitative yield of compound 9 (250 mg) as a brown solid. An analytical sample was obtained by recrystallization from a mixture of EtOH and acetone. Colorless powder, mp 190-191°C.   +16.9 (c 1.00, H₂O). ¹H-NMR (D₂O) δ 3.43 (dd, and 3 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (dd, and 4 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (dd, and 4 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (ddd, , and 3 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (dd, and 4 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, and 4 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (ddd, , and 4 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (d,  Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d,  Hz, 1H), 7.50–7.57 (m, 5H). ¹³C-NMR (D₂O) δ 57.6, 57.7, 62.0, 69.3, 70.7, 71.5, 130.0, 131.0, 131.5 (2C overlapped). Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₁₈NO₃Cl: C, 55.49; H, 6.99; N, 5.39. Found: C, 55.59; H, 7.22; N, 5.33.

3.9. 1,4-Dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol hydrochloride (DRB, 1) [14]

A mixture of compound 9 (250 mg) and 10% Pd/C (63 mg) in H₂O (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight under an atmospheric pressure of hydrogen. After removal of the catalyst with the use of Hyflo Super-Cel, the mixture was washed with CHCl₃ and concentrated to give a quantitative yield of the compound 1 (162 mg) as a brown solid. An analytical sample was obtained by recrystallization from a mixture of EtOH and acetone. Colorless powder, mp 124–126°C (lit [14], mp 128–132°C).   +57.7 (c 0.14, H₂O) (lit [14],   +57.6 (c 0.59, H₂O)). ¹H-NMR (D₂O) δ 3.37 (dd, and 2 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (dd, and 4 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (ddd, , and 3 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (dd, and 6 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (dd, and 3 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, and 4 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (ddd, , and 2 Hz, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (D₂O)   δ  50.2, 58.6, 62.4, 70.0, 71.8.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Tokai University for support of their research activities. They would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the English language review.

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