Journal of Chemistry

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 634510, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/634510

Research Article

A Simple and Green Protocol for 2H-Indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones Using Grinding Method

Xiao-chuan Jia,¹ Jing Li,¹ Yu Ding,¹ Bin Zhang,¹ Na Wang,¹ and Yu-hu Wang²

¹Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Tianjin 300457, China

²Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-Stock Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300384, China

Received 7 May 2013; Revised 6 June 2013; Accepted 6 June 2013

Academic Editor: A. M. S. Silva

Copyright © 2013 Xiao-chuan Jia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A robust, facile, and solvent-free route for the three-component synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluene sulfonic acid utilizing grinding has been developed. Short reaction time, simple operation, and high yields are the advantages of this protocol.

1. Introduction

In the past few decades, the synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds has been a subject of great interest due to their wide applicability. Among them, nitrogen heterocycles containing a phthalazine moiety are important because they show biological and pharmacological activities such as anticonvulsant, cardiotonic, and vasorelaxant [1–3]. Recently, three-component reactions of dimedone (5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione), an aldehyde, and phthalhydrazide to give 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones have attracted the interest of the synthetic community. Various catalytic systems including p-TSA [4], Me₃SiCl [5], silica sulfuric acid [6], H₂SO₄ [7], cyanuric chloride [8], heteropolyacids [9], and N-halo sulfonamides [10] have been reported. The direct four-component condensations have also been achieved by employing Ce (SO₄)₂·4H₂O [11], sulfuric acid-modified PEG-6000 [12] under solvent-free conditions. However, some of these methods suffered from several drawbacks such as hazardous organic solvents, high cost, long reaction time, use of stoichiometric, and excess amounts of acids. Therefore, the development of a new, efficient, and environment-friendly procedure is still in demand.

Grinding method is of interest because it is performed in the absence of solvent and under environment-friendly conditions. In the last years, this technique has found interest in synthetic organic chemistry [13–15]. The reported examples include nitrone synthesis [16], Knoevenagel’s reaction [17], Michael’s additions [17], aldol condensation [18], coupling reactions [19], and peptide synthesis [20]. In the present work, we wish to report a versatile and green protocol for one-pot, three-component synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones using a catalytic amount of p-toluene sulfonic acid (Scheme 1). The grinding is done at room temperature and the reaction time ranges from 2 to 5 minutes. This synthetic route is green as it is essentially solvent-free and involves short reaction times at ambient conditions. The workup of each reaction involves a simple washing procedure with an ethanol/water mixture. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example to construct 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives utilizing grinding method.

Scheme 1: Synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones using grinding.

2. Results and Discussion

We started our study by treating phthalhydrazide (1 mmol), dimedone (1 mmol), and benzaldehyde (1 mmol) in a mortar and grinding them for a given time. Initially, the effect of catalyst amount on the reaction was investigated (Table 1). It was found that only 25% yield of product was obtained when grinding for 30 minutes in the absence of any catalyst (Table 1, entry 1). Encouragingly, only 1 mol% of p-TSA enhanced the yield up to 63% in 10 minutes. The optimization for quantity of catalyst suggested that 3 mol% of p-TSA is enough, affording the corresponding product in 91% yield within only 2 minutes (Table 1, entry 4).

Table 1: Effect of catalyst amount on the reactiona.

Entry
Catalyst amount (mol%)
(min)
Yield (%)b

1
—
30
25

2
1
10
63

3
2
10
76

4
3
2
91

5
4
2
90

Reaction conditions: phthalhydrazide (1 mmol), dimedone (1 mmol), and benzaldehyde (1 mmol), ground at room temperature.

bIsolated yields.

The generality and functional group tolerance of this procedure in the direct synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives were examined employing a number of substituted aromatic aldehydes under the optimized conditions (Table 2). In all cases, the starting materials became sticky and then solidified, indicating the end of the reaction. The method showed good substrate compatibility for aromatic aldehydes. Both aromatic aldehydes bearing electron-donating groups and electron-withdrawing groups gave the products in high yields. In the same way, the reaction of 1,3-cyclohexanedione for the synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones under the optimum conditions was examined and the desired products were obtained in high yields (Table 2, entries 9–12). In addition, the product could be easily purified by washing using an ethanol/water mixture (1 : 3 v/v). Thus, this method offers significant improvements with regard to the scope of the transformation, simplicity, and green aspects.

Table 2: Synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives under grinding.

Entry
Ar
R
(min)
Product
Yield (%)a

1
C₆H₅
CH₃
2
a
91

2
4-CH₃C₆H₄
CH₃
2
b
90

3
4-CH₃OC₆H₄
CH₃
5
c
88

4
4-FC₆H₄
CH₃
2
d
87

5
4-ClC₆H₄
CH₃
2
e
86

6
2-ClC₆H₄
CH₃
2
f
83

7
4-BrC₆H₄
CH₃
2
g
85

8
4-NO₂C₆H₄
CH₃
2
h
92

9
4-OHC₆H₄
H
5
i
86

10
4-(CH₃)₂NC₆H₄
H
5
j
84

11
2-Naphthyl
H
2
k
89

12
4-CH₃C₆H₄
H
2
l
90

Isolated yields.

To compare the advantage of our protocol with the reported procedure, the comparison results were listed in Table 3. As can be seen from the table, the reported procedures required high catalyst loading, long reaction time, and corrosive catalyst. These results clearly demonstrated that this protocol was more advantageous.

Table 3: Comparison study with reported methods.

Entry
Reaction conditions
Catalyst loadings (mol%)
(min)
Yield (%)
References

1
p-TSA/ethanol/reflux
10
360
47
—

2
p-TSA/solvent-free/80°C
30
10
93
[4]

3
H₂SO₄/[bmim][BF₄]/80°C
15
30
94
[7]

4
Phosphomolybdic acid-SiO₂/100°C
5
30
85
[21]

5
CAN/PEG 400/50°C
5
120
94
[22]

6
p-TSA/grinding/rt
3
2
91
This work

In summary, a robust, facile, and solvent-free route for the three-component synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones in the presence of catalytic p-TSA using grinding has been developed. The reaction affords the products with high yields in very short reaction times. The green reaction conditions together with their simple purification process offered significant improvements over the reported methods.

3. Experimental

All reagents were obtained from local commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Melting points were determined on an X-4 apparatus. Analytical thin-layer chromatography was performed on glass plates of silica gel GF254 of 0.2 mm thickness. Mass spectra were performed on a Thermo Finnigan LCQ Advantage instrument with electrospray ionization (ESI, 4.5 keV) or Thermo Fisher Scientific DSQ-II instrument with electron ionization (EI, 70 eV). ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Advance III 500 analyzer. All the products are known compounds and were identified by comparing of their physical and spectra data with those reported in the literature.

Typical procedure for the synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]-phthalazine-triones: in a mortar, a mixture of phthalhydrazide (1 mmol), aromatic aldehyde (1 mmol), and dimedone or 1,3-cyclohexanedione (1 mmol) was ground together with a pestle. The mixture became sticky and solidified to give an orange solid, usually within 2~5 minutes. An ethanol/water mixture (1 : 3 v/v) (5 mL) was then added and the mixture was ground for another 2 min. The product was filtered, dried, and recrystallized from ethanol (if necessary).

3,4-Dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-13-phenyl-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (a, C₂₃H₂₀N₂O₃): Mp 208-209°C [204–206°C, [4]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 1.23 (s, 6H), 2.35 (s, 2H), 3.26–3.44 (m, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 7.33–7.41 (m, 3H), 7.44–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.74–7.86 (m, 2H), 8.27–8.37 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 28.5, 28.7, 34.7, 38.1, 50.9, 64.9, 118.6, 127.1, 127.7, 127.9, 128.7, 128.9, 129.1, 133.6, 134.5, 136.4, 150.9, 154.3, 156.1, 192.2; MS (EI) m/z 372 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-13-(4-methylphenyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (b, C₂₄H₂₂N₂O₃): Mp 226–228°C [227–229°C, [4]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 1.23 (s, 6H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 2H), 3.24–3.43 (m, 2H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 7.12–7.15 (m, 2H), 7.31–7.38 (m, 2H), 7.83–7.87 (m, 2H), 8.28–8.38 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 21.3, 28.5, 28.8, 34.7, 38.1, 50.9, 64.9, 118.7, 127.1, 127.7, 127.9, 128.9, 129.2, 129.5, 133.4, 133.5, 134.5, 138.5, 150.8, 154.2, 156.1, 192.2; MS (EI) m/z 386 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-13-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (c, C₂₄H₂₂N₂O₄): Mp 216–218°C [218–220°C, [23]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 1.21 (s, 6H), 2.34 (s, 2H), 3.23–3.42 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 6.84–6.86 (m, 2H), 7.35–7.37 (m, 2H), 7.82–7.86 (m, 2H), 8.26–8.35 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 28.5, 28.7, 34.6, 38.1, 51.0, 55.2, 64.6, 114.1, 118.6, 127.7, 127.9, 128.4, 128.5, 129.0, 129.2, 133.5, 134.5, 150.7, 154.2, 156.0, 159.7, 192.2; MS (EI) m/z 402 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-13-(4-fluorophenyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (d, C₂₃H₁₉FN₂O₃): Mp 220–222°C [217–219°C, [4]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 1.21 (s, 6H), 2.34 (s, 2H), 3.23–3.41 (m, 2H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 6.99–7.03 (m, 2H), 7.39–7.43 (m, 2H), 7.85–7.88 (m, 2H), 8.26–8.35 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 28.5, 28.7, 34.7, 38.0, 50.9, 64.3, 115.5, 115.9, 118.2, 127.7, 128.0, 128.9, 129.1, 132.2, 133.7, 134.6, 151.1, 154.4, 156.0, 192.2; MS (EI) m/z 390 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-13-(4-chlorophenyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (e, C₂₃H₁₉ClN₂O₃): Mp 262–264°C [262–264°C, [4]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 1.22 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 2H), 3.25–3.43 (m, 2H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 7.31–7.33 (m, 2H), 7.37–7.41 (m, 2H), 7.85–7.88 (m, 2H), 8.26–8.39 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 28.5, 28.7, 34.7, 38.0, 50.9, 64.3, 118.1, 127.7, 128.1, 128.5, 128.8, 128.9, 129.0, 133.7, 134.5, 134.6, 134.9, 151.1, 154.3, 156.0, 192.2; MS (EI) m/z 406 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-13-(2-chlorophenyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (f, C₂₃H₁₉ClN₂O₃): Mp 268–270°C [264–266°C, [4]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 1.22 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 2H), 3.24–3.42 (m, 2H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 7.25–7.34 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.84–7.89 (m, 2H), 8.25–8.40 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 28.4, 28.8, 34.6, 38.0, 50.9, 64.0, 116.7, 127.2, 127.6, 128.0, 128.7, 129.0, 129.9, 130.5, 132.6, 133.0, 133.6, 134.5, 151.9, 154.2, 156.2, 192.1; MS (EI) m/z 406 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-13-(4-bromophenyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (g, C₂₃H₁₉BrN₂O₃): Mp 264–266°C [265–267°C, [4]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.22 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 2H), 3.24–3.41 (m, 2H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 7.29–7.31 (m, 2H), 7.35–7.38 (m, 2H), 7.82–7.84 (m, 2H), 8.27–8.38 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 28.5, 28.7, 34.7, 38.0, 50.9, 64.4, 118.0, 122.8, 127.8, 128.1, 128.8, 128.9, 129.0, 131.9, 133.7, 134.7, 135.5, 151.1, 154.4, 156.0, 192.1; MS (EI) m/z 451 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-13-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (h, C₂₃H₁₉N₃O₅): Mp 220–222°C [223–225°C, [4]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 2.33–2.38 (m, 2H), 3.26–3.43 (m, 2H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 7.62–7.64 (m, 2H), 7.90 (m, 2H), 8.21 (m, 2H), 8.24–8.41 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 28.4, 28.7, 34.7, 38.0, 50.8, 64.2, 117.3, 124.1, 127.8, 128.1, 128.3, 128.6, 128.9, 133.9, 134.9, 143.4, 147.9, 151.7, 154.6, 155.9, 192.1; MS (EI) m/z 417 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-13-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (i, C₂₃H₂₀N₂O₄): Mp 258–260°C [265–266°C, [7]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 2.24–2.28 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.47 (m, 2H), 3.35–3.60 (m, 2H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 6.78 (d, 2H), 7.23 (d, 2H), 7.83–7.86 (m, 2H), 8.23–8.35 (m, 2H), 8.83 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 27.0, 29.2, 41.7, 69.3, 120.3, 124.2, 130.3, 131.8, 132.1, 132.7, 133.4, 133.7, 137.1, 138.3, 139.3, 157.1, 158.8, 160.6, 162.4, 197.3; MS (EI) m/z 360 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-13-(4-(dimethylamino) phenyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (j, C₂₅H₂₅N₃O₃): Mp 258–260°C [256–258°C, [7]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 2.24–2.28 (m, 2H), 2.46–2.48 (m, 2H), 2.89 (s, 6H), 3.35–3.61 (m, 2H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 6.63–6.66 (m, 2H), 7.26–7.29 (m, 2H), 7.80–7.83 (m, 2H), 8.25–8.34 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 22.4, 24.5, 37.0, 40.3, 40.6, 64.8, 112.2, 112.4, 119.9, 123.4, 127.7, 127.8, 128.2, 128.9, 129.0, 129.3, 133.2, 134.3, 150.6, 151.8, 154.1, 156.1, 192.5; MS (EI) m/z 387 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-13-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (k, C₂₅H₁₈N₂O₃): Mp 261-262°C [262–264°C, [7]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 2.21–2.29 (m, 2H), 2.43–2.47 (m, 2H), 3.28–3.65 (m, 2H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 7.41–7.50 (m, 3H), 7.75–7.91 (m, 6H), 8.20–8.38 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 22.3, 24.5, 36.9, 65.1, 119.7, 124.3, 126.2, 126.3, 126.7, 127.6, 127.7, 128.0, 128.2, 128.6, 129.0, 129.1, 133.2, 133.4, 133.5, 133.6, 134.5, 152.3, 154.3, 156.1, 192.4; MS (EI) m/z 394 (M⁺).

3,4-Dihydro-13-(p-tolyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione (l, C₂₂H₁₈N₂O₃): Mp 244–246°C [248–250°C, [23]]; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 2.23–2.27 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.44–2.48 (m, 2H), 3.29–3.60 (m, 2H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 7.12–7.32 (m, 4H), 7.81–7.87 (m, 2H), 8.25–8.36 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ = 21.2, 22.3, 24.5, 36.9, 64.8, 119.8, 127.1, 127.7, 127.9, 129.0, 129.2, 129.4, 133.3, 133.4, 134.5, 138.5, 152.1, 154.2, 156.1, 192.5; MS (EI) m/z 358 (M⁺).

Acknowledgment

The authors want to thank Lei Zhou and Yan Yu for their analysis of the characterization data of the compounds.

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