Journal of Chemistry

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 694531, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/694531

Research Article

Simple and Efficient Rout for Synthesis of Spinel Nanopigments

Leila Torkian,¹ Maryam Daghighi,² and Zahra Boorboor²

¹Applied Chemistry Department, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, 209, North Iranshahr Street, Tehran 11365/4435, Iran

²Chemistry Department, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran 11365/4435, Iran

Received 6 May 2013; Accepted 29 July 2013

Academic Editor: Laura Crociani

Copyright © 2013 Leila Torkian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Nano-sized CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1) inorganic pigments were synthesized via combustion method using β-alanine, as a single and novel fuel, at 800°C in open furnace. The obtained powders were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis, diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS), CIE L*a*b* color measurements, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). XRD patterns show that all calcined powders have single phase cubic spinel structure. EDX analysis revealed the composition of desired spinels. The diffuse reflectance spectra of the CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ (x > 0) pigments confirmed the presence of tetrahedrally coordinated Co²⁺ ions in the spinel lattice. The colorimetric data pointed out the formation of blue pigments (for x > 0), corresponding to highly negative values of b*, and the bluest color was produced for x = 0.8 and 1. SEM images showed nanoparticles with less than 30 nm crystallite size and flakes-like appearance of all synthesized powders.

1. Introduction

Inorganic blue pigments are widely used in industry to bring color to plastics, paints, fibers, papers, rubbers, glass, cement, glazes, ceramics, and porcelain enamels [1]. The traditional source of blue color in inorganic pigments depended on cobalt ion [2]. As cobalt is scarce and expensive, spinel type CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ (0 < x < 1) allows for a reduction of the production costs and environmental problems [3]. Moreover owing to the high mechanical resistance, high thermal and chemical stability, and low temperature sinterability of spinel-type oxide materials, CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ feels a need for qualified nanoinorganic blue pigment [4].

In recent years, a variety of techniques, such as coprecipitation [5], solid state reaction [6], hydrothermal synthesis [7], and sol-gel [8] and combustion syntheses [9], have been developed and successfully used for the preparation of pure spinel powders. The synthesis route is very important for determining the final properties of inorganic pigment such as color, particle size, and chemical and thermal stability. The liquid combustion method has the advantage of preparing crystalline powders with nanosize and high purity at low temperatures [10]. In this work nanocrystalline CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ spinel pigment has been synthesized via low-temperature combustion route employing β-alanine as a novel environmentally benign fuel [11] and characterized by applying different techniques.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Powder Synthesis

Merck (Germany) analytical reagents were used as raw materials: cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O), aluminium nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O), and β-alanine (C₃H₇NO₂). An aqueous solution containing Mg(II), Al(III), and Co(II) metal ion salts and fuel was heated at 60°C under continuous stirring. After 1 h, the temperature was raised to 80°C, and the mixture was stirred for several hours until a pink-reddish gel was formed. The used ratio M(II)/Al(III) {M(II) = Mg and Co} is 0.5, and /β-alanine = M(II) and Al(III)} was 4 according to the following equation:

The blue mixed oxide has been obtained after a heat treatment of the gel precursors at T = 800°C for 1 h, with a heating rate of 30 K/min in an open furnace in air atmosphere.

2.2. Characterization Methods

X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded using a D ₄-BRUKER diffractometer (Germany) by Cu Kα radiation at 20 KV and 30 mA. A Philips XLΦ-30 scanning electron microscope (SEM Tech Solutions, North Billerica, MA, USA) was used to observe the morphology of nanoparticles. The infrared spectra of the powders were taken in a Thermo Scientific Nicolate iS 10 FT-IR (USA) equipment, in the 4000–400 cm⁻¹ region. The elemental analysis of the powders was performed by electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) (FEI Inspect S Eindhoven). Diffuse reflectance spectra and CIE L*a*b* chromatic coordinates were determined using a Varian UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Cary 300 Bio, Mulgrave, VIC, Australia) under D65 illuminant and 10° standard observer angle.

3. Result and Discussion

Figure 1 depicts the XRD patterns of the samples from the CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ system heat treated at 800°C. At this temperature for all the values of x studied, the characteristic peaks of the spinel structure were noticed, according to the JCPDS files 21-1152 and 10-0458, for MgAl₂O₄ and CoAl₂O₄, respectively. The patterns did not show the presence of secondary phases. The development of the spinel phase at a relatively low temperature indicates one advantage of this synthesis route, as compared with other methods [12].

Figure 1: Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄  {x = 0(a), 0.1(b), 0.2(c), 0.4(d), 0.6(e), 0.8(f), and 1(g)} calcinated for 1 h at 800°C.

Table 1 shows the crystallite sizes of the calcined pigments CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1) based on the XRD patterns using the Williamson-Hall method: B·Cos(θ) = Kλ/D + η·Sin(θ), where D is the crystallite size, B is the full width at half-maximum intensity (FWHM) of the diffraction line, θ is the Bragg angle, K is a dimensionless shape factor with a value close to unity and ranges from 0.8 to 1.39, λ is the X-ray wavelength (0.15418 nm), and η is related to strain. Based on the XRD data for x = 0.8, when we plotted B·Cos(θ) versus Sin(θ) we got a straight line with intercept 0.00907 (Y = 0.0004X + 0.00907); therefore the crystallite size (D) was estimated to 17 nm. Same measurements led to calculate the crystallite sizes of other samples with different x values by applying the Williamson-Hall method (Table 1). All samples had crystallite sizes bellow 30 nm and the smallest size was obtained for x = 0.2 (6.8 nm). It seems that low level of cobalt content decreases the crystallite size of nanopigments. Experimental results evidenced that Co enrichment has different effects on crystallite sizes of Co²⁺-doped spinels synthesized via combustion method in the presence of various fuels [13]. According to Ionas et al., β-alanine is a suitable fuel for Mg(NO₃)₂, while urea is preferred for Co(NO₃)₂. Employing mixtures of urea and β-alanine to prepare CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄, resulted in smaller crystallite sizes in high cobalt contents [11]. It seems that applying β-alanine as a sole fuel in our work resulted in higher combustion temperatures and larger crystallite sizes in Co-enrichment samples.

Table 1: Crystallite size and colorimetric analysis of the calcined samples.

Sample
Crystallite size (nm)

CoAl₂O₄
27
41.5
−10.6
−30.815
52.765

Co0.8Mg0.2Al₂O₄
17
43.2
−14.5
−18.125
49.040

Co0.6Mg0.4Al₂O₄
13
45.7
−12.2
−6.171
47.72

Co0.4Mg0.6Al₂O₄
18
50.4
−12.0
−6.213
52.23

Co0.2Mg0.8Al₂O₄
7
63.7
−10.6
−10.612
65.52

Co0.1Mg0.9Al₂O₄
9
71.4
−8.1
−12.57
73

MgAl₂O₄
8
81.8
−0.31
2.501
81.93

The chromatic coordinates (L*, a* and b*) are also displayed in Table 1. It can be seen that the lightness, L*, decreases with the increase of the Co content, pointing out the formation of darker pigments. The coordinate a* is kept negative for all the samples, indicating a slight green condition. In terms of the b* coordinate, negative values lead to a blue color for all the samples, except for x = 0 which excludes of Co²⁺ ions, with the tendency of showing the highest blue intensity for the high level of Co content. These results confirm the visual observations (Figure 2) which indicate that the appearance of intense blue color in pigment powders occurs for x = 1 and 0.8; however as low Co⁺² content is preferred, x = 0.1 is recommended. There are different reports about the relation between the cobalt content and observed blue colors of other spinel type pigments. According to de Souza et al. higher Co enrichment leads to darker blue pigments, but the most negative values of b* are observed in medium cobalt content samples in the CoxZn1−xAl₂O₄ system [13].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Figure 2: Various colors for CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄  {x = 1(a), 0.8(b), 0.6(c), 0.4(d), 0.2(e), 0.1(f), and 0(g)}.

The x-dependence of lattice constant which is calculated by applying the XRD data is depicted in Table 2. Accompanying the decreasing tendency shown in the theoretical values for the lattice parameters of CoAl₂O₄ (8.106 Å) and MgAl₂O₄ (8.086 Å), the experimental values of lattice parameters gradually decrease upon the Co substitution by Mg, from 8.101 Å to 8.087 Å. Such reduction in the lattice constants in agreement with the values from JCPDS files 10-0458 and 21-1152, for CoAl₂O₄ and MgAl₂O₄, respectively, confirmed the successful occupation of magnesium ion instead of cobalt ion in tetrahedral sites. Similar results have been reported by de Souza et al. [13].

Table 2: Lattice parameter of CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1), heat treated at 800°C.

Sample
Lattice parameter/A°

CoAl₂O₄
8.101

Co0.8Mg0.2Al₂O₄
8.097

Co0.6Mg0.4Al₂O₄
8.096

Co0.4Mg0.6Al₂O₄
8.094

Co0.2Mg0.8Al₂O₄
8.090

Co0.1Mg0.9Al₂O₄
8.089

MgAl₂O₄
8.087

Figure 3 shows the results of the electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) for Co0.8Mg0.2Al₂O₄ sample. From the elemental analysis in combination with the results obtained from EDAX, the stoichiometry of the precursor heated at 800°C for 1 h was found to be 7.87% (atom percent) of Co, 2.12% of Mg, 23.44% of Al, and 65.97% of O. This observation, corroborated with the XRD analysis result on the calcined powder, indicates the formation of the designed spinel with desired chemical composition. Same results have been obtained for other values of x, too.

Figure 3: X-ray emission pattern of Co0.8Mg0.2Al₂O₄ powder and its elemental composition.

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) (Figure 4) indicates the appearance of three bands centered at approximately 550, 580, and 620 nm, which are attributed to the spin-allowed ⁴A₂(F) → ⁴T₁(P) transition of the Co²⁺ ions in tetrahedral sites. Same results were reported in the spectroscopic characterization of CoAl₂O₄ coatings by Stangar et al. [14] and Zayat and Levy [15].

Figure 4: Diffuse reflectance spectra for the calcined powders of CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄  {x = 0(a), 0.1(b), 0.2(c), 0.4(d), 0.6(e), 0.8(f), and 1(g)}.

SEM characterization of the powders (Figure 5) revealed a homogeneous microstructure and a similar morphology (flakes-like appearance) of all powders, similar to the reports of Ionas et al. for the preparation of Mg1−xCoxAl₂O₄ (x = 0.1–0.3) blue pigments by applying mixtures of fuels [11]. The decrease of the agglomeration degree for lower cobalt content (x = 0.2 and 0.1) is obvious.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 5: SEM images of the calcined powders of CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄  {x = 1(a), 0.8(b), 0.6(c), 0.4(d), 0.2(e), and 0.1(f)}. The scale is in 1 micro-meter.

In previous reports, pure and crystalline Mg1−xCoxAl₂O₄ powders were obtained only after annealing the as-prepared amorphous powders at high temperatures [16, 17]. Few reports on this topic show that the preparation of same ceramic pigments involves annealing at 1400°C for 3 h [4]. Even applying new methods such as sonochemical synthesis requires heating treatment at 1000°C at least for 2 hours for the formation of pure cobalt aluminate spinel phase [18]. Generally, increasing temperature treatment increases the crystallite sizes of powders [19–22]. So preparation of single phase spinel nanoparticles at lower temperatures is the advantage of our liquid combustion method and makes it technically simple and cost effective. In our previous work applying starch instead of β-alanine resulted in the formation of black and grayish blue nanopigments for most values of x in the preparation of CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ [23]. It seems that applying β-alanine improves the presence of tetrahedrally coordinated Co²⁺ ions in the spinel lattice.

4. Conclusions

Blue inorganic nanopigments CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1) have been prepared, via a combustion process using stoichiometric amounts of corresponding metal nitrates and β-alanine as an environmentally benign fuel. Relatively low synthesis temperature was employed, once the single and pure spinel phases were identified for all nanopigments by XRD and EDAX analyses. SEM micrographs revealed a homogenous flakes-like microstructure with a tendency to reduce the agglomeration degree for lower cobalt contents (x = 0.2 and 0.1). Appearance of bands around 550–630 nm in diffuse reflectance spectra confirmed the presence of Co²⁺ ions in tetrahedral sites of the spinel structure. CIE L*a*b* chromatic coordinates indicated that the blue color was obtained for all nanopigments. Although the cobalt enrichment increases the intensity of blue color, low Co²⁺ content (x = 0.1) is recommended in order to reduce the cost and environmental problems. These facts reveal that β-alanine can be employed lonely as a novel and environmentally benign fuel to prepare CoxMg1−xAl₂O₄ (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1) spinels in an efficient, low temperature combustion method. These spinel nanopigments with intense blue color are thermally and chemically stable and offer potential industrial applications.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the south Tehran branch and central Tehran branch of the Islamic Azad University.

References

W. Li, J. Li, and J. Guo, “Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline CoAl₂O₄ spinel powder by low temperature combustion,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 23, pp. 2289–2295, 2003.

I. S. Ahmed, S. A. Shama, M. M. Moustafa, H. A. Dessouki, and A. A. Ali, “Synthesis and spectral characterization of as new nano-coloring agent of ceramic pigment,” Spectrochimica Acta A, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 665–672, 2009.

A. E. Giannakas, A. K. Ladavos, G. S. Armatas, and P. J. Pomonis, “Surface properties, textural features and catalytic performance for NO + CO abatement of spinels MAl₂O₄ (M = Mg, Co and Zn) developed by reverse and bicontinuous microemulsion method,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 253, no. 16, pp. 6969–6979, 2007.

M. Llusar, A. Forés, J. A. Badenes, J. Calbo, M. A. Tena, and G. Monrós, “Colour analysis of some cobalt-based blue pigments,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1121–1130, 2001.

S. Britto, A. V. Radha, N. Ravishankar, and P. V. Kamath, “Solution decomposition of the layered double hydroxide (LDH) of Zn with Al,” Solid State Sciences, vol. 9, no. 3-4, pp. 279–286, 2007.

T. Suzuki, H. Nagai, and M. Nohara, “Melting of antiferromagnetic ordering in spinel oxide CoAl₂O₄,” Journal of Physics, vol. 19, Article ID 145265, 2007.

Z. Chen, E. Shi, and Y. Zheng, “Hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized CoAl₂O₄ on ZnAl₂O₄ seed crystallites,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 1058–1060, 2003.

C. Luan, D. Yuan, and X. Duan, “Synthesis and characterization of Co²⁺: MgAl₂O₄ nanocrystal,” Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, vol. 38, pp. 245–249, 2006.

A. T. Aruna and A. S. Mukasyan, “Combustion synthesis and nanomaterials,” Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, vol. 12, pp. 44–50, 2008.

R. Ianos and R. Laza, “Combustion synthesis, characterization and sintering behavior of magnesium aluminate (MgAl₂O₄) powders,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 115, pp. 645–648, 2009.

R. Ianos, R. Laza, and P. Barvinschi, “Synthesis of blue pigments via combustion route,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 22, pp. 396–400, 2011.

P. M. T. Cavalcante, M. Dondi, G. Guarini, M. Raimondo, and G. Baldi, “Colour performance of ceramic nano-pigments,” Dyes and Pigments, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 226–232, 2009.

L. K. C. de Souza, J. R. Zamian, G. N. da Rocha Filho et al., “Blue pigments based on CoxZn1-xAl₂O₄ spinels synthesized by the polymeric precursor method,” Dyes and Pigments, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 187–192, 2009.

U. L. Stangar, B. Orel, and M. Krajnc, “Preparation and spectroscopic characterization of blue CoAl₂O₄ coatings,” Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, vol. 26, pp. 771–775, 2003.

M. Zayat and D. Levy, “Blue CoAl₂O₄ particles prepared by the sol-gel and citrate-gel methods,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2763–2769, 2000.

L. F. Koroleva, “Synthesis of spinel-based ceramic pigments from hydroxycarbonates,” Glass and Ceramics, vol. 61, no. 9-10, pp. 299–302, 2004.

D. Visinescu, C. Paraschiv, A. Ianculescu, B. Jurca, B. Vasile, and O. Carp, “The environmentally benign synthesis of nanosized CoxZn1-xAl₂O₄ blue pigments,” Dyes and Pigments, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 125–131, 2010.

W. Lv, Q. Qiu, F. Wang, S. Wei, B. Liu, and Z. Luo, “Sonochemical synthesis of cobalt aluminate nanoparticles under various preparation parameters,” Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 793–801, 2010.

R. C. Singh, M. P. Singh, and O. Singh, “Influence of synthesis and calcination temperatures on particle size and ethanol sensing behaviour of chemically synthesized SnO2 nanostructures,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 226–232, 2009.

S. Udomporn and S. Ananta, “Effect of calcination condition on phase formation and particle size of lead titanate powders synthesized by the solid-state reaction,” Materials Letters, vol. 58, no. 7-8, pp. 1154–1159, 2004.

L. Torkian, M. M. Amini, and Z. Bahrami, “Synthesis of nano crystalline MgAl₂O₄ spinel powder by microwave assisted combustion,” Journal of Inorganic Materials, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 550–554, 2011.

A. Saberi, F. Golestani-Fard, and M. Willert-Porada, “A novel approach to synthesis of nanosize MgAl₂O₄ spinel powder through sol-gel citrate technique and subsequent heat treatment,” Ceramics International, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 933–937, 2009.

L. Torkian, E. Radmanesh, and M. Daghighi, “Microwave assisted combustion synthesis of nano crystalline CoAl₂O₄ spinel powder,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Atomically Controlled Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanostructure, St. Peteresburg, Russia, 2011.