Journal of Chemistry

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 905704, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/905704

Research Article

High Throughput Quantitative Bioanalytical LC/MS/MS Determination of Gemifloxacin in Human Urine

Adnan A. Kadi,¹ Rihab F. Angawi,² Mohamed W. Attwa,¹ Hany W. Darwish,1,3 and Ali Saber Abdelhameed¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

²Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 54881, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

³Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt

Received 13 September 2013; Accepted 8 November 2013

Academic Editor: Alberto Ritieni

Copyright © 2013 Adnan A. Kadi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A highly specific, sensitive, and rapid method, to quantify gemifloxacin in human urine using HPLC coupled to the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer system, was developed and validated. Gemifloxacin and ofloxacin (internal standard) were rapidly extracted from urine samples without any tedious pretreatment procedure. Urine samples were filtered through a Millex-GP, 0.22 μm syringe filter. Optimal chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved on Zorbax SB-C₁₈ (30 mm × 2 mm i.d., 3.5 μm maintained at ambient temperature). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid (pH 3.2) and acetonitrile (80 : 20) and a flow rate of 0.2 mL min⁻¹ for 4 min. The analytes were monitored by electrospray ionization in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method provided a linear response () from a quantitation range of 5 ng mL⁻¹ to at least 500 ng mL⁻¹. The mean extraction recovery % of gemifloxacin from spiked human urine was 101.33 ± 2.58%. The reproducibility of the method was reliable with the intra- and inter-day precision of <2% and accuracy within 2%. The established method was reliably applied for the determination of gemifloxacin in volunteers’ urine samples with the mean recoveries of gemifloxacin from Factive tablets 320 mg > 97.0%.

1. Introduction

Fluoroquinolones are one of the most promising and intensively studied drugs of contemporary anti-infective chemotherapy. Since the introduction of nalidixic acid, the first quinolone, in 1962 [1], structural modifications have resulted in the production of numerous agents in second-, third-, and fourth-generation fluoroquinolones with improved antibacterial activity and pharmacological properties. In April 2003, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved gemifloxacin (GFX) as a fourth generation fluoroquinolone. Gemifloxacin, (R,S)-7-[(4Z)-3-(aminomethyl)-4-(methoxyimino)-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid (SB-265805; LB-20304a) (CAS no. 175463-14-6) (Figure 1), is used as an antibacterial agent against both gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria [2] for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis [3–5]. Although it is not yet official in any of the pharmacopeia, GFX has shown potent activity against major pathogens involved in respiratory as well as urinary tract infections. Those pathogens include Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis [6] and the atypical organisms; Legionella pneumophila, chlamydia species, mycoplasma species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus saprophyticus [7–12]. GFX has a dual activity; it inhibits both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV which are responsible for maintaining the integrity of the supercoiled DNA double helix during replication and transcription events. Hence, the interference with their normal action culminates in rapid bacterial death, as well as limited emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance [12, 13].

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Chemical structure of (a) gemifloxacin (GFX) and (b) ofloxacin (OFX; IS).

A detailed understanding of correlations of drug levels with drug action is an important aspect of the routine use of drugs. The accurate quantification of agents in biological matrices such as blood, serum, urine, and tissue samples is the cornerstone of therapeutic drug monitoring. Clinical decisions and further treatment options for patients can only be based on accurate validated analytical methods. Likewise, when determining the efficacy, dose limiting toxicity or pharmacokinetics of new agents and/or new combinations of agents and accurate and precise quantification methods are required. Therefore, detailed specific, reproducible and accurate method for the quantitation of GFX is necessary. Additionally, examining the matrix effects represents an important issue in LC-MS/MS, particularly when dealing with biological matrices such as urine. These phenomena can be reduced by efficient sample preparation [14] and an adequate chromatographic separation with the elution of the analytes outside the matrix effect time window generally observed at the beginning of the chromatogram [15]. However in quantitative analysis these conditions might be insufficient to reduce interference, which calls for the integration of other approaches such as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode to compensate for residual matrix effects.

An extensive literature survey revealed that several analytical methods have been reported for the determination of gemifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations or human plasma or even in honey. Such methods are the various spectrophotometric techniques [16–25], capillary electrophoresis [26], high performance liquid chromatography [27–36], LC-mass spectrometry [37–41], microchip electrophoresis [42], chemiluminescence [43] and potentiometry [44] These methods were related to some major drawbacks such as having inadequate sensitivity, being time-consuming, tedious and sophisticated sample preparation. However, to the best of our knowledge, determination of GFX with complete validation in human urine has never been published.

The present study describes a novel method for the quantitative determination of GFX in human urine. It is simple, rapid, specific and highly sensitive that employs an isocratic LC-MS/MS with high sample throughput. The method is fully validated with sufficiently precise results. The proposed method was aimed at developing an easy and rapid eco-friendly assay method for GFX without any time-consuming sample preparation steps for routine analysis. Moreover, this method overcomes the need to purchase expensive internal standard such as isotopic labeled GFX [38]. In the proposed LC-MS/MS method, minimal sample clean-up without tedious extraction procedure is achieved as there is no need to extract GFX from the urine, thereby minimizing the error in quantitation. The urine samples can be directly used after filtration through syringe filters and then adequate dilution of supernatant liquid.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals and Reagents

Gemifloxacin mesylate and Ofloxacin reference standards (claimed purity, >98% for both) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Bidistilled water was purified using cartridge system (Milford, Bedford, USA) (ultra-pure water of 18 μΩ was obtained from Milli-Q plus purification system, Millipore, Waters (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). HPLC-grade solvents and reagent-grade formic acid were purchased from (BDH, England) and all other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade (Riedel de Haën, Germany).

2.2. Instrumentation and Conditions

Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent 1200 series system consisting of G1311A binary pump, G1322A degasser, G1367B HIP-ALS autosampler, G1316 thermostated column compartment and G1315 DAD detector and an Agilent 6410 QqQ LC/MS (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Binary chromatography was carried out on Agilent eclipse plus C₁₈ analytical column (30 mm × 2 mm, 3.5 μm) (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) column temperature was kept constant at 25 ± 2°C. The most suitable chromatographic conditions were achieved at a flow rate of 0.2 mL min⁻¹ with a mobile phase consisted of 80% 0.1% Formic acid, and an apparent pH adjusted to 3.2 with the addition of ammonium formate: and 20% acetonitrile. Sample injection volume was 10 μL with a total run time of 4 minutes. Detection was performed on a QqQ MS detector, operated with an ESI interface in the positive ionization mode. Nitrogen was used as desolvation gas at a flow rate of 11 L/min and high purity nitrogen as collision gas at a pressure of 50 psi. Source temperature was set at 350°C and capillary voltage at 4 kV, dwell time for each ion was 200 ms. Quantification was achieved using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions 390.1→372.1 and 390.1→313 for GFX and 362.1→318 and 362.1→261 for OFX (IS). These transitions were previously reported in other publications for the detection of the studied compounds [37, 38, 40]. Fragmentor voltage was set to 140 and 160 V with collision energy of 15, 20 and 15, 25 V for GFX and OFX, respectively. MassHunter software (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used to control the instruments and data acquisition.

2.2.1. Preparation of Standard Solutions

Standard solutions preparation was conducted at room temperature under subdued light under sodium lamp. GFX standard solution was prepared in 50% ethanol in deionized (DI) water to produce a final concentration of 1.0 mg mL⁻¹. The working standard solution was prepared by diluting 1.0 mL of stock solution to 10 mL with 50% ethanol in DI water to give a 100 μg mL⁻¹ concentration. One mL of the working standard solution was diluted with 9 mL of mobile phase to produce working standards of 10 μg mL⁻¹. Stock standard solution of the internal standard, OFX, was prepared in 0.05 M acetic acid in DI water to produce a concentration of 100 μg mL⁻¹. 200 μL of this stock solution was diluted to 10 mL with mobile phase producing a working solution of 2 μg mL⁻¹.

Working solution was protected from light with aluminum foil wrapping and stored at −70°C until being required for analysis.

2.2.2. Sample Preparation Procedure and Construction of the Calibration Curve

Appropriate volumes of gemifloxacin (GFX) working standard solution (10 μg mL⁻¹) were added to drug-free human urine (20 mL) to prepare eight non-zero concentrations: 50, 150, 250, 500, 1500, 2000, 4000 and 5000 ng mL⁻¹. One portion of each concentration was diluted with 9 portions of the mobile phase to produce 5, 15 (low quality control: LQC), 25, 50, 150 (medium quality control: MQC), 200, 400 (high quality control: HQC) and 500 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. A volume of 3 mL of each sample was filtered through a Millex-GP, 0.22 μm syringe filter (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), the filtered diluted urine samples were then loaded in the autosampler tray and volumes of 10 μL were injected into the chromatographic system. The drug-free urine was processed with similar procedure using deionized water instead. Blank urine was then tested to ascertain the absence of any endogenous interference at the retention time of GFX and OFX. An eight-point calibration curve (5, 15, 25, 50, 150, 200, 400 and 500 ng mL⁻¹) was constructed by plotting the peak area ratio of GFX to OFX (IS) (-axis) versus GFX nominal concentrations (-axis). Analysis of calibration samples at each concentration was performed in triplicates. Slope, intercept, and values were calculated as regression parameters by linear regression. The linear regression equation was used to calculate the concentrations of GFX in spiked urine based on their peak area ratios.

2.3. Method Validation

The proposed analytical method was fully validated in terms of sensitivity, linearity, stability, selectivity, accuracy, intraday and interday precision and system suitability. The method validation was developed based on the criteria established by the recommendations of the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) [45].

2.3.1. Specificity

Specificity is the ability of a method to determine accurately the analyte of interest in the presence of other components in a sample matrix under the stated conditions of the test [46]. To demonstrate the specificity of the analytical procedure, ten different blank urine samples obtained from various healthy volunteers were analyzed for the peaks interfering with the detection of the analytes or internal standard. Possible carryover effects were reduced via the use of MRM mode and increasing run time after elution of the analytes.

2.3.2. Linearity and Sensitivity

Using the aforementioned optimum chromatographic conditions, three independent calibration curves were constructed correlating the calculated peak area ratio of GFX to the internal standard (OFX) versus the nominal concentrations of GFX. Calibration plots for GFX in urine samples were prepared daily at eight concentration points; each concentration was injected in triplicate. Regression analysis for the results was carried out using the least-square method (see Section 2.2.2).

2.3.3. Limit of Detection and Lower Limit of Quantitation

The lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) is the lowest concentration of the standard curve which can be measured with acceptable accuracy and precision for the analyte from the normal human urine. The limit of detection (LOD) and the lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) were calculated based on the following equations:

where is the standard deviation of the intercept of regression line and is the slope of regression line of the calibration curve [45].

2.3.4. Precision and Accuracy

Intraday accuracy and precision evaluations were performed by repeated analysis of GFX in human urine. The run consisted of a calibration curve plus six replicates of each low, medium and high quality control (QC) samples (15, 150, 400 ng mL⁻¹). Interday accuracy and precision were assessed by analysis of samples consisting of a calibration curve and six replicates of low, medium, and high quality control samples for GFX on three successive days. The overall precision of the method expressed as relative standard deviation and accuracy of the method expressed in terms of % error = [(mean measured concentration − nominal concentration)/nominal concentration] × 100.

2.3.5. Robustness and Ruggedness

In order to measure the extent of the method robustness, the most critical parameters were interchanged while keeping the other parameters unchanged, and in parallel, the chromatographic profile was observed and recorded. The chromatographic parameters varied around the optimum value in the method to reflect changes likely to arise in different test environments. The studied parameters were the composition of the mobile phase, pH, and flow rate. Ruggedness of the method was determined with the aid of two different analysts and using mobile phase components from two different manufacturers.

2.4. Application of the Method

The proposed analytical method was used for the determination of GFX in human urine samples. Twenty six volunteers (mean age, 31.7 ± 2.8 years; mean weight 70.2 ± 6.3 kilograms) provided informed consent. Factive tablet equivalent to 320 mg gemifloxacin/tablet (Oscient Pharmaceuticals, USA) was administered to each volunteer. Urine samples (5 mL) were collected from each volunteer prior to the administration and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after administration. Urine samples were then filtered through Millex-GP, 0.22 μm syringe filter (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and analyzed directly without pretreatment or filtered into a collection tube and stored at −70°C until analysis. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the College of Pharmacy and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Chromatographic Separation and Mass Spectrometry

The chromatographic conditions, especially the composition of the mobile phase, were optimized through several trials to achieve optimum resolution, high sensitivity, and symmetrical peak shape for GFX and IS. Different percentages of acetonitrile and formic acid were tested. The addition of formic acid to the mobile phase facilitated the ionization of the analytes, enhanced ion response, and modified peak shape. A mixture of 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile (80 : 20, v/v; pH 3.2) was used isocratically at retention times of 2.05 and 0.98 minutes for GFX and IS, respectively, using the optimized LC-MS/MS condition and with no interference by endogenous compounds. The elution of the GFX and internal standard was achieved within 4 minutes. Under the aforementioned assay conditions, the examined drug was well resolved, and carry over was not obvious in either blank matrices or zero-level standard (blank with IS). A typical chromatogram of standard solutions is presented in Figure 2. Precision of retention times was examined to evaluate the system suitability. Intraday repeatability (mean value of five measurements at three concentration levels, ) and inter-day precision (mean value of three measurements at three concentration levels during five days, ) of GFX retention time revealed RSD values less than 1%.

Figure 2: Total ion chromatogram of MRM scan of GFX and IS in spiked urine.

Additionally, mass spectrometric conditions were optimized to achieve the maximum stable response, of the parent ions and the major product ions of the analytes. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) afforded by MS/MS had a greater advantage in reducing interference and enhancing sensitivity over selected ion monitoring (SIM). ESI was operated in positive ion mode for the LC-MS/MS analysis to provide optimum sensitivity and selectivity. The positive ion spectrum for GFX and OFX consisted predominately of a single ion at m/z 390.1 and 362.1, respectively, which correspond to the protonated molecular (parent) ion. By isolating m/z 390.1 (GFX) and 362.1(OFX), in the first mass analyzer (Q1), and inducing fragmentation (q2), the major ion observed in the product spectrum was detected at m/z 313 and 372.1 for GFX and at m/z 318 and 261 (Figure 3). The major ion for GFX (m/z 313) produced significant signal intensity relative to any other ion’s observed in the spectrum and was therefore selected for sensitive quantification of GFX. Another characteristic ion (m/z 372.1) was used as a qualifier ion in quantitative software of Agilent 6410 QqQ. The major ion observed in the product spectrum of OFX was detected at m/z 318 and was chosen for sensitive quantification of OFX. Another characteristic ion (m/z 261) was used as a qualifier ion in quantitative software of Agilent 6410 QqQ.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3: MS/MS spectrum of (a) GFX (b) OFX (IS), MRM Spectra of (c) GFX and (d) OFX (IS).

3.2. Method Validation

The analytical procedure is simple and the method has high sample throughput. This uncomplicated approach is possible because of the selectivity of tandem mass spectrometry which allows accurate measurement at levels as low as 5 ng mL⁻¹ with minimal sample cleanup avoiding any tedious extraction procedure. This method showed fast separation time (4 minutes) compared to previous reported methods (12.5 or 5 minutes) [37, 38] as well as a very low flow rate (0.2 mL min⁻¹) compared to 0.6 mL/min or 1 mL min⁻¹ [37, 38]. This yielded more eco-friendly elution with reduced consumption of organic solvent in addition to cost reduction for running the method. The method is applied to the urine of healthy volunteers to monitor urinary excretion of GFX.

3.2.1. Specificity

The method is specific as no interference was observed in drug-free urine samples at the retention time of GFX. Additionally, no carry-over effect was observed in the system. GFX and IS were well separated under the HPLC conditions applied and retention times were 2.05 and 0.98 min, respectively.

3.2.2. Linearity and Sensitivity

The method is validated according to the ICH guidelines [45]. It is rugged and adequately sensitive for routine subject sample analysis. The linear regression analysis for the results was carried out using the least-square method. The relative standard deviation values of each concentration point (triplicates) did not exceed 5.09%. The results revealed a good linear calibration fit in the range of 5–500 ng mL⁻¹, with a correlation coefficient . A typical calibration curve has the regression equation of . The high value was indicative of the good linearity, and the low values of standard deviations of the intercept and the slope were indicative of the significant validity of the calibration points used for constructing the calibration curve.

3.2.3. Limit of Detection and Lower Limit of Quantification

The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) was 4.27 ng mL⁻¹. The lower limit of detection (LOD) was 1.28 ng mL⁻¹. Table 1 summarizes the back-calculation of GFX concentration of the calibration standards in human urine. The accuracy and precision for the analyte covering the concentration range of 5–500 ng mL⁻¹ ranged from 98.09 to 104.69 and 0.46 to 3.52%, respectively.

Table 1: Data of back-calculated GFX concentration of the calibration standards in human urine.

Nominal concentration (ng mL⁻¹)
Meana
Standard deviation (SD)
Precision (%)
Accuracy (%)

5
4.97
0.12
2.43
99.43

15
14.78
0.24
1.59
98.54

25
25.53
0.62
2.43
102.11

50
52.35
1.84
3.52
104.69

150
156.75
3.18
2.03
104.50

200
205.59
4.34
2.11
102.79

400
392.39
2.73
0.69
98.09

500
502.41
2.33
0.46
100.48

Average of six determinations.

3.2.4. Precision and Accuracy

The precision and accuracy at the low, medium and high concentration of GFX in urine were within the acceptable limits (Table 2). Intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (precision, % CV) were in the range of 0.38 and 1.14%. Accuracy was estimated as percent error (relative error) [(measured concentration − spiked concentration)/spiked concentration] × 100, while the precision was quantified by calculating intra- and inter-day % CV values (Table 3). These results indicated the acceptable accuracy and precision of the method (ICH Guidance for Industry, 2000).

Table 2: Intraday and interday precision and accuracy of GFX (QC) samples.

Day of analysis
GFX measured concentration in human urine

LQC (15 ng mL⁻¹)
MQC (150 ng mL⁻¹)
HQC (400 ng mL⁻¹)

Day 1
14.73
154.57
400.96

14.89
155.05
404.32

15.16
154.58
399.73

14.99
153.24
402.41

14.89
153.60
402.91

14.71
154.78
403.24

Day 2
14.68
154.43
402.69

14.73
153.67
402.22

14.82
153.89
401.68

14.55
154.26
400.98

14.75
154.43
399.54

14.95
154.22
398.32

Day 3
14.89
153.62
400.25

14.56
154.57
401.15

14.77
154.32
402.66

14.63
153.51
403.56

14.48
153.17
401.12

14.85
153.42
401.23

Mean
14.78
154.07
401.61

Standard deviation (SD)
0.17
0.57
1.55

Precision (CV) (%)
1.14
0.38
0.39

Accuracy
98.53
102.72
100.40

Table 3: Data of relative recovery of GFX.

Sample no.
LQC (15 ng mL⁻¹)
MQC (150 ng mL⁻¹)
HQC (400 ng mL⁻¹)

Found
(%)
Found
(%)
Found
(%)

Meanb
14.89
99.27
150.26
100.17
402.33
100.58

Standard deviation (SD)
0.31
2.07
2.74
1.83
2.85
0.71

Precision (CV) (%)
2.08
2.08
1.82
1.82
0.71
0.71

Relative recovery.

Average of six determinations.

3.2.5. Robustness and Ruggedness

The studied parameters were the composition of the mobile phase, pH, and flow rate. The results (RSD ~ 0.2–0.4%) indicated that small change in the conditions did not have significant effect on the determination of GFX. Additionally, robustness and ruggedness were determined by using mobile phase components from two different manufacturers and two different analysts. There was no significant change observed in the retention time of GFX; RSD was 0.26–0.38%.

3.2.6. Stability

The stability of the GFX standard solutions, stored at 4°C, was evaluated at various time intervals over two months, during which no degradation product peak has been observed during the analysis of these solutions by the developed method. This was confirmed by analysis of the mass spectra of the solutions. 3.3 clinical application.

Healthy volunteers participated in this study to support the applicability of the developed method to quantify GFX for pharmacokinetic purposes in bioequivalence and/or bioavailability studies. Each volunteer was administered a single dose of Factive tablets equivalent to 320 mg gemifloxacin/tablet (Oscient Pharmaceuticals, USA). Urine samples were collected prior to the administration and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after administration. Figure 4 illustrates the profile of urine cumulative amount-time curve of GFX. The concentration in urine ranged between 15 and 160 ng mL⁻¹ for GFX. The developed method was successfully used to quantify GFX concentration in human urine following GFX oral administration, and it can be successfully applied to the estimation of GFX in any proposed pharmacokinetic study.

Figure 4: The cumulative amount-time curve of GFX in urine from healthy subjects after oral administration of 320 mg GFX tablet (), (mean ± SD).

4. Conclusion

The optimized LC-MS/MS method was validated for the quantification of gemifloxacin in human urine with good linearity in the range of 5–500 ng mL⁻¹. The assay has a simple and rapid procedure for sample preparation and a rapid run time of 4 min. This demonstrated a more ecofriendly elution with reduced consumption of organic solvent along with cost reduction for running the method. The validated method described here, utilizing an isocratic elution and positive ionization tandem MS detection is a rapid, robust, highly selective, and sufficiently sensitive method. Its applicability was demonstrated by analyzing GFX in urine from healthy volunteers. The method can be useful for therapeutic drug monitoring of GFX in urine as well as further pharmacokinetic studies of GFX.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at the King Saud University for funding this work through the Research Group Project no. RGP-VPP-322.

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