Journal of Chemistry

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 920719, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/920719

Research Article

A Practical Catalyst-Free Synthesis of 6-Amino-4 Alkyl/Aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitrile in Aqueous Medium

Manisha Bihani, Pranjal P. Bora, and Ghanashyam Bez

Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India

Received 25 June 2012; Accepted 30 July 2012

Academic Editor: John CG Zhao

Copyright © 2013 Manisha Bihani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A completely green and improved method for the synthesis of 6-amino-4-aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitriles by a four-component reaction of a mixture of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aldehyde, and malononitrile in boiling water is reported. Similar synthesis starting from aliphatic aldehydes was carried out in water: ethanol (1 : 1) at reflux temperature without using any catalyst.

1. Introduction

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) [1–3] are getting a lot of applications in drug development efforts in recent years due to the fact that all the starting materials react in one-pot either simultaneously (so-called “tandem”, “domino,” or “cascade” reactions) or through a sequential-addition procedure to form a product, incorporating essentially all of the atoms of the reactants, and hence are highly atom economic. With the advent of combinatorial synthesis, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) strategy has been considered ideal to assemble large molecular libraries for screening bioactivity in medicinal chemistry. The MCRs have brought about a paradigm shift in designing organic reaction where the issues of atom economy and economy of steps are considered vital towards achieving greater molecular complexity. If such MCR reactions can be performed without use of catalyst in water medium, it can provide the perfect platform for green synthesis without percolating anything to destroy the environment.

In recent years, the synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives is getting tremendous attention among the synthetic chemists for their diverse bioactivity profiles, which include anticancer [8], anti-inflammatory [9], antimicrobial [10], and analgesic properties [11]. Nevertheless, the discovery of the inhibitory activity of the Chk1 kinase [12] by dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives from docking studies on a large electronic catalogue of compounds to its ATP-binding site and by assaying a relatively small number of prioritised compounds having dihydropyrano [2,3-c]pyrazole moiety has prompted development of many efficient methods for their synthesis. Since the first synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles by Junek and Aigner [13] from condensation of 3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazolin-5-one and tetracyanoethylene in the presence of triethylamine, a host of catalytic methods involving bases, such as triethylamine [5, 13, 14], piperidine [4], piperazine [7], and N-methylmorpholine [15] have been reported. In spite of being effective, the applicability of these methods is limited by the use of environmentally incompatible bases. Recently, Kanagaraj and Pitchumani [6] reported an efficient method to affect this synthesis with great ease by employing catalytic amount of per-6-amino--cyclodextrin. Muramulla and Zhao [16], Gogoi and Zhao [17] have also successfully demonstrated the use of cinchona-derived organocatalysts for stereoselective synthesis of 6-amino-4 alkyl/aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano [2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitriles. Recently, Mecadon et al. [18] and Mecadon et al. [19] have disclosed the synthesis of 6-amino-4 alkyl/aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano [2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitriles in aqueous medium with environment-compatible catalysts, such as L-proline and -alumina. But the use of hazardous organic solvents either in the isolation or in the purification process does not help the claims of the development of green methodologies for the said synthesis.

Although there are some catalytic methods [4, 18, 19] for synthesis of 6-amino-4-alkyl/aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitriles in aqueous medium, catalyst-free method for the said conversion is hardly explored. Vasuki et al. observed that catalyst-free method works only for benzaldehyde in the said synthesis [4]. Recently, Zou et al. [20] reported a catalyst-free method for synthesis of 6-amino-4-aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitrile in water at 50°C with or without ultrasound. Ironically, majority of the substrates (see Table 1 in Supplementary Materials available online at doi.org/10.1155/2013/920719)) without ultrasound never completed at 50°C in water in our hand, and reported yields were too high to achieve during the reported time in their reaction conditions. Moreover, complete isolation of the product by filtration of the reaction mixture is also erroneous, because most of the 6-amino-4-alkyl/aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitriles are sparingly soluble in water. Therefore, complete removal of water from the reaction mixture is a prerequisite when reaction is carried out in aqueous medium. In another interesting report [21], Reddy et al. accomplished the said synthesis under neat conditions without any catalyst at room temperature, but most of the reported yields (see Table 2 in Supporting Materials available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/920719) are far from being reproducible in the given time as per our experience with that method. In fact, the reactions proceeded very slowly after initial conversion and did not give complete conversion even after long reaction time. We observed that even upon grinding a neat mixture of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aldehyde, and malononitrile thoroughly took much longer time to achieve such yields [22].

With recent emphasis on development of green methodology, organic synthesis in water [23–29] is getting a lot of importance. Water is proven as a very good solvent [30–44] for many organic reactions and has its share of advantages, such as safety, cost, environmental concerns, unique redox stability, high heat capacity [45], and product isolation over conventional organic solvents. With the pioneering discovery by Breslow[46] on the role of water in rate acceleration of Diels-Elder reaction between nonpolar compounds in homogeneous organic solutions, various reports of “in-water” and “on-water” organic reactions have surfaced leading to generation of curiosity over the mechanistic insight of such reactions. As most of the organic compounds are insoluble in water, it facilitates easy purification through simple filtration technique. Additional advantages, such as high purity of the products to forgo chromatographic purification using hazardous organic solvents, high yields, short reaction time, and low-energy requirement, have contributed to enormous growth of organic reactions in water. Additionally, water is known to change its chemical and physical properties with change of temperature. Especially, ionic dissociation of water increases at 100°C (pKw 12) due to generation of more hydronium and hydroxide ion as compared to that of water at room temperature (pKw 14) [47]. As a consequence, acid- and base-catalyzed reactions that cannot occur readily at ordinary temperatures could be promoted under elevated temperature. Given the above problems associated with catalyst and catalyst-free reactions, we assumed that synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole in boiling water may significantly increase overall synthetic efficiency of this highly useful building block. To that effect, we wish to report the completely green methodology for the synthesis of 6-amino-4-alkyl/aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitrile by refluxing a mixture of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aldehyde, and malononitrile in water without using any catalyst.

2. Results and Discussion

To start with, we a took mixture of hydrazine hydrate (0.5 mmol) ethyl acetoacetate (1 equiv) in water and allowed to stir for 5 min. To the mixture, p-nitrobenzaldehyde (0.5 mmol) and malononitrile (1 equiv) were added and allowed to stir at room temperature. Interestingly, TLC monitoring of the reaction after 1 h revealed the formation of a polar product. Encouraged by that observation, we extended the reaction time and were pleased to find that the reaction completes in 5 h to give the desired product, which was confirmed by ¹HNMR and IR spectroscopy data. When the reaction temperature was raised to 50°C, the reaction was found to complete within 3 h. Since p-nitrobenzaldehyde has highly electrophilic aldehyde group to render high activity, we wanted to test the same reaction protocol for a relatively less electrophilic aldehyde, m, p-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, keeping the other parameters constant. Ironically, the reaction did not give the desired product to the slightest even after stirring for 10 h. When the said reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 6 h, it led to completion of the reaction to give the desired product. When the reaction was tried for p-nitrobenzaldehyde at reflux temperature, the reaction was complete within 2 h. All the starting materials were found to be consumed to form a single product that precipitates on the wall of the reaction vessel as the reaction progresses. After confirming the structure, we mixed the same set of reactants together and refluxed for 2 h to find that reaction gave many side products along with the desired product. This observation led us to assume that the order of addition of aldehyde is very important factor because it may react with all the remaining reactants to generate the Schiff base, (4-nitrobenzylidene)hydrazine and Knoevenagel condensation products. Especially the effect of the order of addition is more prominent in case of aliphatic aldehydes, albeit being less pronounced in the cases of aromatic aldehydes. Therefore, we added the aldehyde (1 mmol) and malononitrile (1 equiv) later to a prestirred solution of hydrazine hydrate (1 equiv) and ethyl acetoacetate (1 equiv) mixture in water and refluxed for 2 h. Here too, the reactants got converted to form only the desired product without any side product justifying our assumption regarding the order of addition of aldehyde.

Having standardized the process, we set out to generalize the application of this method to synthesize a series of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles from various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. In case of aromatic aldehydes, the nature of substituent on the phenyl rings did not have appreciable effect on overall yields of the product. Although the less nucleophilic aromatic aldehydes having substituents with +M-effect have shown poor reactivity at room temperature, but they work extremely well at elevated temperature (Table 1). The reaction gave excellent yields for the electron deficient aldehydes even at room temperature (entry 1–5, Table 1). The position (o-, m-, and p-) of the substituent on the phenyl ring did not show any noticable effect on either the reaction time or the yield. This led to the conclusion that it is the inductive (I) effect that affects the reaction rate, not the mesomeric (M) effect.

Table 1: Synthesis of 6-amino-4-aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitriles via Scheme 1 a.

Entry
Aldehyde
Productb
Time (h)
% Yieldc
m.p. (°C) [Ref]

1

2
95
195 [4]

2

2
90
191 [4]

3

2
87
222–224 [5]

4

4
80
175 [4]

5

4
78
177 [6]

6

4
76
169 [4]

7

5
80
174 [4]

8

4
90
195 [4]

9

6
70
204–206

10

5
87
223–226 [7]

aReaction conditions: Stoichiometric ratio of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aldehyde, and malononitrile were refluxed in water. bThe products were purified by recrystallization from ethanol. cYield of the pure product.

Although the synthesis of 6-amino-4 alkyl/aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitriles from aromatic aldehyde is generally reported, synthesis from aliphatic aldehyde is restricted to only one or two substrates by most of the literature methods. As most of the methods are base catalyzed, there might be possibility of formation of aldol products by self-condensation of aliphatic aldehydes carrying α-hydrogen. When we tried to extrapolate our method to aliphatic aldehydes, it was observed that reaction yield for the reaction of butyraldehyde (1 mmol) with hydrazine hydrate (1 equiv), ethyl acetoacetate (1 equiv), and malononitrile (1 equiv) in water (5 mL) was rather poor even after prolonged reflux. We assumed that the result may be due to poor solubility of aliphatic aldehydes in water. To clear our apprehension regarding the solubility, we added ethanol (5 mL) to a mixture of hydrazine hydrate (1 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (1 equiv), butyraldehyde (1 equiv) and malononitrile (1 equiv), in water (5 mL) and stirred at reflux and constantly monitored by TLC. The reaction was found to be complete after 10 h and gave very good yield (entry 1, Table 2). When other aliphatic aldehydes (entries 1, 3-4) were reacted under similar reaction conditions, very good yields were observed. It was observed that the more electrophilic aldehydes (entries 5-6, Table 2) react faster than the other aldehydes having alkyl groups with +I-effect (entries 1–4, Table 2), and the addition of ethanol was not required to affect these transformations.

Table 2: Synthesis of 6-amino-4-alkyl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitrilesa.

Entry
Aldehyde
Productb
Time (h)
% Yieldc
m.p. (°C) [Ref]

1

10
70
131–133 [14]

2

10
74
146–148 [6]

3

10
78
150–153 [16]

4

10
80
153–154

5

3
80
190–192

6
EtO₂CCHO

6
84
187–189

aReaction conditions: Stoichiometric ratio of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aldehyde, and malononitrile were refluxed at 100°C in 1 : 1 water-ethanol mixture. bThe products were purified by recrystallization from ethanol. cYield of the pure product.

As for the mechanism, the 3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one 1 resulted from condensation of ethyl acetoacetate and hydrazine hydrate might have undergone tautomerisation to generate 3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ol 2 and reacted with the Knoevenagel product 3 via Michael type addition reaction. The intermediate 4, so generated, undergoes intramolecular cyclization to give the dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivative 5 (Scheme 2).

Scheme 1: Synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole.

Scheme 2: Plausible mechanism.

3. Conclusion

To conclude, we have reported a completely green and improved method for the synthesis of 6-amino-4 alkyl/aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitrile by refluxing a mixture of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aldehyde, and malononitrile in water without any catalyst. All the products were purified by recrystallization from ethanol, and hence, chromatographic purification and the use of hazardous organic solvents could be eliminated. For the first time, the synthesis of 6-amino-4 alkyl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitrile starting from aliphatic aldehydes has been generalized by taking six substrates. Given the operational simplicity, high yield, and environmental benign nature of this protocol, it can readily be applied to prepare large library of 6-amino-4 alkyl/aryl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-carbonitrile for further biological studies.

4. Experimentals

All the chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Ltd. and were used without purification. IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum One FTIR spectrometer. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker (400 MHz) spectrometer using TMS as internal reference. ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded at 100 MHz with (CD₃)₂SO as solvents. Mass spectra were obtained from Waters ZQ 4000 mass spectrometer by the ESI method, while the elemental analyses of the complexes were performed on a Perkin-Elmer 2400 CHN/S analyzer. TLC plates were visualized by UV or by immersion in anisaldehyde stain (by volume: 95% ethanol, 3.5% sulfuric acid, 1% acetic acid, and 2.5% anisaldehyde) followed by heating.

4.1. Typical Experimental Procedure

To a mixture of hydrazine hydrate (1 mmol) and ethylacetoacetate (1 equiv), 10 mL of distilled water (in case of aliphatic aldehydes, 5 mL of ethanol and of 5 mL water) was added and stirred for 5 minutes. Then, aldehyde (1 equiv) and malononitrile (1 equiv) were added to it and stirred with reflux for specified time. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled, and water was removed in vacuo. The residue was dried and recrystallized from warm ethanol to afford the pure product.

4.2. Spectral Data of New Compounds

4.2.1. 6-Amino-4-(benzo [d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano [2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile (1i)

IR (KBr): 1043, 1248, 1401, 1493, 1600, 1646, 2190, 3184, 3370 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-): δ 1.75 (s, 3H), 4.46 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 6.59 (m, 2H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 12.03 (s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-): δ 9.7, 35.8, 57.3, 97.6, 100.9, 107.6, 107.9, 120.5, 120.7, 135.6, 138.5, 145.9, 147.3, 154.6, 160.7. MS (ES⁺) m/z 297.0 (M + H)⁺, 319.0 (M + Na)⁺. Elemental analysis for C₁₅H₁₂N₄O₃: calculated C 60.81, H 4.08, N 18.91; observed C 60.76, H 4.04, N 18.95.

4.2.2. 6-Amino-4-hexyl-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile ( 2d )

IR (KBr): 731, 1069, 1401, 1487, 1606, 1646, 2190, 2925, 3131, 3264 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-): δ 0.764 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.90–1.14 (m, 8H), 1.48–1.55 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 3.49 (t, J = 4.4 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (s, 2H), 11.97 (s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-): 10.1, 13.9, 21.9, 23.7, 28.7, 29.5, 31.2, 34.8, 55.1, 96.7, 121.0, 134.8, 155.6, 161.8. MS (ES⁺) m/z 261.0 (M + H)⁺, 283.0 (M + Na)⁺. Elemental analysis for C₁₄H₂₀N₄O: calculated C 64.59, H 7.74, N 21.52; observed C 64.52, H 7.66, N 21.58.

4.2.3. 6-Amino-4-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile (2e )

IR (KBr): 751, 857, 1076, 1401, 1593, 1646, 2196, 2866, 2985, 3104, 3244 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-): δ 1.16 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 3.50 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (t, J = 8 Hz, 1H), (q, J = 6 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (s, 2H), 12.04 (s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-): 10.4, 25.1, 25.9, 33.9, 50.9, 65.9, 80.1, 95.3, 108.4, 121.4, 136.1, 155.5, 163.1. MS (ES⁺) m/z 277.0 (M + H)⁺, 299.0 (M + Na)⁺. Elemental analysis for C₁₃H₁₆N₄O₃: calculated C 56.51, H 5.84, N 20.28; observed C 56.49, H 5.81.66, N 20.30.

4.2.4. Ethyl 6-Amino-5-cyano-3-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrano [2,3-c]pyrazole-4-carboxylate ( 2f )

IR (KBr): 565, 665, 857, 1049, 1175, 1248, 1533, 1600, 1732, 2196, 2614, 2939, 3409 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-): δ 1.17 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 4.10 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 12.27 (s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-): 9.8, 14.0, 36.5, 50.8, 61, 92.2, 120.3, 136.3, 154.8, 161.9, 171.5. MS (ES⁺) m/z 249.0 (M + H)⁺, 271.0 (M + Na)⁺. Elemental analysis for C₁₁H₁₂N₄O₃: calculated C 53.22, H 4.87, N 22.57; observed C 53.09, H 4.77, N 22.62.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to UGC, New Delhi ((Grant no. 31-54/2005 (SR)), CSIR, New Delhi (Grant no. 01(1992)/05/EMR-II) and DST, New Delhi (Grant no. SR/S1/OC-25/2007) for providing financial supports to carry out this work. The analytical services provided by SAIF, NEHU are highly appreciated.

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