Journal of Chemistry

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 378567, 11 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/378567

Research Article

Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Magnetic Moment, Mass, X-Ray Diffraction, and Kinetic (TGA) Studies of Cr(III) Complex with Metformin: An Oral Antidiabetic Drug

Bal Krishan¹ and S. A. Iqbal²

¹Department of Chemistry, Saifia Science College, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462001, India

²Department of Chemistry, Crescent College of Technology, Nabi Bagh, Karond, Bhopal 462038, India

Received 11 May 2013; Accepted 16 December 2013; Published 18 February 2014

Academic Editor: Tanaji Talele

Copyright © 2014 Bal Krishan and S. A. Iqbal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The present work describes synthesis, spectral characterization, and X-ray diffraction studies of Cr(III) with “metformin,” an oral antidiabetic drug. The conductometric titration using monovariation method indicates that complex is ionic and of L₂M type. Analytical data agree with the molecular formula of complex namely, [(C₄H₁₁N₅)₂Cr(H₂O)₂]2Cl. Geometry of complex assigned is octahedral, supported by IR, electronic spectra, magnetic moments, ¹H-NMR and mass studies, and proposed structure (I) for complex. X-ray diffraction data also supports the complex formation and symmetry of complex and various parameters like particle size, porosity, volume of unit cell, and density have been calculated. The Freeman-Carroll and Sharp-Wentworth methods have been used to calculate activation energy and thermal stability. The activation energy calculated with the help of these methods are in agreement with each other. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change (Δ) and entropy change are also determined on the basis of TG curves and by using data of the Freeman-Carroll method.

1. Introduction

Metal ions are required for many critical functions in humans. Scarcity of some metal ions can leads to disease [1]. Well-known example are pernicious anemia resulting from iron deficiency; growth retardation arising from insufficient dietary of zinc and heart disease in infants due to copper deficiency. The ability to recognize and to understand at the molecular level and the diseases caused by inadequate metal-ion function constitutes an important aspect of medicinal bioinorganic chemistry. Understanding the biochemistry and molecular biology of natural detoxification mechanisms and designing and applying ion-specific chelating agents to treat metal overloads are two components of a second major aspect of the new science that is evolving at the interface of bioinorganic chemistry and medicine.

Diabetes is a deceptive disease and if not detected in early stage may cause even death. It is considered hereditary but actual genetic disorder is still a mystery. Several million people are suffering from this disease all over the world which is reported by Sadilot and Phatak [2], Bloomgarden [3], and Sanger and Thompson [4]. Zinc-insulin was discovered as early as in 1921 and later it proved to be a very efficacious medicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. To avoid the daily pricks of hypodermic syringe, oral hypoglycemic agents were discovered, which has revolutionized the treatment of diabetes. It is worthwhile to mention here that the majority of the essential metallic elements of biological importance are transition metals, whose ability to form coordination complexes and a chelate is the characteristic aspects of their chemistry.

In recent years much attention is given to the use of sulphonylurea because of their high complexing nature with essential metals. Sulphonylurea are effective for noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, reported by Sadilot and Phatak [2], Bloomgarden [3], and Sanger and Thompson [4]. These compounds are completely absorbed by oral administration. They are metabolized by liver and are excreted predominantly through urine.

Complexation of sulphonylurea with lighter transition metals has been studied in detail by Yoshinaga and Yamamotto [5, 6] and complexation of sulphonylurea and biguanidine by Iqbal et al. [7] and others [8].

Metformin is sold under several trade names, including Glucophage XR, Riomet, Fortamet, Glumetza, obimed, Gludormin, Diarber, Diaber, and Diaformin. Broad interest in metformin was not rekindled until the withdrawal of the other biguanides in the 1970s. Generic formulations are now available in several countries and metformin is believed to have become the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug in the world; therefore looking the importance of metformin, we have studied metformin complex with chromium (see Scheme 1).

Scheme 1: Structure of Metformin.

2. Experimental

2.1. Ligand-Metal Ratio

(a)Pure “Metformin” 0.828 gram (0.005 M) was dissolved in 100 mL of ethanol and 0.66 gram (0.01 M) chromium chloride in 100 mL ethanol. 10 mL metformin solution was diluted to 100 mL in a beaker. This was titrated conductometrically against chromium chloride solution taken in burette using fractions of 1 mL. Conductance was recorded after each addition with proper stirring at temperature °C. Results were plotted in the form of a graph between corrected conductance and volume of metal salt. From the equivalent point in the graph, ratio between metal and ligand was noted to be 1 : 2.(b)Formation of 2 : 1 (L2 M) ratio was also confirmed by Job’s method [9] of continuous variation as modified by Turner and Anderson [10] (Table 1 and Figures 1(a) and 1(b)) using absorbance as index property; from these values the stability constant (log k) and free energy change were also calculated by using formula , where k = Stability constant, x = Conc. of complex, and  ln k, respectively.

Table 1: Metformin with chromium chloride.

S. number
Metal : ligand
Absorbance
Corrected absorbance

.002 M
.005 M
.002 M
.005 M

1
0 : 12
0.008
0.005
0.00
0.00

2
1 : 11
0.016
0.018
0.008
0.013

3
2 : 10
0.024
0.029
0.016
0.023

4
3 : 9
0.039
0.046
0.031
0.040

5
4 : 8
0.052
0.062
0.044
0.056

6
5 : 7
0.045
0.051
0.037
0.044

7
6 : 6
0.04
0.049
0.032
0.042

8
7 : 5
0.029
0.042
0.021
0.035

9
8 : 4
0.024
0.032
0.016
0.024

10
9 : 3
0.018
0.028
0.010
0.020

11
10 : 2
0.015
0.025
0.008
0.017

12
11 : 1
0.011
0.014
0.002
0.004

13
12 : 0
0.009
0.011
0.00
0.00

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Metformin with chromium chloride.

2.2. Synthesis of Complex

The chemicals used in this synthesis were all of analytical grade E-Merck. A weighed quantity of “Metformin” (2 mol) was dissolved separately in minimum quantity of 90% ethanol. The chromium solution was prepared by dissolving separately in the same solvent. Ligand solution was added slowly with stirring into the solution of metallic salt at room temperature, maintaining the pH between 6.0 and 6.5 by adding dilute NaOH solution. On refluxing the mixture for 3-4 h and on cooling the complex separated out, which were filtered off, washed well with ethanol, and finally dried in vacuum and weighed.

2.3. Instrumentation

The elemental analysis of the isolated complex was carried out using Coleman Analyzer at the Departmental Microanalytical Laboratory C.D.R.I, Lucknow. Chlorine was determined gravimetrically. Chromium analysis was carried out in Qualichem Laboratory, Nagpur, by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The IR spectra of the ligand as well as of the complex were recorded on B-OMEM-FTIR, ¹H-NMR spectra of the ligand and isolated complex were recorded on a Bruker AM-200 spectrometer, and d₆-DMSO was used as a solvent. IR and ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded in CDRI Lucknow, India. X-ray diffractometer model Rigaku D-max/B, with 12 kW Rotating Anode X-ray generator was used for scanning the ligand and respective complex. Anode X-ray generator was used for scanning the ligand and respective complex at SAIF, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India. The radiation used was Cu, Ka (1 W 1.5060 Å). The samples were scanned in the range from 10.0084 to 79.9804 . Powder data were indexes using computer software (FPSUIT V 2.0). TGA spectra were recorded in IIT Bombay, India.

From stoichiometry and analytical data, the composition of the complex comes out to be [(C₄H₁₀N₅)₂Cr(OH₂)₂]2Cl, which favors 2 : 1 (L2 M) ratio. The tentative structure (I) assigned to complex, on the basis of analytical data, was further supported by XRD data. Mass spectra of [(C₄H₁₀N₅)₂Cr(OH₂)₂]2Cl complex were recorded at C.D.R.I Lucknow, India, which provides information about the complex by examination of the fragmentation pattern and total mass of the complex. Proposed structures (I) for the isolated complex are also supported by mass spectral studies.

3. Result

3.1. Physicochemical Characteristics of “Metformin”-Chromium Complex

Molecular formula 2Cl, Mol. wt 414.90; colour: green; yield: 56%; m.p: 243°C, C, 23.02(24.23), H, 5.27(5.60), N, 33.57(30.25), metal, 12.47(11.20), Cl, 17.02(18.20), coordinate water molecule, 8.70(8.30), stability constant, 11.035; free energy change , −15.28.

3.2. Electronic Spectral Studies

In Cr(III) complex of “Metformin” the observed magnetic moment is 4.38 and bands observed at 380  attributed to charge transfer while the values 350  and 295  are assignment to the ⁴⁴⁴ transition, respectively, suggest a octahedral environment around “Metformin”-chromium complex.

3.3. Magnetic Moments Studies

In the present study, the room temperature of magnetic susceptibility measurement was carried out on a vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) at the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (India). The hysteresis curve given in Figure 2 shows the magnetic behavior of complex. The magnetic measurements of complex were carried out on Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (mode 155) which directly gives the values without diamagnetic correction with the help of the following equation:

where is reading of magnetic moment on magnetometer, is absolute temperature, is molecular weight of the compound, is weight of the sample, and is magnetic field.

Figure 2: Hysteresis curve of “metformin”-chromium complex.

Magnetic moment has been calculated and is equal to 4.38 B.M.; moreover hysteresis curve has been shown in Figure 2 that gives the information about magnetism; that is, “metformin”-chromium complex is diamagnetic.

3.4. Infrared Spectral Studies

The IR spectra of ligand and isolated complex (Figure 3) were recorded within the range 4000–400 . Assignments of the infrared spectral bands are based on literature. IR spectrum shows important bands due to ν(M–N)  , ν(N–H wagging in ligand as well as complex)  , ν(C–N–C)  , ν(–C=N)  , (amine salt) 2361 , ν(C–H)  , ν(NH₃ frequency in ligand and complex Similar to amino acid)  10 ,  ν(N–H)  , ν(N–H)  , and ν(coordinate water molecule)  . The proposed structure for the isolated complex is also supported IR absorptions by [11, 12] Nakamotto [13], Rao [14], Bellamy [15], and Weissberger [16].

Figure 3: IR spectra of metformin-chromium complex.

3.5. ¹H-NMR Studies

By -NMR spectral data it was observed a signal of imide (NH) proton around in the spectrum of the ligand and found less broad band in complex (Figure 4). This also confirms the deprotonation of imide –NH group through enolization (the appearance of >C=N stretching band observed in IR spectra). Assignment of “Metformin”-chromium complex, molecular formula 2Cl , δ7.19 (s, due to amine salt), δ6.58 (s, 2H, , 1C–NH–C,  Hz), δ2.50 (s, 6H, 2 methyl-CH₃) and δ3.34(s), and δ2.92(s), may be due residual solvent d₆-DMSO and water of solvent, respectively. The proposed structure for the isolated complex is also supported by Slichter [17], Akit [18], and others [19].

Figure 4: NMR spectra of “metformin”-chromium complex.

3.6. Mass Spectral Studies

Mass spectrum (Figure 5) of the compound is a plot which represents the intensities of the signals at various m/z values. It is highly characteristic of the compound that no two compounds can have similar mass spectra. It provides information regarding the molecular structure of organic and inorganic compounds [20]. We have found various fragmentation peaks but in the present paper focused only on molecular ion peak of the “Metformin” complex of chromium and assignments are molecular formula of “Metformin”-chromium complex 2Cl, (Mol. Wt. 414.90), m/z 413 due to or molecular ion peak ; m/z 130 due to base peak ion 100% relative abundance.

Figure 5: Mass spectra of “metformin”-chromium complex.

3.7. X-Ray Diffraction Studies

X-ray diffraction studies also support the complex and formation of new bonds [21–25]. The number of peaks in “metformin” is 13 while that of “Metformin”-chromium complex is 14 as shown in X-ray diffractogram (Figure 6), respectively, indicating that complex formed is a well-knit one; moreover all the reflections are new ones and the patterns are fairly strong. The X-ray pattern have been indexed by using computer software (FPSUIT 2.0V) and applying interactive trial and error method keeping in mind the characteristics of the various symmetry system, till a good fit was obtained between the observed and the calculated sin²θ value. The unit cell parameters were calculated (Table 2) from the indexed data and from cell data and crystal lattice parameters of Cr(III) indicate complex attributed to monoclinic crystal system. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the synthesized complex are of monoclinic structure. The particle size is 8.301 microns which is calculated from X-ray line broadening using the Scherrer formula  cos θ, where is the particle diameter in ångstroms, is a coefficient and is equal to 0.89 here, is the half-maximum line width, and is the wavelength of X-rays and porosity is 0.0207 calculated by formula and volume of the unit cell is 13748 calculated by VolumeÅ where a, b, and c are lattice parameters. Density Weight/Volume is found as 0.03007 g/cm³ for “metformin”-chromium complex. Space group is Pmmm and °, °, and °.

Table 2: Cell data and crystal parameter of metformin-chromium complex.

18.7804
3.00
4.72122
4.71104
4
0
3

19.1426
100
4.63269
4.62711
−4
2
2

23.2686
11.79
3.81972
3.81881
−4
4
2

28.1391
14.73
3.16886
3.16831
4
5
4

31.9838
4.73
2.79599
2.79668
5
4
6

32.2712
53.16
2.77174
2.77213
2
8
2

33.9678
25.09
2.63708
2.63780
−6
5
4

38.7600
25.61
2.32135
2.32128
1
10
1

48.1479
4.25
1.88838
1.88835
−11
1
4

55.3257
6.35
1.65917
1.65902
12
4
5

57.4998
10.57
1.60150
1.60151
−6
13
2

59.6301
13.98
1.54927
1.54928
8
4
14

67.6508
2.18
1.38378
1.38375
−5
13
11

74.2048
3.86
1.27693
1.26237
14
0
13

Figure 6: X-ray diffractogram of metformin-chromium Complex.

3.8. Thermal Study of Metformin-Chromium Complex

In the present investigation, the weight loss for complex was calculated within corresponding temperature ranges of 20–600°C. The complex is thermally decomposed in two decomposition steps within the temperature range of 50–600°C. The TGA/DTA curves for the complex are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: TGA curve of metformin-chromium complex.

The thermoanalytical data of Freeman-Carroll and Sharp-Wentworth method are presented in Tables 4 and 5. In studying the decomposition kinetics methods mentioned in the literature were used in each case in which the least square plots were drawn. The first few points that did not fall on straight line were discarded. These types of deviations of points are reported in literature by several research workers [26]. This is explained as due to the failure of obeying as first order kinetics always by the solids in their decomposition in the early stages.

3.9. Theoretical Consideration

To provide further evidence regarding the degradation system of analyzed compounds we derived the TG curves by applying an analytical method proposed by Freeman-Carroll [27] and Sharp-Wentworth [28].

3.10. Freeman-Carroll Method [27]

The straight line equation derived by Freeman and Carroll is in the form of

where rate of change of weight with time, . loss at completion of reaction, Total . loss up to time “t,” Energy of activation, and Order of reaction.

The plot between the term versus gives a straight line (Figure 8) from which slope can be calculated; also we obtained energy of activation and intercept on -axis as order of reaction and the change in entropy (ΔS) also.

Figure 8: Sharp-Wentworth kinetic plot of metformin-chromium complex using TGA data.

3.11. Sharp-Wentworth Method [28]

Using the equation derived by Sharp and Wentworth,

where Rate of change of fraction of weight with change in temperature and Linear heating rate , by plotting the graph between versus .

We obtained the straight line (Figure 9) which gives energy of activation , from its slope.

Figure 9: Freeman and Carroll kinetic plot of metformin-chromium complex using TGA data.

Table 3 is given for thermodynamic parameters of complexes, namely, activation energy . Entropy and Gibb’s free energy change of decomposition ° are evaluated graphically by employing Freeman-Carroll and Sharp-Wentworth relation. The activation energies of decomposition are found to be in the range from 40 to 46 kJ . The high value of activation energies reflects the thermal stability of complex. The entropy of activation is found to have negative values in complex which indicate that decomposition reactions process with lower rate than the normal ones [26, 29–33]. In TGA curve (Figure 7) the initial loss (8.30%) (also given in Tables 4 and 5) is due to two molecules of water of crystallization (70–90°C) in complex which is in agreement with theoretically calculated percentage of water molecule, that is, 8.70%. The 52% loss at temperature range 100–550°C is due to loss of organic moiety and above 550°C there is no loss (45%) which is due the formation metal oxide.

Table 3: Thermogravimetric data of metformin complex with corresponding to heating rate of 10°C/min.

Complex
Decomposition temp. (°C)
%Wt. loss
Ea(Kj/mole)
(Kj/mole)
(Kj/mole)

S.W.
F.C.

[(C₅H₁₁N₅)₂Cr·(OH₂)₂]2Cl
40–600
60
46.21
45.33
−73.97
−22.57
0.83

S.W.: Sharp-Wentworth method; F.C.: Freeman-Carroll method.

Table 4: Thermogravimetric data of metformin-chromium complex by Sharp-Wentworth method.

Temp. (°C)
°K temp. (T)

% Mass Loss
Change in Wt. “” grams

Weight %

30
303
3.300330033
1.701
0.000232118
0.999767882
0.000545287
−3.263374588
−0.000100819
−3.264132253
98.299

50
323
3.095975232
4.081
0.000556893
0.999443107
0.001106411
−2.956083571
−0.000241923
−2.957730712
95.919

70
343
2.915451895
8.312
0.001134256
0.998865744
0.001929735
−2.714502226
−0.00049288
−2.717584662
91.688

90
363
2.754820937
14.557
0.001986448
0.998013552
0.002657443
−2.575536122
−0.000863561
−2.580662475
85.443

110
383
2.610966057
20.202
0.002756765
0.997243235
0.003103906
−2.508091508
−0.001198901
−2.51502484
79.798

130
403
2.481389578
23.756
0.003241744
0.996758256
0.003448099
−2.462420327
−0.001410158
−2.470428825
76.244

150
423
2.364066194
26.456
0.003610186
0.996389814
0.003715424
−2.429991652
−0.001570721
−2.438796159
73.544

170
443
2.257336343
28.55
0.003895933
0.996104067
0.003932163
−2.405368473
−0.001695287
−2.41477628
71.45

190
463
2.159827214
30.243
0.00412696
0.99587304
0.004132807
−2.383754866
−0.001796024
−2.393633294
69.757

210
483
2.070393375
31.798
0.004339155
0.995660845
0.004332892
−2.363222179
−0.001888571
−2.373521256
68.202

230
503
1.988071571
33.342
0.004549849
0.995450151
0.004535507
−2.343374123
−0.001980483
−2.354084854
66.658

250
523
1.912045889
34.904
0.004763
0.995237
0.004744687
−2.32379244
−0.002073486
−2.334913634
65.096

270
543
1.841620626
36.515
0.004982837
0.995017163
0.004956671
−2.304809933
−0.002169428
−2.316351937
63.485

290
563
1.776198934
38.149
0.005205813
0.994794187
0.005163585
−2.28704867
−0.002266761
−2.299016921
61.851

310
583
1.715265866
39.747
0.005423876
0.994576124
0.005363513
−2.2705507
−0.002361971
−2.282933045
60.253

330
603
1.658374793
41.292
0.005634706
0.994365294
0.005566258
−2.254436669
−0.002454042
−2.267211741
58.708

350
623
1.605136437
42.855
0.005847993
0.994152007
0.005764514
−2.23923731
−0.002547207
−2.252409385
57.145

370
643
1.555209953
44.386
0.006056914
0.993943086
0.005941837
−2.226079278
−0.002638483
−2.239644612
55.614

390
663
1.508295626
45.762
0.006244683
0.993755317
0.006086785
−2.215612063
−0.002720534
−2.2295348
54.238

410
683
1.464128843
46.893
0.006399019
0.993600981
0.006210342
−2.206884458
−0.002787988
−2.221097301
53.107

430
703
1.422475107
47.855
0.006530293
0.993469707
0.006333143
−2.198380725
−0.002845371
−2.212831162
52.145

450
723
1.383125864
48.803
0.006659657
0.993340343
0.006517309
−2.185931679
−0.002901926
−2.200586833
51.197

470
743
1.34589502
50.2
0.006850292
0.993149708
0.006701005
−2.173860074
−0.002985281
−2.188854365
49.8

490
763
1.31061599
51.616
0.007043519
0.992956481
0.006875974
−2.162665789
−0.003069785
−2.17800662
48.384

510
783
1.277139208
52.969
0.00722815
0.99277185
0.007047142
−2.151986954
−0.003150546
−2.16765509
47.031

530
803
1.245330012
54.291
0.00740855
0.99259145
−0.000370427
#NUM!
−0.00322947
#NUM!
45.709

Table 5: Thermogravimetric data of metformin-chromium complex by Freedman and Carroll method.

Temp. (°C)
% Mass Loss
Change in Wt. (gm.)
Time in Sec.

(K)
(K⁻¹)

Weight %

30
1.701
0.00023
90
0.000545
−3.263
0.00718
−2.1441
303
0.00330
1.522
−0.0015
0.0313
0.0318
2.7818
0.0004
3.3003
107.8898
98.299

50
4.081
0.00056
150
0.001106
−2.956
0.00685
−2.1642
323
0.00310
1.366
−0.0014
0.0752
0.0781
3.3698
0.0017
3.0960
−66.2172
95.919

70
8.312
0.00113
210
0.001930
−2.715
0.00627
−2.2024
343
0.00292
1.233
−0.0013
0.1531
0.1659
4.0354
0.0063
2.9155
−39.5301
91.688

90
14.557
0.00199
270
0.002657
−2.576
0.00542
−2.2658
363
0.00275
1.137
−0.0012
0.2681
0.3112
4.7832
0.0174
2.7548
−22.5506
85.443

110
20.202
0.00276
330
0.003104
−2.508
0.00465
−2.3324
383
0.00261
1.075
−0.0011
0.3721
0.4632
5.6182
0.0307
2.6110
−13.5905
79.798

130
23.756
0.00324
390
0.003448
−2.462
0.00417
−2.3802
403
0.00248
1.035
−0.0010
0.4376
0.5722
6.5451
0.0383
2.4814
−9.1888
76.244

150
26.456
0.00361
450
0.003715
−2.430
0.00380
−2.4204
423
0.00236
1.004
−0.0010
0.4873
0.6636
7.5687
0.0427
2.3641
−6.4778
73.544

170
28.55
0.00390
510
0.003932
−2.405
0.00351
−2.4544
443
0.00226
0.980
−0.0009
0.5259
0.7407
8.6938
0.0448
2.2573
−4.7098
71.45

190
30.243
0.00413
570
0.004133
−2.384
0.00328
−2.4839
463
0.00216
0.960
−0.0009
0.5571
0.8077
9.9253
0.0453
2.1598
−3.4946
69.757

210
31.798
0.00434
630
0.004333
−2.363
0.00307
−2.5129
483
0.00207
0.940
−0.0008
0.5857
0.8734
11.267
0.0454
2.0704
−2.5834
68.202

230
33.342
0.00455
690
0.004536
−2.343
0.00286
−2.5438
503
0.00199
0.921
−0.0008
0.6141
0.9433
12.726
0.0455
1.9881
−1.8631
66.658

250
34.904
0.00476
750
0.004745
−2.324
0.00265
−2.5775
523
0.00191
0.902
−0.0007
0.6429
1.0192
14.305
0.0458
1.9120
−1.2833
65.096

270
36.515
0.00498
810
0.004957
−2.305
0.00243
−2.6152
543
0.00184
0.881
−0.0007
0.6726
1.1041
16.010
0.0464
1.8416
−0.8072
63.485

290
38.149
0.00521
870
0.005164
−2.287
0.00220
−2.6570
563
0.00178
0.861
−0.0007
0.7027
1.1983
17.845
0.0472
1.7762
−0.4184
61.851

310
39.747
0.00542
930
0.005364
−2.271
0.00198
−2.7023
583
0.00172
0.840
−0.0006
0.7321
1.3000
19.815
0.0480
1.7153
−0.1084
60.253

330
41.292
0.00563
990
0.005566
−2.254
0.00177
−2.7511
603
0.00166
0.819
−0.0006
0.7606
1.4092
21.925
0.0489
1.6584
0.1374
58.708

350
42.855
0.00585
1050
0.005765
−2.239
0.00156
−2.8067
623
0.00161
0.798
−0.0006
0.7894
1.5336
24.180
0.0501
1.6051
0.3432
57.145

370
44.386
0.00606
1110
0.005942
−2.226
0.00135
−2.8691
643
0.00156
0.776
−0.0005
0.8176
1.6727
26.584
0.0514
1.5552
0.5113
55.614

390
45.762
0.00624
1170
0.006087
−2.216
0.00116
−2.9341
663
0.00151
0.755
−0.0005
0.8429
1.8170
29.143
0.0526
1.5083
0.6353
54.238

410
46.893
0.00640
1230
0.006210
−2.207
0.00101
−2.9959
683
0.00146
0.737
−0.0005
0.8637
1.9539
31.861
0.0530
1.4641
0.7134
53.107

430
47.855
0.00653
1290
0.006333
−2.198
0.00088
−3.0564
703
0.00142
0.719
−0.0005
0.8815
2.0876
34.742
0.0530
1.4225
0.7623
52.145

450
48.803
0.00666
1350
0.006517
−2.186
0.00075
−3.1256
723
0.00138
0.699
−0.0004
0.8989
2.2401
37.793
0.0533
1.3831
0.8043
51.197

470
50.2
0.00685
1410
0.006701
−2.174
0.00056
−3.2532
743
0.00135
0.668
−0.0004
0.9246
2.5199
41.017
0.0568
1.3459
0.8956
49.8

490
51.616
0.00704
1470
0.006876
−2.163
0.00037
−3.4377
763
0.00131
0.629
−0.0004
0.9507
2.9216
44.419
0.0625
1.3106
0.9988
48.384

510
52.969
0.00723
1530
0.007047
−2.152
0.00018
−3.7438
783
0.00128
0.575
−0.0003
0.9756
3.5805
48.004
0.0728
1.2771
1.1316
47.031

4. Discussion

For supporting the proposed structure of chromium complex with “metformin” initially monovariation method was conducted which indicates 1 : 2 metal : ligand ratio which was further confirmed by Job’s method of continuous variation as modified by Turner and Anderson (Scheme 2). Moreover stability constant and free energy change were also calculated from modified Job’s method. From stoichiometry and analytical data, the composition of the complex comes out to be [(C₄H₁₀N₅)₂Cr(OH₂)₂]2Cl, which favors 2 : 1 (L₂M) ratio. The proposed structure (I) for chromium complex of “metformin” was further supported by spectroscopic methods like IR, ¹H-NMR, electronic spectra and mass spectral studies, and so forth. The biguanidine unit inside the coordination sphere has a positive charge while occupies the outer place of the coordination sphere. The IR spectral assignments show the M–N frequency and confirm the linkage of N⁴to the metal through the covalent bond. Moreover, the difference in the NMR peak of the drug (wide peak) and the complex (narrow peak) are further supporting the removal of one of the “H” from the N–H group through enolisation. Mass spectral results further support the formation of complex which observed a molecular ion peak. A detailed study of X-ray also supports the complex formation and the various parameters like particle size, porosity, volume of unit cell, density, and crystal system were evaluated and discussed. Thermal analysis has been studied by giving their relative thermal stability, applying the Sharp-Wentworth and Freeman-Carroll methods: energy of activation and kinetic parameter, namely, , , and order of reaction were determined by applying Freeman-Carroll method. TGA curve gives strong support of presence of coordinate water molecule.

Scheme 2: Proposed Structure-I for metformin-chromium complex.

5. Conclusion

In the present paper we have syntheses complex of antidiabetic drug with chromium and have given its spectral characterization and kinetics parameters, which gives the detailed information of the new structure for coordination chemistry. Moreover in our previous work we have carried out comparative study for hypoglycemic activity of parent drug and its complexes with various transition metals and found that the complexes are more potent than pure drug. By doing some clinical action it can be used for men and it will be a new drug for diabetes patients.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The author is thankful to the principal of Saifia Science College, Bhopal, and Principal of Crescent College of Technology, Bhopal, for providing all necessary facilities. The author is also thankful to I.I.T and C.D.R.I, Lucknow for providing IR and NMR spectra, C.D.R.I and analytical data.

References

E. J. Underwood, Trace Element in Human and Animal Nutrition, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 3rd edition, 1971.

S. M. Sadilot and R. B. Pathak, Journal of Diabetes Association, vol. 32, no. 4, 1992.

Z. N. Bloomgarden, “American Diabetes Association Consensus Statement on pharmacologic treatment,” Diabetes Care, vol. 22, pp. S1–S114, 1999.

F. Sanger and E. O. L. Thompson, The Biochemical Journal, vol. 53, pp. 366–535, 1951.

I. Yoshinaga and Y. Yamamotto, Endocrinologie, vol. 50, no. 3, 1966.

I. Yoshinaga and Y. Yamamotto, J. Osaka., vol. 1, no. 3, 1966.

S. A. Iqbal, S. Jose, and I. Zaafarany, “Synthesis, physico-chemical and spectral studies of mercury complex of glibenclamide: an oral antidiabetic drug,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 613–618, 2012.

D. Veer and M. Baboo, “Synthesis and spectral studies of some transition metal complexes,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1797–1802, 2012.

P. Job, “Formation and stability of inorganic com-plexes in solution,” Annales de Chimie, vol. 10, p. 113, 1928.

S. E. Turner and R. C. Anderson, “Spectrophotometric studies on complex formation with sulfosalicylic acid. III. with Copper(II),” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 912–914, 1949.

B. Krishan and O. Prakash, “Synthesis characterization and spectral studies of gold complex with gliclazide,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 381–388, 2013.

G. Valarmathy, R. Subbalakshmi, R. Selvameena, and V. Gomathi, “Synthesis and characterization and antimicrobial screening of Co(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base ligand,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 315–320, 2013.

K. Nakamotto, Infrared Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1963.

C. N. R. Rao, Chemical Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1963.

L. J. Bellamy, The Infrared Spectra of Complex Molecules, Matheun & Co., London, UK, 1964.

A. Weissberger, Technique of Organic Chemistry: Chemical Applications of Spectroscopy, vol. 11, Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, USA, 1956.

C. P. Slichter, Principles of Magnetic Resonance: With Examples from Solid State Physics, vol. 7, Harper & Row, New York, NY, USA, 1963.

J. W. Akit, NMR and Chemistry: An Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Champan and Hall, London, UK, 1973.

Md. Tawkir, S. A. Iqbal, B. Krishan, and I. Zaafarany, “Synthesis and characterisation of glimeperide complexes of copper, magnesium, nickel and cadmium,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 603–609, 2011.

F. W. McLafferty and F. Turecek, Interpretation of Mass Spectra, University Science Books, Sausalito, Calif, USA, 4th edition, 1993.

B. D. Cullity, Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, Addison-Wesley, Boston, Mass, USA, 2nd edition, 1978.

B. Krishan, M. Tawkir, and S. A. Iqbal, “X-ray diffraction studies of Co(II), Sm(III) and Nd(III) with gliclazide-an oral antidiabetic drug,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1883–1888, 2012.

W. L. Bragg and W. H. Bragg, The Crystalline State: A General Survey, George Bell & Sons, London, UK, 1993.

A. Guiner, X-Ray Crystallographic Technology, Hilger and Watts, London, UK, 1952.

N. F. M. Henry, H. Lipson, and W. A. Wooster, The Interpretation of X-Ray Diffraction Photographs, Macmillan, London, UK, 1951.

R. N. Singru, “Synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation studies of copolymer resin p-cresol-oxamide-formaldhyde,” Archives of Applied Science Research, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 309–325, 2011.

E. S. Freeman and B. Carroll, “The application of thermoanalytical techniques to reaction kinetics: the thermogravimetric evaluation of the kinetics of the decomposition of calcium oxalate monohydrate,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 394–397, 1958.

J. H. Sharp and S. A. Wentworth, “Kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric data,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 41, no. 14, pp. 2060–2062, 1969.

S. S. Rahangdale, W. B. Gurnule, and Synthesis, “Thermal and electrical properties of 2,2-HBBR Copolymer Resin,” Chemical Science Transactions, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 287–293, 2013.

C. Duval, Inorganic Thermogravimetric Analysis, Elsevier, London, UK, 1983.

P. C. S. Rani, G. S. Thara, and R. K. Lekshmy, “Synthesis and characterization of copper complexes of a Schiff base,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 309–313, 2013.

M. Tawkir, K. Khairou, and I. Zaafarany, “Spectroscopic and thermal characterization of gliclazide, glibenclamide and glimpride complexes with transition and inner-transition metals,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1697–1710, 2012.

B. K. Rai, Ranjana, P. Prakash, and P. Lata, “Synthesis, spectral and biocidal screening of Schiff base complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) containing nitrogen and sulpher doner atoms,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1803–1808, 2012.