Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 913987, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/913987

Research Article

Effect of Grafted Hydroquinone on the Acid-Base Properties of Poly(acrylic acid) in the Presence of Copper (II)

Nabila Bensacia,¹ Saâd Moulay,¹ François Garin,² Ioana Fechete,² and Anne Boos³

¹Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Moléculaire et Macromoléculaire, Département de Chimie Industrielle, Faculté des Sciences de L’Ingénieur, Université Saâd Dahlab de Blida, BP 270, route de Soumâa, 09000 Blida, Algeria
²Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
³Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France

Received 25 November 2014; Revised 1 March 2015; Accepted 9 March 2015

Academic Editor: Nurettin Sahiner

Copyright © 2015 Nabila Bensacia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Potentiometric titration of poly(acrylic acid) and hydroquinone-functionalized poly(acrylic acid) was conducted in the presence of copper (II). The effects of hydroquinone functionalizing and copper (II) complexing on the potentiometric titration of poly(acrylic acid) were studied in an ionic environment and in its absence. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation was applied to assess its validity for this titration. Coordination number and the stability constants of the copper- (II-)complexed polymers were determined, and results showed the formation of mostly monodentate and bidentate copper- (II-)polymer complexes.

1. Introduction

Polyacrylics are a special class of polymers as far as their uses and applications are of interest. Their nowadays ubiquity stems from the large spectrum of their properties which are on a par with the chemical reactivity of their functional groups, that is, carboxylic, ester, amide, and nitrile. Polyacrylic acid (PAA), coined the name “carbopol” in pharmaceuticals, is known to be super absorbent polymer that can absorb and retain a great extent of water, a property that is exploited in hydrogels making for various controlled drug delivery systems [1, 2]; a related fact is that the swelling behavior of PAA hydrogels was found to be highly medium pH-dependent due to the presence of carboxylic groups [3]. Low molecular weight PAA has been valorized as an efficient salt scaling inhibitor, chiefly in oilfield operations, via the ability of the carboxylic groups in complexing metal ions [4]. A fourfold enhancement in the removal of heavy metals was observed with PAA-bound hydroquinone (HQ-PAA) [5]. PAA functionalized with pyridylazo-2-naphthol via reaction with carboxyl groups was employed as a fluorescent nanofiber probe for the determination of Ni²⁺ [6]. Besides being water-soluble, PAA has a capacity to form polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles with other polymers such as poly(ethyleneimine) [7]. Ultrathin films for electrochromic devices were made via a layer-by-layer (LBL) strategy by reacting PAA with polyaniline in an acid-base mechanism (COOH/NH₂) [8]. By virtue of its carboxylic groups, PAA served as template for making helical polyaniline-PAA microwires or rods, by polymerizing aniline that is initially adsorbed on PAA matrix through electrostatic and/or hydrogen bonding interactions [9]. The plausible decarboxylation of PAA via a homolytic pathway promoted its use as a carrier of redox unit [10]. Apart from its hydrophilic character, PAA via its carboxylic groups was of a critical value in coating bleomycin-loaded magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) to generate an antitumoral drug delivery system [11]. As for polycarboxylic acids [12], the other facet of PAA is its propensity towards potentiometric titration and its behavior as a weak acid and a polyelectrolyte. The latter property is of a great merit because the pH plays a pivotal role factor in several investigations, as it indicates the real form of the involved molecule (ionized and neutral species). Since 1957, numerous investigations on pH titration of PAA and other similar polyelectrolytes have been undertaken, elucidating several issues [13–18]. Of these issues, Gregor and Frederick [13] reported that, during potentiometric titration of PAA and polymethacrylic acid PMAA with alkali metals, binding of these metals to the polymers occurred.

In this paper, we present results on the effect of chemical functionalization with hydroquinone on potentiometric behavior of PAA in the presence of copper (II).

2. Materials and Methods

The chemicals were purchased from one of the following: Aldrich (France), Fluka AG, Prolabo, and Merck. Acrylic acid was purified by vacuum distillation. Azo-bis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN) was recrystallized from methanol. p-Benzoquinone was used as purchased. Poly(acrylic acid) synthesis and its functionalization with hydroquinone were conducted according to our previous work [10, 19]. Molecular weights of PAA and HQ-PAA herein considered were ( g/mol;  g/mol) and ( g/mol;  g/mol), respectively.

pH-Metric Studies. Potentiometric titrations of PAA/Cu(II), (, a degree of substitution equal to 0.31), were conducted at 20 ± 1°C with a Jenway-type pH-meter equipped with an electrode VWRI 662–1759, using 0.1 M aqueous NaOH solutions; the pH-meter was first calibrated with two standard buffer solutions (; ). Initial concentrations were 13.8 × 10⁻³ and 8 × 10⁻³ equiv/L for PAA and HQ-PAA, respectively.

3. Results and Discussion

Properties of polymers are obviously altered when they are functionalized. Thus, acid-base characteristics of the reported hydroquinone-functionalized PAA (HQ-PAA) [5], synthesized as shown in Scheme 1, are expected to change, particularly in the presence of heavy metals such as Cu(II). Potentiometric titration of PAA and PAA functionalized with 31% of hydroquinone in the presence of the latter metal ion, that is, PAA/Cu(II) and HQ-PAA/Cu(II), was investigated using aqueous NaOH as titrant. Two acidic groups exist within HQ-PAA material, the carboxylic and hydroquinone groups; the former is monobasic acid and the latter is dibasic one. Upon titration of PAA, polymer effect is manifested by the impact of a carboxylate group (a charged one) and the ionic environment (ionic strength), on the acidity of the adjacent carboxylic one [14, 20]. This polymer effect would expectedly be greater for PAA/Cu(II), HQ-PAA, and HQ-PAA/Cu(II) as inspired from PAA-metal ion and PAA copolymer-metal ion [16–18, 21–23]. Our interest was directed towards this present study to assess the effect of pH on the removal of heavy metals by HQ-PAA; it was reported that metallic adsorption capacity by the PAA resin was improved when hydroquinone moiety is grafted onto the PAA matrix [5].

Scheme 1

Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the potentiometric titration curves of PAA and PAA/Cu(II) in the absence and in the presence of an electrolyte (sodium nitrate). While Figure 1 reveals one equivalence point ( mL, pH ≈ 9.2), which is in a good agreement with the reported results [24], Figure 2 displays two equivalence points ( mL, ;  mL, ); the first one is attributed to the free carboxylic groups and the second to the copper-complexed one. The protons of the carboxylic groups become more acidic when they become metal-complexed. As can be seen, the effect of the ionic environment on the course of titration takes place only on the free carboxylic groups, that is beyond the equivalence point ( mL, ); lower pHs were found for PAA and become higher once complexed (PAA-Cu). Thus, a clear influence of the Cu(II) on the acidity of the PAA is noticed. Roma-Luciow et al. [25] stated that the pH change may be due to the metal-polymer interactions. Noticeably, no effect of ionic environment seemed to occur at lower than this equivalence point.

Figure 1: Plots of for PAA.

Figure 2: Plots of for PAA/Cu(II).

The impact of functionalization of PAA with hydroquinone is evidenced in the titration profiles as pictured in Figure 3. Indeed, one equivalence point was detected in the titration curve of HQ-PAA ( mL, ) and higher pHs were measured for titrant volumes up to 2 mL. This titration point could be assigned to the free carboxylic groups, a point that is affected by the presence of hydroquinone units. Surprisingly, the two expected equivalence points inherent to the latter groups were not clearly apparent, probably when complexed with Cu(II), the titration profile (Figure 4) turned out to be similar to that of Cu(II)-complexed PAA (Figure 2) showing about the same equivalence points, that is ( mL, pH ≈ 9.2;  mL, ). However, the ionic environment seemed not to have an influence on the course of the titration, probably because of the presence of hydroquinone entities. Similar observations were noticed for the titration of copper- (II-) complexed tetrahydroxybenzene-functionalized PAA [19]. A common remark with another reported work [21] is the absence of copper hydroxide precipitate during the titration course even at higher pHs.

Figure 3: Plots of for PAA and HQ-PAA. [NaNO₃] = 0.00 mol/L.

Figure 4: Plots of for HQ-PAA/Cu(II) and HQ-PAA/Cu(II)/NaNO₃.

Carboxylic polymers such as PAA are weak polyelectrolytes that are commonly characterized by Henderson-Hasselbalch equation as follows:

where is the dissociation coefficient, the apparent dissociation (ionization) constant (a pH for ), and a constant quantifying the extent of the intramolecular electrostatic forces.

In the presence of metal ion, the impact of the polymer-metal complexation is taken into account, and the dissociation coefficient and the apparent ionization constant of the polyelectrolyte are otherwise noted and [26]. Moreover, in such a case, an average coordination number (average complexing sites) (), a complexation constant (), and a stability constant β ₁₂ were introduced to better interpret and rationalize the titration outcome and were well defined as developed by Morlay et al. [21, 22]. The average coordination number is correlated with p([HA]/h) as , being the apparent dissociation constant of the ligand at the considered pH. Thus, it is often to plot versus p([HA]/h), that is, −log([HA]/h); [HA] is the concentration of the protonated polyelectrolyte and the concentration of free protons. The complexation constant is computed from ; M and A stand for metal ion and polyelectrolyte, respectively, and [] and [] are the concentrations of the polyelectrolyte-metal complex with and coordination number, respectively. Practically, can be drawn from the curve of . The stability constant β ₁₂ can be deduced for bidentate complex MA₂ for two different pHs and at and .

Plots of pH against for Cu(II)-complexed PAA and Cu(II)-complexed HQ-PAA in the absence and in the presence of electrolyte are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. As shown, complexation could have occurred at pH ≥ 4; similar results were observed by Morlay et al. for PAA of a molecular weight of 3 × 10⁶ g/mol [21, 22]. From the former figure, it can be withdrawn that the hydroquinone moiety lowered the proton mobility at higher than 0.4, probably because of the plausible hydrogen bonding between carboxylic and phenolic OH groups. As shown in the latter figure, the gap between the profiles at these values was slightly reduced, hinting at the effect of the ionic environment. Thus, the presence of NaNO₃ in concentrations greater than 0.01 mol/L would enhance appreciably the acidity of the protons of the Cu(II)-complexed HQ-PAA.

Figure 5: Plots of for PAA/Cu(II) and HQ-PAA/Cu(II). [NaNO₃] = 0.00 mol/L. The curve in blue square is for tetrahydroxybenzene-polyacrylic acid (THB-PAA) in the presence of copper (II) [5].

Figure 6: Plots of for PAA/Cu(II) and HQ-PAA/Cu(II). [NaNO₃] = 0.01 mol/L. The curve in blue square is for tetrahydroxybenzene-polyacrylic acid (THB-PAA) in the presence of copper (II) and [NaNO₃] = 0.01 mol/L [5].

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation was applied to the titration of Cu(II)-complexed PAA and Cu(II)-complexed HQ-PAA with ionic strength of 0 and 0.01 (Figures 7–10). For PAA/Cu(II), this equation is valid for between 0.30 and 0.6 in the absence of sodium nitrate and between 0.35 and 0.76 in its presence, corresponding roughly to a pH range of 4.2–6.2. For HQ-PAA/Cu(II), however, it is valid for between 0.32 and 0.56 in the absence of sodium nitrate and between 0.4 and 0.6 in its presence, corresponding roughly to a pH range of 3.0 and 6.5. The constants and were derived from these figures and their values are gathered in Table 1. For both materials, and values were found to be nearly 1.78 and 5.50, respectively; neither the hydroquinone units nor the ionic strength did affect appreciably these constants for Cu(II)-complexed PAA, but insignificant lowering was noticed. Yet, a decrease of these values upon increasing the ionic strength was common observation [26, 27]. The value of , an indirect measure of intramolecular electrostatic force, has been always found in the range of 2 for weak polyelectrolytes [26]; that for acetic acid is unity. Our values were lower due probably to the complexation of the polymers with copper (II). The values of were closer to those reported in the literature which fluctuated from 4.68 to 5.35 for PAA complexed with Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) [22]. It is noteworthy to recall that the acidity constant ’s of acrylic acid monomer and poly(acrylic acid) were reported to be 4.20 and 6.8, respectively [28]; again, the effects of complexation and the grafted hydroquinone groups on the acid-base properties of PAA are reflected by the higher values thus obtained. The characteristic constant from Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is influenced by the neighboring groups [29].

Table 1: Values of and for PAA/Cu(II) and HQ-PAA/Cu(II).

Polymer
Molecular weight (g/mol)
(equiv/L)
NaNO₃ (mol/L)
()

PAA
2.54
13.8
0.00
5.49
1.77

0.01
5.41 [5.50]*
1.75 [2.05]*

HQ-PAA
2.38
8
0.00
5.53
1.80

0.01
5.48
1.79

Reference [21] (ionic strength of 0.1 mol/L and molecular weight of = 3 × 10⁶ g/mol).

Figure 7: Plot of for PAA/Cu(II). [NaNO₃] = 0.00 mol/L.

Figure 8: Plot of for PAA/Cu(II). [NaNO₃] = 0.01 mol/L.

Figure 9: Plot of for HQ-PAA/Cu(II). [NaNO₃] = 0.00 mol/L.

Figure 10: Plot of for HQ-PAA/Cu(II). [NaNO₃] = 0.01 mol/L.

In Figures 11 and 12 are plotted for PAA/Cu(II) and HQ-PAA/Cu(II) in the presence and in the absence of sodium nitrate. For PAA/Cu(II), the coordination numbers increased from nearly unity to approximately 2 at 4.1 < pH < 5.1 (about ) and leveled off to almost unity at a pH range of ≈3.15–4.1. So, at pH higher than 4, the complex MA₂ was formed and at pH between 3 and 4, the dominant species was MA₁. The same evolution is noticed in an ionic environment of 0.01 mol/L, but higher coordination sites were formed at relatively lower pHs; even MA₃ was formed at higher pHs but to a small extent. For HQ-PAA/Cu(II), however, the average binding sites increased from 0.8 to 1.6 at (about ); then a plateau at around 0.8 is seen at a pH range of ≈4.36–5.86. Thus, at the first pH range, a mixture of MA₁ and MA₂ existed, and at the second pH range, MA₁ favorably occurred. The same profile was obtained in the considered ionic environment but for relatively lower pHs.

Figure 11: Plots of for PAA/Cu(II).

Figure 12: Plots of for HQ-PAA/Cu(II).

The stability constants, expressed as , of PAA/Cu(II) and HQ-PAA/Cu(II) in forms of MA₂ were experimentally estimated from Figures 11 and 12 and are given in Table 2. The values of β ₁₂ were 1010.43 and 1013.20 for the complexes, respectively. These great values hint at the tremendous stability of the complexes. That for the first complex is far greater than the one reported in the literature [21]. The higher value of the stability constant for the second complex would suggest the positive effect of the hydroquinone moieties on such stability, probably via chelating effect. However, ionic environment was found to suppress β ₁₂ significantly for HQ-PAA/Cu(II) and less significantly for PAA/Cu(II). However, such large values of β ₁₂ match those for Th(IV)-, Fe(III)-, and La(III)-complexed poly(maleic anhydride-co-vinyl acetate) [30].

Table 2: Stability constants of copper- (II-) complexed materials.

Copper- (II-) complexed polymer
[NaNO₃] (mol/L)

PAA/Cu(II)
0.00
10.43 (6.3–6.9)*

0.01
9.84

HQ-PAA/Cu(II)
0.00
13.20

0.01
10.86

Reference [21] (ionic strength of 0.1 mol/L and molecular weight of = 3 × 10⁶ g/mol).

4. Conclusion

From this study, the influence of both the hydroquinone functionalizing and the copper complexing on the potentiometric titration course of poly(acrylic acid) appears clearly. The number of binding sites depended on the pH and the supporting electrolyte. The stability constants were, however, unexpectedly large for a divalent metal such as copper (II). This latter fact remains to be cleared up in the upcoming research.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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