Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 7958739, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7958739

Research Article

Multicomponent Reactions, Solvent-Free Synthesis of 2-Amino-4-aryl-6-substituted Pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile Derivatives, and Corrosion Inhibitors Evaluation

Naglaa F. H. Mahmoud and Ahmed El-Sewedy

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt

Correspondence should be addressed to Naglaa F. H. Mahmoud; naglaa.fawzy@yahoo.com

Received 9 September 2018; Revised 4 November 2018; Accepted 27 November 2018; Published 19 December 2018

Academic Editor: Mohamed Afzal Pasha

Copyright © 2018 Naglaa F. H. Mahmoud and Ahmed El-Sewedy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A number of 2-amino-4-aryl-6-substituted pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives were synthesized via one-pot multicomponent condensation reactions of different aromatic aldehydes with malononitrile and different primary amines, using different molecular ratios and different reaction conditions to achieve considerable product yields. Moreover, we succeed, for the first time to develop a new method to synthesize the aforementioned under the fusion condition without using solvent and catalysts. With this method, a wide range of novel 2-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-aryl-6-substituted aminopyridine derivatives were synthesized with high yields and board substrate of functional groups. The synthesized pyridine derivatives were found to have a corrosion inhibition efficiency, the rate of which increased with the increasing concentration of the derivatives. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data and elemental analyses.

1. Introduction

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have drawn high efforts in recent years owing to exceptional synthetic efficiency, high selectivity, and procedural simplicity [1–6]. One-pot multicomponent reactions are a new method to construct heterocyclic compounds with bond making and/or bond breaking in one step with high atom economy, and the diversity can be achieved by varying the reacting components. A large number of organic reactions which were carried out afforded higher yields, shorter reaction time, and milder conditions [7–9].

Substituted pyridines were used as medical scaffolds because they are part of many natural product structures [10, 11]. Pyridine derivatives have also showed a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antimitotic agents [12], anti-inflammatory substances [13], and anticonvulsants [14]. In addition, they also regulate arterial pressure [15] and cholesterol level in blood [16]. Furthermore, they were utilized as electrical materials [17] and chelating agents [18]. Furthermore, organic compounds rich in heteroatoms behave as corrosion inhibitors, when they are absorbed in the metal surface to form a protective layer preventing cathodic and/or anodic reactions and forming a compact barrier film [19–21].

From the synthetic aspect, most of the existing studies on 2-amino-4-aryl-6-substituted pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives [22] were synthesized by ZnCl₂-catalyzed multistep methods [23] and one-pot multicomponent reactions [24] with good yield.

The addition of corrosion inhibitors is a useful approach to protect mild steel (MS) surfaces from corrosion damage [25]. Considerable efforts are made to synthesize new organic molecules offering various molecular structures. The most synthesized compounds are the nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds which are known to be excellent complex or chelate-forming substances with metals of transition series [26]. Also, the heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms can be easily protonated in the acidic medium to exhibit good inhibitory action [27].

In our preliminary studies, we have investigated the one-pot multicomponent reactions of different aromatic aldehydes with malononitrile and primary amines, using various Lewis acids such as ZnCl₂, AlCl₃, and FeCl₃ in ethanol as a solvent with different molecular ratios. The pyridine derivatives were obtained in good yield using solvent and catalyst-free condition under the fusion condition. Aminopyridine derivatives and their corrosion inhibition properties were evaluated by weight loss measurements of steel with different concentrations of inhibitors.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

According to literature [22], 2-amino-4-aryl-6-substituted pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives were synthesized by a multistep pathway in the presence of ZnCl₂ only as the catalyst at 75°C with 81% yield.

In our present study, we have investigated the one-pot multicomponent reactions (MCRs) to prepare aminopyridine derivatives 1–20 using different Lewis acid catalysts such as ZnCl₂, AlCl₃, and FeCl₃ using a molar ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 (aromatic aldehydes: malononitrile: primary amines) where the desired products were obtained in moderate yields.

The first trial was performed using one equivalent of aromatic aldehydes, two equivalents of malononitrile, and one equivalent of primary amines in the presence of ZnO (nano particles), CAN, NaOEt, and/or H₃PO₄ as catalysts in refluxing ethanol for 12 h, and no products were observed even after changing the molar ratio of amines to two equivalents and/or three equivalents (Table 1, entries 1–12) (Scheme 1).

Table 1: Optimization of reaction conditions.

Entry
Catalyst

Aldehyde
Malononitrile
Amine
Yield (%)

1
ZnO
1.5
1
2
1
—

2
ZnO
1.5
1
2
2
—

3
ZnO
1.5
1
2
3
—

4
CAN
1.5
1
2
1
—

5
CAN
1.5
1
2
2
—

6
CAN
1.5
1
2
3
—

7
NaOEt
1.5
1
2
1
—

8
NaOEt
1.5
1
2
2
—

9
NaOEt
1.5
1
2
3
—

10
H₃PO₄
1.5
1
2
3
—

11
H₃PO₄
1.5
1
2
3
—

12
H₃PO₄
1.5
1
2
3
—

13
AlCl₃
1.5
1
2
1
—

14
AlCl₃
1.5
1
2
2
—

15
AlCl₃
1.5
1
2
3
25

16
ZnCl₂
1.5
1
2
1
—

17
ZnCl₂
1.5
1
2
2
—

18
ZnCl₂
1.5
1
2
3
45

19
FeCl₃
1.5
1
2
1
—

20
FeCl₃
1.5
1
2
2
—

21
FeCl₃
1.5
1
2
3
37

22
Neat reaction
0
1
2
1
90

CAN = ceric ammonium nitrate.

Scheme 1

The second trial was carried out using ethanolic solutions of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and primary amines in the presence of Lewis acids as catalysts such as AlCl₃, ZnCl₂, and FeCl₃. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 6 h using different molar ratios 1 : 2 : 1, 1 : 2 : 2, and 1 : 2 : 3 (aromatic aldehydes: malononitrile: primary amines), respectively. The desired products were obtained with the molar ratios of 1 : 2 : 3 in moderate yields (Table 1, entries 13–21).

As initial endeavor, the reaction was performed with aromatic aldehydes (1 equivalent), malononitrile (2 equivalents), and primary amines (1 equivalent) by fusion, solvent, and catalyst-free condition, and a solid precipitate of different 2-amino-4-aryl-6-substituted pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives 1–20 were separated out with high yields (Table 1, entry 22) (Scheme 2).

Scheme 2

The formation of the desired products 1–20 could be explained via the formation of the arylidene molecule than the Michael addition of malononitrile on the double bond of the arylidene moiety forming the intermediate which underwent cyclization by the nucleophilic attack of amine on the cyanocarbon followed by aromatization to the final products 1–20 (Scheme 3).

Scheme 3

As a conclusion, we have developed for the first time a solvent-free, one-pot multicomponent reaction without using any catalysts. With this method, a wide range of novel 2-amino-4-aryl-6-substituted pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives were synthesized in high yields with a board substrate of functional groups. Those derivatives are depicted in Scheme 4.

Scheme 4

2.2. Evaluation of the Synthesized 2-Amino-4-aryl-6-substituted Pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile as Corrosion Inhibitors

Alloys are exceedingly applied in manufacture processing applications and might undergo various acidic mediums. Acids were aggressive on the metal surface and progress to serious corrosion issues. Corrosion has been controlled by employing natural or synthetic inhibitors. Most of the utilizing inhibitors were from organic molecules with heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and oxygen in addition to double bonds or aromatic rings in their structure that adsorbed on the surface of the metals. Corrosion inhibitors usually have the ability to control the corrosion through forming different kinds of films in various routes, such as adsorption through formation of precipitates or through forming of the inactive layer on the surface of the metal. Several organic inhibitors impeded the corrosion process by forming the invisible thin film on the metal surface.

The corrosion inhibition tendency of the synthesized 2-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-aryl-6-substituted aminopyridine derivatives was tested by studying the weight loss of steel coupons immersed in a solution of 6 M HCl for nine daytime intervals of immersion at room temperature. The weight loss (gravimetric method) is known to be the most widely used method of monitoring inhibition efficiency. The results of weight loss of steel coupons with the addition of different concentrations 200, 400, and 800 ppm of different inhibitors during 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days of immersion in 6 M HCl are showed in Table 2 [28–31]. The corrosion rate (k), the inhibition efficiencies (ηw), and the degree of surface coverage (θ) were calculated from the following equations:

where S is the total area of the specimen, t is the immersion time, and Wo and W are the values of the weight loss in the absence and/or presence of different concentrations of the inhibitors. Data in Table 2 and Figures 1–3 show that the synthesized 2-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-aryl-6-substituted aminopyridine derivatives 1, 5, 6, and 8 protected steel from corrosion. The weight loss decreases, and inhibition efficiency increases in the presence of inhibitors. As a result of weigh loss of mild steel in 6 M HCl with and without addition of various concentration of 2-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-aryl-6-substituted aminopyridine derivatives. The efficiency increase with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor, which elucidated that the number of molecules adsorbed increased over the steel, blocking the active sites from acid and protecting the steel from corrosion. At 800 ppm which is the highest concentration, also, the best inhibition achievement of the derivative 5 was impute to presence of two methoxy groups attached to the phenyl. These electron groups increase the resonance capability toward conjugations owing to the presence of unshared electron pairs on the nitrogen and oxygen atoms and thus increase the inhibition performance.

Table 2: Corrosion rate, surface covering, and corrosion inhibition efficiency of 1, 5, 6, and 8 inhibitors at room temperature.

No.
Dose (ppm)
1 day
3 days
5 days
7 days
9 days

K (mg·cm⁻²h⁻¹)
θ
η (%)
K (mg·cm⁻²h⁻¹)
θ
η (%)
K (mg·cm⁻²h⁻¹)
(θ)
η (%)
K (mg·cm⁻²h⁻¹)
θ
η (%)
K (mg·cm⁻²h⁻¹)
θ
η (%)

Blank
0.001590
—
—
0.001404
—
—
0.001484
—
—
0.00171
—
—
0.001968
—
—

1
200
0.001267
0.203
20.3
0.001029
0.2665
26.65
0.001046
0.2949
29.49
0.00116
0.3168
31.68
0.001202
0.3891
38.91

400
0.001059
0.3337
33.37
0.000876
0.3755
37.55
0.000886
0.4027
40.27
0.000911
0.4673
46.73
0.000922
0.5316
53.16

800
0.00090
0.4321
43.21
0.000750
0.4657
46.57
0.000732
0.5068
50.68
0.000705
0.5874
58.74
0.000704
0.6421
64.21

5
200
0.001057
0.3350
33.50
0.000832
0.4072
40.72
0.000842
0.4327
43.27
0.000873
0.4892
48.92
0.000850
0.5678
56.78

400
0.001010
0.3642
36.42
0.000794
0.4341
43.41
0.000795
0.4642
46.42
0.000839
0.5089
50.89
0.000806
0.5902
59.02

800
0.000832
0.4767
47.67
0.000617
0.5601
56.01
0.000607
0.5910
59.10
0.000582
0.6594
65.94
0.000569
0.7104
71.04

6
200
0.001148
0.2779
27.79
0.000983
0.2997
29.97
0.001000
0.3261
32.61
0.001100
0.3564
35.64
0.001097
0.4423
44.23

400
0.001021
0.3576
35.76
0.000801
0.429
42.9
0.000793
0.4654
46.54
0.000895
0.4762
47.62
0.000911
0.5369
53.69

800
0.000939
0.4092
40.92
0.000781
0.4432
44.32
0.000752
0.4929
49.29
0.000735
0.5697
56.97
0.000748
0.6199
61.99

8
200
0.001149
0.2772
27.72
0.000979
0.3021
30.21
0.001021
0.3120
31.20
0.001153
0.3254
32.54
0.001169
0.4060
40.60

400
0.00104
0.3415
34.15
0.000800
0.4296
42.96
0.000776
0.4771
47.71
0.000846
0.5048
50.48
0.000871
0.5573
55.73

800
0.000940
0.4083
40.83
0.000767
0.4532
45.32
0.000686
0.5374
53.74
0.000653
0.6181
61.81
0.000654
0.6675
66.74

Figure 1: Relation between inhibition efficiency of aminopyridine derivatives in 6 M HCl and time at room temperature at 200 ppm.

Figure 2: Relation between inhibition efficiency of aminopyridine derivatives in 6 M HCl and time at room temperature at 400 ppm.

Figure 3: Relation between inhibition efficiency of aminopyridine derivatives in 6 M HCl and time at room temperature at 800 ppm.

3. Experimental Section

All melting points measured on a Gallenkamp electric melting point apparatus are uncorrected. The infrared spectra were recorded in potassium bromide disks on a pye Unicam SP-3-300 and Shimdzu FT IR 8101 PC infrared spectrophotometers at the central laboratory of faculty of science, Ain Shams University.

The ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury VX-300 MHz, using TMS as an internal standard in deuterated dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO-d₆). Chemical shifts are measured in ppm. The mass spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP-1000EX mass spectrometer At 70 eV, elemental analyses were carried out at the microanalytical center of Ain Shams University. All the reactions and the purity of the new compounds were monitored by TLC using TLC aluminum sheets silica gel F₂₅₄.

3.1. Chemistry

General method for synthesis of 2-amino-4-aryl-6-substituted pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles 1–20 is as follows:

(a)One-pot multicomponent reactions by fusion

In a round bottom flask, aromatic aldehydes (0.01 mol), malononitrile (0.02 mol), and different primary amines (0.01 mol) were fused in sand bath for 3 h at 140–200°C. After cooling, the products were recrystallized from the proper solvent to give 1–20.

(b)One-pot multicomponent reactions using AlCl₃, ZnCl₂, and/or FeCl₃ as a catalyst

Mixture of aromatic aldehydes (0.01 mol), malononitrile (0.02 mol), primary amines (0.03 mol), and catalyst (0.015 mol) was refluxed in ethanol (20 mL) for 6h. The reaction mixture was poured onto ice/water, and the separated products were washed, dried, and recrystallized from the proper solvent to afford compounds (1–20).

3.1.1. 2-Amino-4-phenyl-6-(phenylamino)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (1)

Yield (90%); yellow powder; m. p. 250–252°C (ethanol). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3314, 3225 (NH₂), 3155 (NH), 2208 (CN), and 1630 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 9.10 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.64 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), and 7.56–7.05 (m, 10H, ArH). MS, m/z: (311). Anal. calcd for C₁₉H₁₃N₅ (311): C, 73.30; H, 4.21; and N, 22.49. Found: C, 73.36; H, 4.17; and N, 22.52.

3.1.2. 2-Amino-4-phenyl-6-(p-tolylamino)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (2)

Yield (91%); yellow powder; m. p. 258–260°C (ethanol). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3310, 3215 (NH₂), 3158 (NH), 2208 (CN), and 1630 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 9.02 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.54–7.09 (m, 9H, ArH), 7.49 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), and 2.26 (s, 3H, CH₃). MS, m/z: (325). Anal. calcd for C₂₀H₁₅N₅ (325): C, 73.83; H, 4.65; and N, 21.52. Found: C, 73.88; H, 4.60; and N, 21.48.

3.1.3. 2,6-Diamino-4-phenylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (3)

Yield (93%); yellow powder; m. p. 292–293°C (ethanol). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3424, 3363 (NH₂), 3218, 3155(NH₂), 2206 (CN), and 1623 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): 7.52–7.43 (m, 5H, ArH) and 7.23 (br.s, 4H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable). MS, m/z: (235). Anal. calcd for C₁₃H₉N₅ (235): C, 66.37; H, 3.86; and N, 29.77. Found: C, 66.41; H, 3.81; and N, 29.71.

3.1.4. 2-Amino-6-(ethylamino)-4-phenylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (4)

Yield (95%); yellow powder; m. p. 226–228°C (ethanol). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3323, 3218 (NH₂), 3168 (NH), 2225 (CN), and 1623 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 7.92 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.54–7.43 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.23 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), 3.32 (q, 2H, CH₂), and 1.10 (t, 3H, CH₃). MS, m/z: (263). Anal. calcd for C₁₅H₁₃N₅ (263): C, 68.42; H, 4.98; and N, 26.60. Found: C, 68.47; H, 4.92; and N, 26.56.

3.1.5. 2-Amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-((4-methoxyphenyl)amino)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (5)

Yield (89%); brown powder; m. p. 256–258°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3299, 3199 (NH₂), 3124 (NH), 2209 (CN), and 1606 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 9.17 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.49–6.76 (m, 8H, ArH), 4.32 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), 3.86 (s, 3H, OCH₃), and 3.83 (s, 3H, OCH₃). MS, m/z: (371). Anal. calcd for C₂₁H₁₇N₅O₂ (371): C, 67.91; H, 4.61; and N, 18.86. Found: C, 67.95; H, 4.55; and N, 18.81.

3.1.6. 2-Amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(p-tolylamino)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (6)

Yield (87%); brown powder; m. p. 268–270°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3304, 3202 (NH₂), 3128 (NH), 2211 (CN), and 1607 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 9.10 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.52–7.02 (m, 8H, ArH), 6.89 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), 3.88 (s, 3H, OCH₃), and 2.30 (s, 3H, CH₃). MS, m/z: (355). Anal. calcd for C₂₁H₁₇N₅O (355): C, 70.97; H, 4.82; and N, 19.71. Found: C, 71.04; H, 4.78; and N, 19.66.

3.1.7. 4-((6-Amino-3,5-dicyano-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzoic Acid (7)

Yield (82%); brown powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) broad band centered at 3326 (OH, NH₂), 3195 (NH), 2212 (CN), 1732 (C=O), and 1630 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 10.40 (br.s, 1H, OH, D₂O exchangeable), 9.10 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 8.06–7.18 (m, 8H, ArH), 6.67 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), and 3.89 (s, 3H, OCH₃). MS, m/z: (385). Anal. calcd for C₂₁H₁₅N₅O₃ (385): C, 65.45; H, 3.92; and N, 18.17. Found: C, 65.49; H, 3.87; and N, 18.13.

3.1.8. 2-((6-Amino-3,5-dicyano-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzoic Acid (8)

Yield (79%); brown powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) broad band centered at 3341 (OH, NH₂), 3219 (NH), 2208 (CN), 1735 (C=O), and 1630 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 11.04 (br.s, 1H, OH, D₂O exchangeable), 9.99 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.76–7.07 (m, 8H, ArH), 3.85 (s, 3H, OCH₃), and 6.97 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable). MS, m/z: (385). Anal. calcd for C₂₁H₁₅N₅O₃ (385), C, 65.45; H, 3.92; and N, 18.17. Found: C, 65.50; H, 3.96; and N, 18.21.

3.1.9. 2-Amino-6-((2-hydroxyphenyl)amino)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (9)

Yield (84%); black powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3424 (OH), 3373, 3286 (NH₂), 3219 (NH), 2206 (CN), and 1630 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 10.08 (br.s, 1H, OH, D₂O exchangeable), 9.94 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 6.85–7.71 (m, 8H, ArH), 6.83 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), and 3.81 (s, 3H, OCH₃). MS, m/z: (357). Anal. calcd for C₂₀H₁₅N₅O₂ (357), C, 67.22; H, 4.23; and N, 19.60. Found: C, 67.28; H, 4.18; and N, 19.56.

3.1.10. 2-((4-Acetylphenyl)amino)-6-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (10)

Yield (76%); brown powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3326, 3232 (NH₂), 3195 (NH), 2209 (CN), 1698 (CO), and 1630 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 9.93 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.89–7.02 (m, 8H, ArH), 6.89 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), 3.83 (s, 3H, -OCH₃), and 2.53 (s, 3H, CH₃). MS, m/z: (383). Anal. calcd for C₂₂H₁₇N₅O₂ (383) C, 68.92; H, 4.47; and N, 18.27. Found: C, 68.97; H, 4.43; and N, 18.21.

3.1.11. 2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(phenylamino)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (11)

Yield (91%); brown powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3416, 3303 (NH₂), 3215 (NH), 2209 (CN), and 1621 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 9.93 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.78–7.02 (m, 9H, ArH), and 6.89 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable). MS, m/z: (345). Anal. calcd for C₁₉H₁₂ClN₅ (345): C, 66.00; H, 3.50; and N, 20.25. Found: C, 66.04; H, 3.46; and N, 20.21.

3.1.12. 2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (12)

Yield (92%); brown powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3325, 3222 (NH₂), 3158 (NH), 2207 (CN), and 1629 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 9.19 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.65–6.79 (m, 8H, ArH), 6.92 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), and 3.83 (s, 3H, OCH₃). MS, m/z: (375). Anal. calcd for C₂₀H₁₄ClN₅O (375.1): C, 63.92; H, 3.76; and N, 18.64. Found: C, 63.98; H, 3.71; and N, 18.58.

3.1.13. 2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-((4-nitrophenyl)amino)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (13)

Yield (88%); black powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3322, 3227 (NH₂), 3128(NH), 2209 (CN), and 1623 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 9.10 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 8.01–7.06 (m, 8H, ArH), and 7.78 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable). MS, m/z (390). Anal. calcd for C₁₉H₁₁ClN₆O₂ (390): C, 58.40; H, 2.84; and N, 21.51. Found: C, 58.35; H, 2.79; and N, 21.45.

3.1.14. 2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(p-tolylamino)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (14)

Yield (90%); yellow powder; m. p. over 200–202°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3285, 3238 (NH₂), 3137 (NH), 2207 (CN), and 1613 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 7.45 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 6.82–6.40 (m, 8H, ArH), 4.65 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), and 2.30 (s, 3H, CH₃). MS, m/z (359). Anal. calcd for C₂₀H₁₄ClN₅ (359): C, 66.76; H, 3.92; and N, 19.46. Found: C, 66.71; H, 3.97; and N, 19.53.

3.1.15. 2-Amino-6-(phenylamino)-4-styrylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (15)

Yield (78%); black powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3372, 3265 (NH₂), 3160 (NH), 2202 (CN), and 1626 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 10.13 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.50–6.97 (m, 10H, ArH), 7.24 (d, 1H, =CH), 6.99 (d, 1H, =CH), and 6.95 (br.s, 2H, NH₂, D₂O exchangeable). MS, m/z: (337). Anal. calcd for C₂₁H₁₅N₅ (337): C, 74.76; H, 4.48; and N, 20.76. Found: C, 74.72; H, 4.52; and N, 20.81.

3.1.16. 2-Amino-6-((4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-4-styrylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (16)

Yield (81%); black powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3354, 3207 (NH₂), 3118 (NH), 2206 (CN), and 1613 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 10.13 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.63–7.04 (m, 9H, ArH), 7.24 (d, 1H, =CH), 6.99 (d, 1H, =CH), 6.95 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), and 3.83 (s, 3H, OCH₃). MS, m/z: (367). Anal. calcd for C₂₂H₁₇N₅O (367): C, 71.92; H, 4.66; and N, 19.06. Found: C, 71.98; H, 4.61; and N, 18.98.

3.1.17. 2-Amino-6-((4-nitrophenyl)amino)-4-styrylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (17)

Yield (73%); black powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3344, 3215(NH₂), 3120 (NH), 2203 (CN), and 1606 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 10.13 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 6.89 (br.s, 2H, NH₂, D₂O exchangeable), 7.63–7.04 (m, 9H, ArH), 7.21 (d, 1H, =CH), and 6.96 (d, 1H, =CH). MS, m/z: (382). Anal. calcd for C₂₁H₁₄N₆O₂ (382): C, 65.96; H, 3.69; and N, 21.98. Found: C, 65.91; H, 3.74; and N, 22.03.

3.1.18. 2-Amino-6-(ethylamino)-4-styrylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (18)

Yield (88%); black powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) broad band at 3346 (NH2, NH), 2203 (CN), and 1614 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 7.86–7.36 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.80 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.25 (d, 1H, =CH), 6.77 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), 6.46 (d, 1H, =CH), 3.64 (q, 2H, CH₂), and 1.10 (t, 3H, CH₃). MS, m/z: (289). Anal. calcd for C₁₇H₁₅N₅ (289): C, 70.57; H, 5.23; and N, 24.20. Found: C, 70.53; H, 5.29; and N, 24.25.

3.1.19. 2-Amino-6-(benzylamino)-4-styrylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (19)

Yield (84%); black powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) 3364, 3262 (NH₂). 3060 (NH), 2203 (CN), and 1612 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 8.83 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 4.15 (s, 2H, NHCH₂), 6.89 (br.s, 2H, NH2, D₂O exchangeable), 7.60–7.44 (m, 10H, ArH), 7.20 (d, 1H, =CH), and 6.93 (d, 1H, =CH). MS, m/z: (351). Anal. calcd for C₂₂H₁₇N₅ (351): C, 75.19; H, 4.88; and N, 19.93. Found: C, 75.26; H, 4.82; and N, 19.86.

3.1.20. 2-Amino-6-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-4-styrylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (20)

Yield (82%); black powder; m. p. over 300°C (acetone). FT-IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹) broad band centered at 3335 (OH, NH₂, NH), 2207 (CN), and 1623 (C=N). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 8.83 (br.s, 1H, NH, D₂O exchangeable), 7.60–7.30 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.20 (d, 1H, =CH), 6.93 (d, 1H, =CH), 6.89 (br.s, 2H, NH₂, D₂O exchangeable), 4.55 (br.s, 1H, OH, D₂O exchangeable), 3.60 (t, 2H, CH₂CH₂OH), and 3.15 (t, 2H, NHCH₂CH₂). MS, m/z: (305). Anal. calcd for C₁₇H₁₅N₅O (305): C, 66.87; H, 4.95; and N, 22.94. Found: C, 66.97; H, 4.89; and N, 22.86.

3.2. Experimental for Corrosion

Coupons of steel were cut into 1 × 1 × 0.5 cm³ dimensions are used for the gravimetric method. The specimens are washed, dried, and weighted. Then, coupons were immersed in a beaker containing 50 ml of a solution of 6 M HCl for 9 days with different concentrations of the synthesized 2-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-aryl-6-substituted aminopyridine derivatives. The specimens were washed, dried, and reweighted to take the difference in weight of steel coupons with and without the inhibitors, corrosion rate (CR), inhibition efficiencies (η (%)), and the degree of surface coverage (θ) for different concentrations at room temperature.

4. Conclusion

In summary, we have developed for the first time one-pot multicomponent reaction under the fusion condition without using solvent and catalysts. With this method, a wide range of novel 2-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-aryl-6-substituted aminopyridine derivatives were synthesized in high yields with a board substrate of functional groups. The synthesized pyridine derivatives act as corrosion inhibitors, and the rate of inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing concentration of the inhibitor.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their appreciation for Ain Shams University.

References

J. Zhu and H. Bienaymé, Multicomponent Reactions, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2005, Reviews.

A. Dömling, “Recent developments in isocyanide based multicomponent reactions in applied chemistry†,” Chemical Reviews, vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 17–89, 2006.

D. J. Ramón, M. Yus, and M. Angew, “Asymmetric multicomponent reactions (AMCRs): the new frontier,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 1602–1634, 2005.

C. l. Simon, T. Constantieux, and J. Rodriguez, “Utilisation of 1,3-dicarbonyl derivatives in multicomponent reactions,” European Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 2004, no. 24, pp. 4957–4980, 2004.

H. Bienaym, C. Hulme, G. Oddon, and P. Schmitt, “Maximizing synthetic efficiency: multi-component transformations lead the way,” Chemistry: A European Journal, vol. 6, no. 18, pp. 3321–3329, 2000.

A. Ulaczyk-Lesanko and D. G. Hall, “Wanted: new multicomponent reactions for generating libraries of polycyclic natural products,” Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 266–276, 2005.

H. Lebel and V. Paquet, “Highly chemoselective rhodium-catalyzed methylenation of fluorine-containing ketones,” Organic Letters, vol. 4, pp. 1671–1674, 2002.

M.-Y. Lin, S. J. Maddirala, and R.-S. Liu, “Solvent-dependent chemoselectivity in ruthenium-catalyzed cyclization of Iodoalkyne−Epoxide functionalities,” Organic Letters, vol. 7, pp. 1745–1748, 2005.

X. Wang, X.-P. Xu, S.-Y. Wang, W. Zhou, and S.-J. Ji, “Highly efficient chemoselective synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles via isocyanide-based multicomponent domino reaction,” Organic Letters, vol. 15, pp. 4246–4249, 2013.

P. E. Alford, G. W. Gribble, and J. A. Joule, “Six-membered ring systems: pyridines and benzo derivatives,” Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 22, pp. 349–391, 2011.

T. Kubota, T. Nishi, E. Fukushi, J. Kawabata, J. Fromont, and J. Kobayashi, “Nakinadine A, a novel bis-pyridine alkaloid with a β-amino acid moiety from sponge Amphimedon sp.,” Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 48, no. 29, pp. 4983–4985, 2007.

C. Temple Jr., G. A. Rener, W. R. Waud, and P. E. Noker, “Antimitotic agents: structure-activity studies with some pyridine derivatives,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 35, pp. 3686–3690, 1992.

X.-F. Wang, E. Ohkoshi, S.-B. Wang et al., “Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-alkyl-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amines as a new class of tubulin polymerization inhibitors,” Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 21, pp. 632–642, 2013.

N. Siddiqui, W. Ahsan, M. S. Alam, R. Ali, and K. Srivastava, “Design, synthesis and evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of pyridinyl-pyrrolidones: a pharmacophore hybrid approach synthesis and evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of pyridinyl‐pyrrolidones: a pharmacophore hybrid approach,” Archiv der Pharmazie, vol. 345, pp. 185–194, 2011.

J. Mercier, M. Gavend, V. Van Luv, and S. Dessaigne, “Manuel de pharmacologie a l’usage des eleves infirmieres,” Congr. Union Ther. Int., [C. R.], vol. 8, p. 361, 1963.

G. Dorner and F. W. Fischer, “Some biochemical and pharmacological properties of anti-inflammatory drugs,” Arzneimittel Forschung, vol. 11, p. 110, 1961.

H. Wang, R. Helgeson, B. Ma, and F. Wudl, “Synthesis and optical properties of cross-conjugated bis(dimethylaminophenyl)pyridylvinylene derivatives,” Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 65, no. 18, pp. 5862–5867, 2000.

T. Kanbara, T. Kushida, N. Saito, I. Kuwajima, K. Kubota, and T. Yamamoto, “Preparation and properties of highly electron-accepting poly(pyrimidine-2,5-diyl),” Chemistry Letters, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 583–586, 1992.

M. T. Saeed, “Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in sulfuric acid by bicyclic isoxazolidines,” Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 389–398, 2004.

L.-G. Qiu, A.-J. Xie, and Y.-H. Shen, “The adsorption and corrosion inhibition of some cationic gemini surfactants on carbon steel surface in hydrochloric acid,” Corrosion Science, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 273–278, 2005.

S. Muralidharan, M. A. Quraishi, and S. V. K. Iyer, “The effect of molecular structure on hydrogen permeation and the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic solutions,” Corrosion Science, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1739–1750, 1995.

J. Huang, J. Zhou, S. Song, H. Song, Z. Chen, and W. Yi, “A new and efficient ZnCl2-catalyzed synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-aryl-6-aryl-aminopyridines as potent antibacterial agents against Helicobacter pylori (HP),” Tetrahedron, vol. 71, no. 45, pp. 8628–8636, 2015.

S. Sarkar, D. K. Das, and A. T. Khan, “Synthesis of fully-substituted pyridines and dihydropyridines in a highly chemoselective manner utilizing a multicomponent reaction (MCR) strategy,” RSC Advances, vol. 4, no. 96, pp. 53752–53760, 2014.

S. Baghery, M. A. Zolfigol, and F. Maleki, “[TEATNM] and [TEATCM] as novel catalysts for the synthesis of pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles via anomeric-based oxidation,” New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 41, no. 17, pp. 9276–9290, 2017.

M. A. Chidiebere, E. E. Oguzie, L. Liu, Y. Li, and F. Wang, “Corrosion inhibition of Q235 mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution by phytic acid and synergistic iodide additives,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 53, no. 18, pp. 7670–7679, 2014.

M. Bouklah, A. Attayibat, B. Hammouti, A. Ramdani, S. Radi, and M. Benkaddour, “Pyridine-pyrazole compound as inhibitor for steel in 1M HCl,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 240, no. 1–4, pp. 341–348, 2005.

A. Ghazoui, R. Saddik, and N. Benchat etal., “The role of 3-amino2-phenylimidazol[1,2-a]pyridine as corrosion inhibitor for C38 steel in 1M HCl,” Der Pharma Chemica, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 352–364, 2012.

M. A. Hegazy and F. M. Atlam, “Three novel bolaamphiphiles as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid: experimental and computational studies,” Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 218, pp. 649–662, 2016.

M. A. Hegazy, A. S. El-Tabei, A. H. Bedairb, and M. A. Sadeqb, “Synthesis and inhibitive performance of novel cationic and gemini surfactants on carbon steel corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution,” RSC Advances, vol. 5, no. 79, pp. 64633–64650, 2015.

M. M. Hemdan, S. M. Taha, A. M. Gabr, and M. Y. Elkady, “Synthesis of some new phthalazines and their evaluation as corrosion inhibitors of steel,” journal of Chemical Research, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 617–621, 2014.

S. B. Al-Baghdadi, F. G. Hashim, A. Q. Salam et al., “Synthesis and corrosion inhibition application of NATN on mild steel surface in acidic media complemented with DFT studies,” Results in Physics, vol. 8, pp. 1178–1184, 2018.