Journal of Diabetes Research
Volume 2019 (2019), Article ID 4902301, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4902301

Research Article

Effects of Genetic Variants of Nuclear Receptor Y on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Ying Wang,¹ Shanshan Yang,² Qiuyue Guan,³ Jinglu Chen,² Xueping Zhang,² Yuwei Zhang,⁴ Yiming Yuan,¹ and Zhiguang Su²

¹Department of Geriatric Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
²Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
³Department of Geriatrics, People’s Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
⁴Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Zhiguang Su; zhiguang.su@scu.edu.cn

Received 20 December 2018; Accepted 4 March 2019; Published 7 May 2019

Academic Editor: Akira Sugawara

Copyright © 2019 Ying Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) consists of three evolutionary conserved subunits including NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC; it is a critical transcriptional regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism and adipokine biosynthesis that are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) occurrence, while the impacts of genetic variants in the NF-Y gene on the risk of T2DM remain to be investigated. In the present study, we screened five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the SNaPshot method in 427 patients with T2DM and 408 healthy individuals. Subsequently, we analyzed the relationships between genotypes and haplotypes constructed from these SNPs with T2DM under diverse genetic models. Furthermore, we investigated the allele effects on the quantitative metabolic traits. Of the five tagSNPs, we found that three SNPs (rs2268188, rs6918969, and rs28869187) exhibited nominal significant differences in allelic or genotypic frequency between patients with T2DM and healthy individuals. The minor alleles G, C, and C at rs2268188, rs6918969, and rs28869187, respectively, conferred a higher T2DM risk under a dominant genetic model, and the carriers of these risk alleles (either homozygotes of the minor allele or heterozygotes) had statistically higher levels of fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Haplotype analysis showed that SNPs rs2268188, rs6918969, rs28869187, and rs35105472 formed a haplotype block, and haplotype TTAC was protective against T2DM (, 95% -0.82, ), while haplotype GCCG was associated with an elevated susceptibility to T2DM (, 95% -3.57, ). This study is the first ever observation to our knowledge that indicates the genetic variants of NF-YA might influence a Chinese Han individual’s occurrence of T2DM.

1. Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), accounting for more than 90% of all cases of diabetes, is increasing rapidly and becoming a major public health threat throughout the world. During the last few decades, the number of people with T2DM has risen to 360 million worldwide, and this is expected to increase up to 592 million by 2035 [1], and this figure is anticipated to increase by 20% in developed countries and by 70% in developing countries in the next 20 years [2]. Many risk factors have been identified to influence the prevalence or incidence of T2DM. In addition to environmental parameters: obesity, dietary habits, physical activity, psychosocial stress, smoking, and so on, the evidence derived from familial studies including those in twins suggests that T2DM has a strong genetic basis [3]. Indeed, numerous studies through either candidate gene approach or the genome-wide association strategies have associated specific genetic variants with T2DM risk. Up to now, more than 88 loci have been identified to confer susceptibility to T2DM [4]. Their effects however are small, which are not enough to explain the heritability of T2DM.

Nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) is also named CBF that consists of three evolutionary conserved subunits including NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC (also known as CBP-B, CBP-A, and CBP-C, respectively). NF-Y is a ubiquitously expressed protein with CCAAT-binding activity [5]. The CCAAT motif is widely present in promoters of diverse classes of mammalian genes, so its binding partner NF-Y is involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes, such as cell cycle progression [6], embryonic development [7], neurodevelopment [8], cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism [9, 10], and muscle cell differentiation [11]. Recent studies indicate that the altered NF-Y activity is associated with diabetes. G6PC2 (also termed IGRP gene) encodes for the glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6Pase) that is a key gluconeogenic enzyme in hepatocytes; a genetic variant of G6PC2 is found to affect the NF-Y DNA interaction and enhance G6PC2 expression, resulting in an increased hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose production [12]. We recently found that the NF-YA liver-specific knockout mice showed significantly reduced blood glucose levels; further evidences demonstrated that NF-YA controls glucose production mainly through upregulating the gluconeogenic enzyme expression, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and G6Pase [13]. Moreover, NF-YA is closely near the T2DM susceptibility locus identified in European and Pakistani descents and Chinese [14]. On the basis of these observations, NF-YA is considered a convincing candidate gene for the predisposition to T2DM.

Owing to the importance of the CCAAT motif in gene transcription and the critical roles of NF-Y in numerous biological processes, there is a significant number of investigations developing agents that alter NF-Y DNA-binding pattern or its activity. Indeed, various compounds have been shown to affect NF-Y activity. Pyrrolobenzodiazepine conjugates are sequence-specific DNA-binding agents affecting NF-Y DNA interactions [15]. The synthetic antitumor agent HNM-176 can suppress the expression of multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) by inhibiting NF-Y activity in cancer cell lines [16]. Histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as trichostatin A, vorinostat, and valproic acid, clearly alter NF-Y activity via the impact on its acetylation [17, 18]. Thus, it is therapeutically feasible to modulate NF-Y activity through designing proper compounds. This strengthens the importance of assessing whether NF-Y may be a risk gene of T2DM. Therefore, this aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between genetic variants in NF-YA gene with a T2DM risk in a Chinese Han population.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Subjects

As described previously [19], a total of 835 unrelated Chinese Han subjects including 427 patients with T2DM and 408 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals were recruited from the West China Hospital of Sichuan University. The anthropometric parameters such as height, weight, and blood pressure were collected. T2DM was diagnosed according to the criteria of 1999 World Health Organization and defining as fasting glucose and/or 2 h postprandial plasma . Patients with a history of other forms of diabetes were excluded. The age-matched healthy individuals with normal fasting glucose levels and without family history of diabetes were from physical examination. This study was approved by the ethics review board of West China Hospital, Sichuan University. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.

2.2. Biochemical Measurements

Overnight fasting venous blood was collected using vacutainers and transferred to ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes. After centrifuging at 4000g for 5 min, the plasma was collected for measuring the biochemical parameters. The plasma levels of glucose and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride) were determined with commercially enzymatic kits (Boehringer Mannheim, USA).

2.3. SNP Selection and Genotyping

Genotype data of the Chinese population for the NF-YA region were obtained from the 1000 genome project resources (http://www.1000genomes.org/). Five tagSNPs with an threshold of 0.8 and a minor allele frequency of 0.05 were selected using Tagger software implemented in Haploview software (Table S1), which are rs2268188, rs6918969, rs28869187, rs35105472, and rs76109475. The genotype of each SNP was determined by the ABI SNaPshot method described previously [20]. Briefly, PCR products (primers are listed in Suppl. Table 1) containing SNPs were purified by shrimp alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease I and then were mixed with the SNaPshot multiplex and SNaPshot primers (Suppl. Table 1) for a single base-pair extension. Finally, SNaPshot reaction products were examined on an ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad; CA, USA). The data were analyzed by using GeneMapper 4.0 software (Applied Biosystems).

2.4. Statistical Analyses

Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). We compared the demographic and biochemical data between cases and controls with Student’s -test. We examined the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) of each SNP using two-sided chi-square analysis. The frequences of genotypes or alleles between the T2DM patients and the controls were compared under different genetic models including dominant, recessive, and additive models; Akaike’s information criteria (AIC) were used to select the best one with the samllest AIC value. We compared the biochemical parameters between participants with different genotypes at each SNP with a chi-square test. A two-sided significance level of was used for significant tests. Odds ratios (ORs) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression analyses [21, 22]. Haplotype reconstruction and pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) estimation were performed using Haploview 4.2 (https://www.broadinstitute.org/haploview/haploview).

3. Results

3.1. Characteristics of the Participants

The individual’s demographic data and biochemical parameters (Suppl. Table 2) have been reported previously [19]. Among the 427 participants with T2DM, 219 (51.28%) were male, and 208 (48.72%) were female. Out of 408 control subjects, 209 (51.22%) were male and 199 (48.78%) were female. The mean age of case and control groups was about 58 years. The average BMIs were and in diabetic patients and control individuals, respectively. There is no significant difference regarding gender, age, and BMI between the two groups (). Compared to healthy controls, the patients with diabetes had significantly lower plasma HDL-C concentrations ( vs. , ) and statistically higher levels of glucose ( vs. , ), cholesterol ( vs. , ), and triglycerides ( vs. , ), while the LDL-C levels are approximately equal between the two groups (). Meanwhile, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in diabetic patients than those in healthy controls ().

3.2. Distribution of the NF-YA SNPs between T2DM Patients and Healthy Individuals

Figure 1 illustrates the physical location of five tagSNPs genotyped. The frequencies of the genotype and allele of each SNP are summarized in Table 1; they were in accordance with the HWE in both groups (). We examined the associations of these five tagSNPs with T2DM. Three SNPs (rs2268188, rs6918969, and rs28869187) exhibited nominal significant differences in allelic or genotypic frequencies between patients with T2DM and healthy individuals, whereas others did not. Compared to the allele T at rs2268188, T at rs6918969, and A at rs28869187, the allele G at rs2268188 (, 95% CI: 1.06-1.61, ), C at rs6918969 (, 95% CI: 1.11-1.63, ), and C at rs28869187 (, 95% CI: 1.08-1.64, ) are associated with a higher risk of T2DM, respectively. The genotypes of these three SNPs were distributed statistically differently between T2DM patients and control individuals () (Table 1).

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the NF-YA gene. The relative position of each exon is marked by vertical lines; the arrow indicates the relative location of SNPs genotyped in the current study.

Table 1: Distributions of the NF-YA SNP in T2DM patients and controls.

SNP
Group
Genotype
HWE
Allele

Number
value
value
Freq. (%)
value
OR [95% CI]

rs2268188

TT/TG/GG

T
G

T2DM
191/182/54
0.013
0.304
66.0
34.0
0.011
1.31 [1.06–1.61]

Control
214/158/36

0.380
71.8
28.2

rs6918969

TT/TC/CC

T
C

T2DM
144/208/75
0.005
0.994
58.1
41.9
0.004
1.34 [1.11–1.63]

Control
179/172/57

0.136
64.9
35.1

rs28869187

AA/AC/CC

A
C

T2DM
182/184/61
0.008
0.193
64.2
35.8
0.006
1.33 [1.08–1.64]

Control
208/159/41

0.198
70.5
29.5

rs35105472

CC/CG/GG

C
G

T2DM
218/170/39
0.084
0.482
71.0
29.0
0.081
1.21 [0.97–1.54]

Control
227/156/25

0.793
74.8
25.2

rs76109475

GG/GA/AA

G
A

T2DM
195/181/51
0.624
0.369
66.9
33.1
0.615
1.05 [0.86–1.29]

Control
194/167/47

0.231
68.0
32.0

HWE: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. P values less than 0.05 are in bold.

3.3. Association of SNPs with T2DM in Diverse Genetic Models

To reach the maximum power in genetic association studies, the genetic model (dominant, recessive, or additive) used in the analysis is required to be concrodant with the “true” inheritant model of disease susceptibility loci. By comparing the frequency distributions of different genotypes at every SNP between groups in diverse models, the best genetic model was determined on the basis of Akaike’s information criteria. For each SNP, the allele with relatively lower frequency compared to another one is recognized as the minor allele (Table 1). We found that the minor alleles G, C, and C at rs2268188, rs6918969, and rs28869187, respectively, conferred a significant risk of T2DM under a dominant model (Table 2).

Table 2: Association between NF-YA SNPs and the risk of T2DM under different genetic models.

SNP
Genetic model
value
OR [95% CI]

rs2268188
Dominant
(TG+GG) vs. TT
0.026
1.36 [1.04–1.79]

rs6918969
Dominant
(TC+CC) vs. TT
0.003
1.54 [1.16–2.03]

rs28869187
Dominant
(AC+CC) vs. AA
0.016
1.40 [1.07–1.84]

rs35105472
Recessive
GG vs. (CG+CC)
0.074
1.62 [0.95–2.77

rs76109475
Dominant
(AG+AA) vs. GG
0.586
1.08 [0.82–1.42]

For each SNP, only the best genetic model determined by Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) is provided. The ORs and CIs that are statistically significant are bolded, along with the rs number of the corresponding SNP.

3.4. Effects of NF-YA Variants on Metabolic Parameters

We further examined the effects of rs2268188, rs6918969, and rs28869187 on the metabolic variables in participants with normal glucose regulation under a dominant model. Compared to the individuals with genotypes composed of homozygous wild-type alleles (T, T, and A at rs2268188, rs6918969, and rs28869187, respectively) and the carriers of the risk alleles (either homozygotes of the minor allele or heterozygotes) exhibited statistically higher levels of fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides (all ), while no such association was found for HDL-C levels (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Effects of rs2268188, rs6918969, and rs28869187 on metabolic parameters. The effects were analyzed with covariates gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) in participants with normal glucose regulation under a dominant model. Values are expressed as the . Statistically significant at .

3.5. NF-YA Haplotypes and T2DM

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) in pairwise combinations of alleles in different SNPs was assessed by using maximum likelihood from the genotype frequency in all participants. As shown in Figure 3, four SNPs (rs2268188, rs6918969, rs28869187, and rs35105472) were in moderate LD and formed a haplotype block.

Figure 3: Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plots for SNPs genotyped in the NF-YA region, which were generated by Haploview 4.2 software. SNPs are identified by their rs number in dbSNP. Red shades (left) show the strength of the pairwise LD based on D expressed as a percentile within squares. Black shades (right) demonstrate the strength of the pairwise LD based on , and the number is the value expressed as a percentage.

We subsequently compared the frequency distributions of haplotypes constructed from these four SNPs between T2DM patients and controls. As shown in Table 3, haplotype TTAC was associated with a lower risk of T2DM (, 95% -0.82, ), and haplotype GCCG was associated with an elevated susceptibility of T2DM (, 95% -3.57, ). None of the other haplotypes was found to have significant effects.

Table 3: Frequencies of pairwise haplotype constructed by SNPs in NF-YA.

Haplotype
Frequency
value
OR [95% CI]

Case
Control

TTAC
0.337
0.348
0.004
0.76 [0.33–0.82]

GCCG
0.344
0.319
0.001
2.33 [1.43–3.57]

GCCC
0.122
0.123
0.954

TTAG
0.109
0.113
0.443

CGTG
0.085
0.079
0.217

The order of SNPs from left to right is rs2268188, rs6918969, rs28869187, and rs35105472. Only haplotypes with a % in at least one group were listed. . Only haplotypes distributed significantly differently () were calculated.

4. Discussion

In this present study, we examined the relationships between five tagSNPs in the NF-YA region and their susceptibilities to T2DM. Our results suggest that the three SNPs (rs2268188, rs6918969, and rs28869187) are associated with the T2DM risk, and their minor alleles could confer an increased T2DM risk under a dominant genetic model. Moreover, the haplotype analysis also strongly supports that the NF-YA genetic variants contribute to the T2DM susceptibility. Haplotypes derived from rs2268188, rs6918969, rs28869187, and rs3510542 were associated with the risk of T2DM, implying the complexity of the NF-YA gene in T2DM development.

Indeed, numerous evidence has shown that NF-Y plays important roles in the regulation of glucose metabolism and the T2DM occurrence. Firstly, NF-Y can activate transcriptions of various endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-regulated genes, such as GRP78, XBP-1, ERP72, and CHOP [23, 24]. ER stress has been shown to be an important mediator in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes [25]. ER stress induced by excessive glucose or dietary fatty acid triggers pancreatic beta cell apoptosis and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues [26]. Secondly, NF-Y is recently demonstrated to control the expressions of adipokines including adiponectin and leptin in adipose tissue [27, 28]. Over the past decades, emerging evidence has indicated that the content of adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and T2DM [29]. Adiponectin and leptin can act as linkers between obesity and insulin resistance by performing special roles in the regulation of body metabolism [30]. Moreover, the adipose tissue-specific NF-Y knockout animals exhibit hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia [27]. Finally, NF-Y is identified to control hepatic gluconeogenesis, which is the primary source of glucose production in patients with T2DM. In line with its function in gluconeogenesis, liver-specific NF-YA knockout mice showed significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels [13]. These observations imply that NF-YA genetic variants might influence the risk of T2DM by combining multiple pathways.

T2DM has been associated with abnormal triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations [31]. In this study, we observed that the diabetic risk alleles were associated with the elevated plasma levels of triglyceride and cholesterol, suggesting the possible participation of genetic variants of NF-YA in T2DM etiology. Indeed, NF-Y is ascertained to regulate the expression of genes encoding the key enzymes responsible for the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase and reductase, squalene synthase, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase [9, 10, 32]. In addition, NF-Y regulates the transcription of SREBP-1[33] that is a master transcription factor of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis [34]. Moreover, the DNA binding of NF-Y predisposes a positive chromatin environment for transcriptional induction by SREBP [35]. Therefore, NF-Y may affect the development of T2DM by regulating the lipid metabolism.

The statistically significantly associated variants are within the NF-YA intron regions, which are considered to have no apparent biological function. However, intronic SNPs might impact gene expression [36]. It is also likely that the diabetic risk variants of NF-YA are only surrogate markers for the causal functional SNPs elsewhere. We only selected SNPs with minor allele frequency of 5% in the present study; thus, those rare disease-causing variants might be missed. However, the rare variants in genetic architecture are demonstrated to be critically important in disease etiology in a recent study [37]. Thus, the investigation of rare variants of NF-YA may lead to a better understanding of their roles in susceptibility to the development of T2DM. In addition, NF-Y is a trimeric protein complex composed by the NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC subunits, which are all necessary for the formation of NF-Y complexes and binding to target gene [5]. The absence of any of the NF-Y subunits results in loss of binding of the NF-Y complex to DNA- and NF-Y-directed transcription [5]. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the association of all three subunits of NF-Y with the diabetes in the future study.

In conclusion, this study is the first ever observation to our knowledge that demonstrates genetic variants of NF-YA are associated with T2DM. It is necessary to determine if the associated alleles influence gene expression, which will clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the association of NF-Y and T2DM.

Data Availability

Data are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. We can provide detailed data upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

There is no duality of interest associated with this manuscript.

Authors’ Contributions

WY, GQY, and YYM are responsible for collecting, processing, and interpreting the data and recruiting the patients. YSS, CJL, ZYW, and ZXP carried out the molecular genetics. SZG is responsible for funding acquisition and analyzing and writing the manuscript. Ying Wang, Shanshan Yang, and Qiuyue Guan contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

The study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81770814) and Key R&D Program of Sichuan Province (No. 2018SZ0171).

Supplementary Materials

Supplemental Table 1. Five SNPs in the NF-YA gene in the study. Supplemental Table 2. Characteristics of T2DM patients and control subjects. (Supplementary Materials)

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