Model Predictive Control Method with Constant Switching Frequency to Reduce Common-Mode Voltage for PMSM Drives

A model predictive control method to reduce the common-mode voltage (MPC-RCMV) with constant switching frequency for PMSM drives is proposed in this paper. Four nonzero VVs are adopted in future control period and the switching sequence is designed to ensure the switching frequency is fixed and equal to the control frequency. By substituting the finite-control nonzero voltage vectors in the current predictive model, a current predictive error space vector diagram is obtained to determine the adopted four VVs.-e duty ratio calculating method for the selected four VVs is studied. Compared with the conventional MPCRCMV method, the current and torque ripples are greatly reduced and the switching frequency is fixed. -e simulation and experiment results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Introduction
e common-mode voltage (CMV) of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system with two-level three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI), as shown in Figure 1, can be approximately calculated according to the voltage between the midpoint of the dc-link capacitor and the neutral point of the three-phase load [1].e high-frequency CMV can cause many problems including increasing the leakage currents [2], causing damage of the motor shaft [3], and increasing electromagnetic interference [4].
e research results in [7] suggest that only the active zerostate PWM1 (AZSPWM1) [5] and the near-state PWM (NSPWM) [6] are practical in most cases among the earlier developed CMVRPWM strategies.In addition, the newly developed optimized CMVRPWM strategies with the consideration of the current ripple losses and switching losses minimizing have been proposed in [8].All of the above CMVRPWM strategies can restrict the amplitude of the CMV within sixth of the dc-link voltage.Some CMVRPWM strategies are proposed to reduce the low-order components of CMV [11,12].A virtual space vector PWM (VSVPWM) for the reduction of CMV in both magnitude and thirdorder component is studied in [13].
On the other hand, the model predictive control methods [14,15] to reduce the CMV (MPC-RCMV) have also been proposed in [16][17][18][19][20][21][22].e MPC-RCMV method proposed in [16] adopts only six nonzero voltage vectors (VVs) to calculate the cost function and the CMV amplitude is reduced without utilizing zero VVs.In [17], the optimal VV is selected from three adjacent nonzero VVs, and this MPC-RCMV method needs less compute efforts.However, it has been proven that many spikes may appear in the current ripple with the method in [17].e problem has been analyzed in [18], and an improved MPC-RCMV method with four candidate VVs is developed to eliminate the current spikes.To eliminate the CMV spikes caused by the dead time, the method proposed in [19] preexcludes, from the candidates for future vectors, those voltage vectors which can increase the common-mode voltage during the dead time.A MPC-RCMV strategy without calculating the cost function is proposed in [20], where the nonzero optimal future VV is determined according to the basis of an inverse dynamics model.A two-vector based MPC-RCMV is proposed in [21], where two nonzero VVs are selected at every control period.e satisfactory load current ripple performance can be yielded; however, it is computationally intensive and the average switching frequency is still lower than 1/T s .However, with these above MPC-RCMV strategies, the current and torque ripples may be larger than the conventional field-oriented control (FOC) [23,24] with the same control frequency (1/T s ), mainly owing to that the average switching frequency is far smaller than 1/T s .In addition, the switching frequency of these methods are not fixed, which make it hard to analyze the harmonic features and design the filter.Many model predictive controllers with fixed switching frequency have been studied.e fixed switching frequency schemes for finite-control-set MPC are studied in [25,26].Modulated MPC strategies [27,28] have been developed to realize the target of constant switching frequency with the aid of a modulator.However, these fixed switching frequency MPC strategies in [25][26][27][28] have not considered the target of CMV reduction, and the amplitude of the CMV reaches to half of the dc-link voltages owing to the adoption of the zero VVs.
In this paper, a MPC-RCMV method with constant switching frequency is proposed.Unlike the conventional MPC-RCMV methods where one or two nonzero VVs are applied in future control period, four nonzero VVs are adopted and the switching sequence is designed to ensure the average switching frequency is fixed and equal to 1/T s .A current predictive error space vector diagram is obtained by substituting the finite-control nonzero VVs in the current predictive model, and according to it, the sector where the coordinate origin locates is calculated to determine the adopted four VVs. e duty ratio calculating method for the selected four VVs is studied.With the proposed method, the current reference can be fast and accurately tracked and the current ripples are much smaller than the conventional MPC-RCMV methods.Compared with the MPC methods with fixed switching frequency studied in [25][26][27][28], the proposed method can limit the amplitude of the CMV within sixth of the dc-link voltage.e effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by simulation and experiment.

Conventional MPC-RCMV Method
e conventional MPC-RCMV method for PMSM drives is shown in Figure 2. e current predictive model is given in the following equation: where L d and L q are the direct axis and quadrature axis inductances, ψ f is the permanent magnet flux linkage, i d , i q , u d , and u q are the load current and output voltage of the VSI at the kth sampling instant, i d (k + 1) and i q (k + 1) are the predicted direct axis and quadrature axis currents at the k + 1th sampling instant, R is the stator resistance, T s is sample period, and ω e is angular speed.
To compensate the delay caused by the sampling and calculation in digital control, the typical method as proposed in [29,30] is adopted, i.e., the direct axis and quadrature axis currents at the k + 2th sampling instant which are predicted as given in Equation ( 2) are adopted to calculate the cost function as Equation (3).
For the MPC strategy, the voltage vector (VV) that minimized the cost function is chosen to be applied in the next control period.e difference between the conventional MPC and the MPC-RCMV method is the VV selection in the finite-control set.For the MPC-RCMV method, only nonzero VVs are included in the finite-control set to limit the amplitude of the CMV within sixth of the dc-link voltage.According to the number of the VVs in the finite-control set, the conventional MPC-RCMV methods can be divided into three categories as shown in Figure 3, i.e., the 6 VV, 3 VV, and 4 VV strategies.In Figure 3, the arrows define the possible changes of the switching states in the next control period.e finite-control set of 6 VV strategy includes all the six nonzero VVs.As shown in Figure 3(a), the optimal VV of the next control sample can be selected as any nonzero VV no matter which VV is applied in the current period.e switching frequency of the 6 VV strategy is relatively high due to too many switches between nonadjacent VVs, e.g., all the power switches turn o or turn on with the switching state changing from 100 to 011.As shown in Figure 3(b), the nite-control set of 3 VV strategy is determined by the VV applied in the current period and the number of the selectable VVs is 3. e VV that applied in the current period and its two adjacent VVs can be selected for the next control period.Compared with the 6 VV strategy, the switching frequency of the 3 VV strategy is limited since at most one switch change is permitted, in addition, the computation amount is reduced by 50% owing to the number of cost function calculation changes from 6 to 3.However, it has been proven that many spikes may appear in the current ripple when 3 VV strategy is utilized due to the lack of enough alternative VVs [16].To solve this problem, an improved 4 VV strategy is developed in [16] where four VVs are chosen as candidate VVs at the same time as shown in Figure 3(c).Compared with the 3 VV strategy, a nonadjacent VV is included in the nite-control set to ensure that the motor current can be adjusted towards two directions.
It should be noted that there are some problems for the conventional MPC-RCMV methods.Firstly, the switching frequency of these methods is not xed, which makes the voltage and current spectrum spread over a wide range of frequencies.Secondly, the average switching frequency is smaller than the control frequency (1/T s ) which should be set small enough considering the computation time, e.g., the results in [16] indicate that the average frequency of the 4 VV strategy is no more than 2 kHz with the control period set as 100 μs.us, the conventional MPC-RCMV methods are not suitable in the elds where the average switching sequence needs to be high enough to realize the control targets such as decrease the torque ripples and the noises.

Proposed MPC-RCMV Method with Constant
Switching Frequency e control diagram of the proposed MPC-RCMV method with constant switching frequency is shown in Figure 4.It includes four parts, i.e., current predictive model, delay compensation, voltage vector selection and duty ratio calculation, and switching sequence producing part.Unlike the conventional MPC-RCMV method where only one active VV is applied in a single control period, the proposed method adopts 4 active VVs to keep the switching frequency xed.e current predictive model part calculates i d (k + 1) and i q (k + 1) by Equation ( 4) where u av q and u av d are the average d-and q-axis voltages in the whole control period.

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
VVs and their duty ratios which are obtained in the last control period by the proposed MPC-RCMV method.
en, the direct axis and quadrature axis currents at the (k + 2)th sampling instant for di erent active VVs can be calculated by substituting Equation (4) in Equation ( 2).
e predictive current errors (PCE) are de ned as By combining Equations ( 2) and ( 4), the PCE equation can be written as where C d and C q satisfy According to Equation ( 6), the values of PCEs are related with the d-and q-axis voltages, and thus, the position of the PCE in the e id -e iq coordinate system, as shown in Figure 5, are changed by selecting di erent VVs.
In Figure 5, e 1 -e 6 represents the PCE vector by applying the VVs V 1 -V 6 , and e 0 represents the PCE vector of the zero VVs.Owing to the corresponding d-and q-axis voltages for the zero VVs are both 0, the coordinate of e 0 is (C d , C q ) according to Equation ( 6). e variables of C d and C q are determined by the VV that applied in the current period and have no relation with the selected VV in the next period, and thus, they can be viewed as constants in Equation ( 6).
e reference current tracking problem can be solved by selecting appropriate VVs to make both the e id and e iq become zero, i.e, the current can track its reference by making the current error vector reach the coordinate origin as shown in Figure 5.In fact, the optimal VV selecting process of the conventional MPC-RCMV method can be viewed as determining the nearest PCE from the coordinate origin by minimizing the cost function.As an example, the vector V 1 will be selected for the case shown in Figure 5 with the conventional MPC-RCMV method.Owing to the fact that only single VV is selected during one control period for the conventional MPC-RCMV, the selected optimal VV may not ensure the current error vector reach the coordinate origin.In this part, the MPC-RCMV method with constant switching frequency is proposed by adopting four nonzero VVs in one control period to ensure the average current error approach to 0 within one period for the case shown in Figure 5.
A new coordinate system (e id ′ -e iq ′ as shown in Figure 5) is de ned by the transformation given in following equation: e reference current error vector (e * ) is de ned as the vector O ′ O → , and its coordinate is (−C d , −C q ).e reference current tracking problem can be solved by synthetizing e * with the PCE vectors (e 1 -e 6 as shown in Figure 5).e vector selection process can be implemented according to the angle of e * , e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , e 4 , e 5 , and e 6 in the e id ′ -e iq ′ coordinate system which can be calculated by the following equation: e sector (S) is de ned as shown in Figure 5 and can be obtained according to Table 1, and then, the selected VVs can be determined.In Table 1, the variable θ i (i 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and θ * represent the angle of e i and e * , respectively.
According to Equation ( 8), the current error vector will reach the position de ned in Equation (10) if the voltage vector V i is adopted with the duty ratio d i .Equation (10) indicates that the change of the current error vector is proportional to  the duty ratio of the adopted VV.Accordingly, the reference current tracking can be realized by synthetizing e * with linear combination of the PCE vector of the selected VVs.
According to the nearest three-vector principle, e * can be synthetized by e 0 , e 1 , and e 2 for the case that S is 1 as shown in Figure 5. Owing to that the zero vectors should be avoided to restrict the CMV amplitude, two opposing PCEs (e 3 and e 6 ) with equal duty cycle can be utilized to create equivalent e 0 .e duty ratios of the adopted VVs can be calculated by Equation (11) if S is 1.
However, the duty ratios calculated by Equation (11) needs to be adjusted as Equation (12) for the case where the reference current error vector (e * ) is outside of the hexagon enclosed by e 1 -e 6 as shown in Figure 6.
If e * locates in other sectors, the duty ratio calculating method is the same as the case where S is 1.After obtaining the duty ratios of the adopted VVs, the switching sequence can be designed as shown in Table 2.
e flowchart of the proposed method is shown in Figure 7(b).e values of i q (k + 1) and i d (k + 1) are firstly calculated by Equation (4), and then, e id and e iq for different

S
Switching sequence 1  Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering active VVs can be obtained by Equation ( 5). e sector and the selected VVs can be determined by Table 1 and the duty ratios of the selected VVs can be calculated by Equations ( 11) and (12).Finally, the switching sequence can be obtained according to Table 2.

Simulation Results and Analysis.
To validate the effectiveness of the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency, the strategy is simulated by Matlab/Simulink and the main parameters are given in Table 3.
To minimize the copper losses of the PMSM, the maximal torque per ampere (MTPA) strategy [31,32] is adopted and the reference of the d-and q-axis current can be calculated as Equation ( 13) where i * s is the reference of the stator current.
In the simulation, i * s is set as 200 A and 300 A at the interval 0-0.5 s and 0.5-1 s, respectively.e speed of the motor is set as 750 r/min in the simulation.
e line-to-line voltage (V ab ), CMV, and three-phase current waveforms for both the conventional 6 VV strategy, and the proposed method are given in Figure 8. e CMV curves in Figure 8 indicate that the amplitude of the CMV has been restricted within sixth of the dc-link voltage with both the conventional and the proposed methods.e waveforms of the d-and q-axis current and the electromagnetic torque (T e ) for both the conventional and the proposed methods are shown in Figure 9.It can be seen from Figure 9 that the fluctuations of i d , i q , and T e of the proposed method are far smaller than the conventional method.e comparison results of the peak-to-peak of the fluctuation of i d , i q , and T e are given in Table 4.In the case where T s of these two methods are both set as 100 µs, the fluctuations of i d , i q , and T e with the proposed method in the case where i * s is set 200 A reduce by 95.9%, 97.8%, and 78.2%, respectively.In addition, the fluctuations of i d , i q , and T e in the case where i * s is set 300 A reduce by 95.9%, 98.2%, and 74.8%, respectively.In Table 4, the peak-to-peak of the fluctuation of i d , i q , and T e for the conventional method with T s set as 50 µs is also analyzed, and the fluctuations of i d , i q , and T e are still much bigger than the proposed method with T s set as 100 µs, which indicate that the control performance of the proposed method is greatly enhanced compared with the conventional method.
e fast Fourier transform analysis results of the phase current for both the conventional and the proposed methods are shown in Figure 10.e results in Figure 10 indicate that the main current harmonics components of the proposed method concentrate on the switching frequency (10 kHz)

Start up
Calculate i q (k + 1), i d (k + 1) by Equation ( 4) Cost function calculation by Equation ( 3) Produce the drive pulses Determine the optimized voltage vector Calculate i q (k + 1), i d (k + 1) by Equation ( 4) Predict e id and e iq by Equation ( 5    and its multiple, which is helpful for the harmonic filter design.In addition, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the phase current with the proposed method is smaller than the conventional one.
Accordingly, it can be concluded that the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency shows great advantages over the conventional 6 VV strategy, mainly in the current and torque ripple reduction.
In order to illustrate the advantage of the proposed method over the MPC controller without considering the target of CMV reduction, the comparison results between the MPC method with constant switching frequency in [27] and the proposed method are shown in Figure 11.In Figure 11, the MPC method in [27] is adopted before 0.2 s and the proposed method is used after 0.2 s.
e line-to-line voltage, CMV, and three-phase currents are shown in Figure 11.e CMV amplitude of the MPC method in [27] reaches to the half of the dc-link voltage, but it has been limited within sixth of the dc-link voltage with the proposed method.Accordingly, the main advantage of the proposed method is that the CMV can be reduced.

Experimental Validation.
To validate the effectiveness of the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency, an experimental prototype has been established as shown in Figure 12.A 540 V dc-link voltage is obtained by the PWM rectifier.e motor 1 is connected with the inverter 1, and the proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency is implemented by the controller 1. e  8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering motor 2 is a load motor which is controlled by the inverter 2. e parameters of the PMSM are the same as the simulation.
In the experiment, a 150-MIPS fixed-point 32-bit TMS320F2812 DSP board is adopted to carry out the computation.e execution time for the proposed MPC-RCMV methods with necessary protecting and sampling process is 83 µs.To introduce the real-time implementation details, the flowchart of the proposed method in Figure 7(b) is divided into 4 parts, and the execution time of these four parts are 5 µs, 61 µs, 6 µs, and 2 µs, respectively.e other execution time is for the necessary sampling and protecting process.e d-and q-axis current waveforms for the both conventional and proposed methods, which are measured through a digital-to-analog (DA) chip (TLV5610) on the control board, are shown in Figure 13, where the reference stator current changes from 100 A to 150 A at the middle of the graph.e results in Figure 13(b) indicate that the d-and q-axis current reference can be fast tracked with high precision as the conventional method as shown in Figure 13(a).In addition, it can be seen from Figure 13 that the ripples of both the d-and q-axis current for the proposed method have been greatly reduced compared with the conventional one.Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering e three-phase currents and the line-to-line voltage curves for the both methods are shown in Figure 14. e THD values for the conventional method where the reference of the stator current is 100 A and 150 A are 6.3% and 5.1%, respectively.e THD values for the proposed method where the reference of the stator current is 100 A and 150 A are 2.4% and 1.6%, respectively.us, the current quality of the proposed method has been greatly improved.
e CMV curves shown in Figure 15 indicate that the amplitude of the CMV has been successfully restricted within sixth of the dclink voltage.Accordingly, the effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by the experimental results.

Conclusion
A MPC-RCMV method with constant switching frequency for the PMSM drives is studied in detail.In the proposed method, four nonzero VVs are adopted and the switching    Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering sequence is designed according to the established current predictive error space vector diagram.Unlike the conventional methods where the switching frequency changes with the work condition of PMSM, the average switching frequency is fixed and equal to 1/T s .e simulation and experiment results indicate that the current reference can be fast and accurately tracked, and the current ripples are greatly reduced.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Switching state paragraph of the MPC-RCMV: the arrows de ne the possible changes of the switching states.(a) e 6 VV strategy.(b) e 3 VV strategy.(c) e 4 VV strategy.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: e control diagram of the conventional MPC-RCMV method.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: e control diagram of the proposed MPC-RCMV method with constant switching frequency.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Predicted current error space vector diagram.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Predicted current error space vector diagram.

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Flowchart of the conventional and proposed method.(a) e conventional method.(b) e proposed method.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: e line-to-line voltage (V ab ), the common-mode voltage, and three-phase current waveforms.(a) e conventional MPC-RCMV.(b) e proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: d-and q-axis current and the electromagnetic torque waveforms.(a) e conventional MPC-RCMV.(b) e proposed MPC-RCMV with constant switching frequency.

Table 1 :
Voltage vector selection principle.
e scope of θ * S Selected VVs

Table 3 :
Main parameters of the simulation.

Table 4 :
Comparison results of the peak-to-peak of the fluctuation of i d , i q , and T e .