Inactivation of Microbial Food Contamination of Plastic Cups Using Nonthermal Plasma and Hydrogen Peroxide

Department of Physics and Measurements, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic Department of Computing and Control Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Department of Food Preservation, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic


Introduction
e microbial contaminants present a serious problem, among others, in food processing, and their elimination is often desired in many areas.ere are many papers studying the microbial decontamination of food and food packaging materials by conventional as well as alternative physical or chemical methods, for example, reviews [1,2] or research articles as [3,4] comprise the ultrahigh pressure processing (cold pasteurization), ionizing radiation, electron beam, UV radiation, pulsed electric eld, magnetic eld, ozone, or other chemical agents as peracetic acid, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, linalool, carvacrol, or thymol.Ultrasound is used in [5], pulsed light systems are used in [6] or [7], the e ect of radio frequency heating is used in [8], and recently also the shaped electrical pulses have been studied [9].
One possible alternative presents the microbial decontamination by nonthermal plasma (NTP).
e contamination may often arise also from the packaging materials [19,20]; therefore, many papers describe basic studies of NTP application in food packaging.Several papers deal with decontamination of food packaging materials by NTP generated under low pressure as [21][22][23][24][25].Following works use NTP in more economically and easier-to-use form at atmospheric pressure, for example, the decontamination of polymer foils [26], plastic tray, aluminum foil and paper cup [27], PET lm [28], dried laver [29], shell eggs [30], or sealed packages [31].Also other e ects of NTP treatment on food packaging materials as in uence on contact angle, wettability, roughness, and surface energy are studied and summarized in [32,33].
To increase the decontamination e ciency, the atmosphere where the plasma is generated may be also enriched by some other microbicidal substances, for example, hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid.Such commercial sterilizers already exist; however, they work at reduced pressure and massive apparatus, resembling autoclave, is needed; for details, see, for example, the review [11] or [34].
In this paper, we combine the bene ts of NTP generated at atmospheric pressure, where no additional vacuum apparatus is necessary, and the addition of other bactericidal agent-hydrogen peroxide.is paper follows our previous articles [35,36], where synergy decontaminating e ect of the combination of NTP with hydrogen peroxide aerosol was demonstrated on agar surfaces and dry cellophane foils.Here, we present the study of volume decontamination e ect of plastic objects on both de ned and airborne contamination.As rst, we con rm the previously observed synergy e ect in volume also.Following, we have studied the decontamination of large volumes with high concentration of microorganisms so that we could subsequently demonstrate the reliable inactivation of much lower airborne contamination of packaging vessels.

Plasma Generation.
e NTP was generated in the apparatus previously described in [35,36].e point-to-wire discharge burns between the point and grid electrode in an open chamber where the hydrogen peroxide or pure water aerosol was added to the air atmosphere.e point electrode was represented by the tip of a syringe needle Medoject (0.6 × 30 mm) situated vertically to the grid electrode.e grid consisted of stainless steel wire of 0.25 mm diameter forming the net with a mesh size of 8 mm.e electrode distance was adjusted to 6 mm.e discharge was stabilized by the connection of a serial resistance of 10 MΩ into the circuit.e polarity of the point electrode was set as negative and the grid electrode as positive.e discharge voltage was set to 2.7 kV which corresponds to the current of 500 μA.For more details about this discharge denominated as pulseless glow, see our previous paper [37], where several stabilized discharges are studied.For other information about the corona discharge stabilization and its characteristic, see, for example, papers [38,39].e aerosol of pure water or 10% hydrogen peroxide was generated by the ultrasonic nebulizer (Lucky Reptile, Super Fog SF-1) and mixed with the air; the volume of nebulized water or hydrogen peroxide in the air mixture was 0.40 ± 0.03 ml/l (determined by the weight loss). is mixture owed to the discharge area and created the discharge atmosphere.
e aerosol ow was adjusted to the value of 2.0 ± 0.1 l/min (determined by ebulliometry).e distance between the decontaminated object and the grid electrode was set to 12 mm.e schematic experimental arrangement and the picture of plasma active area are shown in Figure 1.

Microorganisms under Study.
e microorganisms under study were bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis (wild strain) and lamentous micromycetes Aspergillus oryzae (DBM 4002), Aspergillus niger (DBM 4054), Cladosporium sphaerospermum (DBM 4282), Alternaria sp.(DBM 4004), Eurotium sp.(wild strain 1), Eurotium sp.(wild strain 2), and Trichoderma atroviride (wild strain).DBM is the Collection of Yeasts and Industrial Microorganisms of the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology at the University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague.Wild strains were contaminants isolated from food products.In all cases, the bacteria were cultivated on the Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid) at 37 °C overnight for 18 hours and the micromycetes were cultivated on the Sabouraud medium (Oxoid) agar at 25 °C for 5 days to become sporulated.
e suspension of each microorganism under study was prepared by the mixing of loopful taken from the surface of grown culture into the sterile water; in the case of micromycetes, Tween 80 in ratio 0.1% was added into the suspension to improve wettability.It was determined by microscopic examination that the number of conidiospores in the suspension signi cantly exceeds the number of other mycelium cells.

Decontamination of Container Buckets.
e volume decontamination e ect was examined on cylindrical polytetra uoroethylene (PTFE) container buckets of heights of 13 cm and diameters of 7 cm and 10 cm for volumes of 0.5 l and 1 l, respectively.e inside of containers was lined with contaminated cellophane foils which simplify the microbial manipulation.Prepared suspension of microorganisms was spread homogeneously onto the surface of cellophane foil in  Journal of Food Quality the concentrations of 10 4 cfu/cm 2 and 10 3 cfu/cm 2 for bacteria and micromycetes, respectively.After one hour drying at common room temperature (22 °C) and humidity (40%), the foil was cut into strips (2 cm × 33 cm for 0.5 l cup and 2 cm × 36 cm for 1 l cups) and placed on the inner surface of cylindrical containers and exposed to one of described decontamination methods.To transfer the spores from foils to agar, both the exposed and reference foils were imprinted onto the surface of agar and incubated at 37 °C for 1 day or at 25 °C for 5 days in the case of bacteria or micromycetes, respectively.e operating sequence together with the particular sizes of used foils and cylinders is depicted in Figure 2. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
In rst set of exposures, our previous study 36 was followed to con rm the inactivation properties of NTP for 3D objects.Moreover, also the spatial distribution of inhibition e ect e ciency was determined.
e prepared samples of 0.5 l containers with limited number or microorganism species S. epidermidis, C. sphaerospermum, and A. niger were exposed to NTP with addition of pure water aerosol, to NTP with addition of hydrogen peroxide aerosol, and to the hydrogen peroxide aerosol without the NTP.Samples were exposed for 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 s. e inhibition e ect was denoted as full for no colony growth, as partial for observable isolated colonies (lower than approx.30 cfu/cm 2 ), and the continuous overgrown (higher than approx.30 cfu/cm 2 ) was denoted as no inhibition.
Afterwards, the e ciency of inactivation for a broader spectrum of all mentioned microorganisms was examined in both container types.Prepared samples were exposed for 30, 60, and 120 s to the combination of NTP with hydrogen peroxide aerosol.e inhibition e ect was observed both as the inhibition zone without any growth of colony and as the number of grown cfu.

Decontamination of Commercial Cups.
To con rm the decontamination e ect of used apparatus for direct practical application, the decontamination was studied on commercial polypropylene (PP) 0.5 l cups (Wimex s.r.o., Czech Republic) of height of 13.5 cm and of bottom and top diameter of 5.5 cm and 9 cm, respectively.Twenty clean cups were contaminated by arti cial or airborne contamination.
For arti cial contamination, the inside surface of a cup was sprayed homogeneously by 2 ml of water suspension of A. oryzae or Alternaria sp. in concentration of 10 3 cfu/ml with Tween 80 in ratio 0.1% and dried for one hour at common room temperature (22 °C) and humidity (40%).Consequently, cups were exposed for 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 s to the combination of NTP with hydrogen peroxide aerosol.
For airborne contamination, cups were kept open in the laboratory for one week and ten of them were exposed to the NTP with hydrogen peroxide aerosol for 30 s. After, all cups were lled with prepared potato-carrot broth with the addition of 50 g of glucose per 1 l as model content, closed to prevent contamination, and kept in room temperature for one week.Finally, the number of grown micromycetal colonies on the broth surface was counted.All experiments were performed in triplicate.

Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows the results for decontamination of samples contaminated by S. epidermidis, C. sphaerospermum, and A. niger in 0.5 l cylindrical container buckets by all three mentioned methods.Obtained results were identical for all three particular repetitions.Observable decontamination occurred after the exposure to the NTP with hydrogen peroxide aerosol only, where the full decontamination occurred within 5 s of exposure for S. epidermidis (4 log10 reduction) and within 30 s of exposure for C. sphaerospermum and A. niger (3 log10 reduction).For other methods, the decontamination was not observable, so that it cannot be declared neither as inhibition zone nor countable colonies even after 120 s.
ese results correspond with our previous observation and con rm that the combination of NTP and hydrogen peroxide aerosol is much more e cient than their single action for volume decontamination also.
On this basis, in following experiments, the samples were exposed to the NTP in the aerosol of hydrogen peroxide only.
e spatial distribution of inhibition e ect for C. sphaerospermum is depicted in Figure 3. e inhibition zone becomes to be visible after 10 s exposure in the center which corresponds to the bottom of buckets, and for longer exposure times, it enlarges and takes the whole area.e gradual extending of inhibition zone from the center corresponds with the air ow induced by the discharge ion wind, which is a characteristic of point-to-point/wire/plane discharges.For more details about the plasma sources and their properties, see, for example, our previous works [40,41] dealing with point-to-point cometary discharge, demonstrative work about the ion source induced air ow [42], or the review of several common plasma sources [43] suitable for decontamination.    2 and 3.In 0.5 l containers, the full decontamination occurs for most of species after shortest exposure of 30 s and the full decontamination for all species occurs after exposure of 120 s.In 1 l containers, the decontamination after 30 s was only partial for most of species and the total decontamination occurred after 120 s of exposure for all species except Alternaria sp. e results show that the bacterium S. epidermidis is more sensitive than all micromycetes species and that from selected micromycetal species, Alternaria sp. is the most resistant one.As expected, the longer exposure times are necessary for larger volume buckets.
e results for decontamination of arti cially contaminated commercial PP cups are given in Table 4. e number of cultivable cfu decreases with the time of exposure.For A. oryzae, representing the sensitive species, the strong inhibition occurs after 10 s of exposure and the full inhibition occurs for 15 s and longer exposures.For the most resistant one, Alternaria sp., the inhibition e ect is visible after 15 s of exposure and the full inhibition occurs after 120 s exposure.For the airborne contamination, it was found that for nonexposed cups, approximately three grown micromycete colonies per one cup are observed (2.5 ± 2.2); however, in exposed cups, no grown colonies are observed.
ese results make this synergy e ect of hydrogen peroxide and nonthermal plasma potentially applicable to the practice.For example, the jam or ketchup production companies in Czechia have permanent problems with spoilage in plastic-packed products.e picture of cups after cultivation is shown in Figure 4.In this case, the number of cfu does not represent the real number of culturable cfu in cups, but it has to demonstrate the potential of present microorganisms to spoil the content, Q.E.D.
In our previously mentioned work [37], the discharge denominated as pulseless glow almost identical with that one used in this study.
e discharge burned under similar geometry and identical electrical and chemical characteristics: in time constant voltage of 2.7 kV and current of 500 μA where no pulses were recorded by 150 MHz bandwidth oscilloscope; emission spectrum was identical with pulseless glow one.e dominant nitrogen N 2 bands were detected; the lower intensity of N + 2 indicates the high electron temperature important for microbicidal activity [44,45]; also the minute peak attributed to OH • was detected.Fact that the presence of hydrogen peroxide aerosol in the discharge atmosphere did not change its evaluated characteristics indicates that the rapid increase of microbicidal activity must be induced in the postdischarge dark phase.e main mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide activity may be its dissociation (for details, see our previous paper [35]): Presented apparatus seems to be a potential alternative to several common decontamination methods based on hydrogen peroxide.Addition of the NTP part to current peroxide-based methods would be very easy and cheap and may help to increase the decontamination e ciency, increase the speed of production line, or decrease the amount or concentration of applied peroxide, or solve the contamination problems in production lines where it is di cult to ensure fully aseptic conditions.e decrease of concentration of hydrogen peroxide or amount of energy is also important from an ecological point of view.

Conclusions
Experimental study of the volume decontamination effects of nonthermal plasma generated in corona discharge in combination with hydrogen peroxide aerosol shows much higher e ciency than the single action of NTP or hydrogen peroxide.While the decontamination of single nonthermal plasma or hydrogen peroxide is not observable after 120 s, the strong decontamination e ect of their combination occurs after 30 s of exposure.
is phenomenon was demonstrated on one bacterial and seven micromycete species in both container buckets and 0.5 l commercial cups.Along with the total inactivation of airborne contamination of commercial cups, it predetermines this method as a suitable alternative to the currently used methods based on hydrogen peroxide applications.It may help to reduce the required amount or concentration of hydrogen peroxide, which is also important from an ecological point of view.Journal of Food Quality 5

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Schematic view of the apparatus and picture of plasma active area.Nebulized hydrogen peroxide mixed with air ows to the discharge active plasma region where active particles are produced and carried by the ion wind to the sample.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Systematics of the experiment.Cellophane foil is inoculated by the microbial suspension, dried, cut into the strips, and placed on the inner surface of cylindrical containers.Containers are exposed to the NTP with hydrogen peroxide aerosol, strips are imprinted onto the surface of the agar medium and cultivated, and the inhibition zones are determined.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: e spatial distribution of inhibition e ect for C. sphaerospermum for several exposure times.

Table 2 :Table 3 : 30 3 4
Decontamination e ect of NTP with hydrogen peroxide aerosol in 0.5 l cylindrical containers indicated as both inhibition zone (% of area) and total cfu for exposure time (t).MicroorganismInhibition zone (% of area)/grown cfu t 30 Decontamination e ect of NTP with hydrogen peroxide aerosol in 1 l cylindrical containers indicated as both inhibition zone (% of area) and total cfu for exposure time (t).MicroorganismInhibition zone (% of area)/grown cfu t Alternaria sp.35 ± 5/uncount 75 ± 5/20 ± 5 80 ± 5/5 ± Journal of Food Quality e results of decontamination of all species for both sizes of containers are presented in Tables

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: e picture of exposed (upper ten) and nonexposed (bottom ten) airborne-contaminated cups after cultivation.

Table 1 :
Decontamination e ect of all used methods in 0.5 l cylindrical containers for S. epidermidis, C. sphaerospermum, and A. niger indicated only qualitatively.

Table 4 :
Decontamination e ect of all used methods in 0.5 l cylindrical containers for A. oryzae and Alternaria sp.