Journal of Function Spaces and Applications

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 409049, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/409049

Research Article

Generalized Exponential Trichotomies for Abstract Evolution Operators on the Real Line

Nicolae Lupa¹ and Mihail Megan2,3

¹Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, West University of Timişoara, Boulevard Pestalozzi 16, 300115 Timişoara, Romania

²Academy of Romanian Scientists, Independenţei 54, 050094 Bucharest, Romania

³Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, West University of Timişoara, Boulevard V. Pârvan 4, 300223 Timişoara, Romania

Received 22 May 2013; Accepted 30 August 2013

Academic Editor: Messaoud Bounkhel

Copyright © 2013 Nicolae Lupa and Mihail Megan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper considers two trichotomy concepts in the context of abstract evolution operators. The first one extends the notion of exponential trichotomy in the sense of Elaydi-Hajek for differential equations to abstract evolution operators, and it is a natural extension of the generalized exponential dichotomy considered in the paper by Jiang (2006). The second concept is dual in a certain sense to the first one. We prove that these types of exponential trichotomy imply the existence of generalized exponential dichotomy on both half-lines. We emphasize that we do not assume the invertibility of the evolution operators on the whole space X (unlike the case of evolution operators generated by differential equations).

1. Introduction

The notion of exponential dichotomy plays a central role in the qualitative theory of differential equations, dynamical systems, and many other domains (see, e.g., [1–4] and the references therein). While dichotomy assumes the existence of two complementary projections, trichotomy implies the existence of three projections. The exponential trichotomies are split into two qualitative different classes, depending on the behavior of the evolution operators with respect to the structural projections. The first type, introduced by Sacker and Sell [5], involves a continuous decomposition of the state space into three closed subspaces (the stable subspace, the unstable subspace, and the neutral subspace) (for more details about this type of trichotomy we refer the reader to [6–10]). The second one, introduced by Elaydi and Hajek in [11], implies the existence of exponential dichotomy on both half lines with structural projections and such that . As far as we know, the case of exponential trichotomy in the sense of Elaydi-Hajek has been studied before only for reversible evolution operators in [12, 13], and in particular for differential equations in [11, 14, 15].

This paper considers two trichotomy concepts in the sense of Elaydi-Hajek in the general case of abstract evolution operators. The first one extends the exponential trichotomy in [11] to evolution operators which are not invertible on the whole space , and it is a natural extension of the generalized exponential dichotomy considered in [1]. This type of exponential dichotomy was defined by Muldowney in [4] for differential equations without assuming conditions (7) and (8). The second concept is dual in a certain sense to the first one and implies the existence of generalized exponential dichotomy on both and , with projection valued functions and , respectively, such that

The aim of the paper is to extend some results from [11] to the concepts of exponential trichotomy mentioned above. We note that we do not need to assume neither the invertibility of the evolution operators on the whole space nor a bounded growth condition on .

2. Preliminary Notions

Let be a real or complex Banach space and let be the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators on . The norms on and on will be denoted by . Also, we consider and the subsets

In this section, we give some preliminary definitions.

Definition 1. An operator valued function is said to be an evolution operator (on ) if the following conditions are satisfied:

(the identity operator on ), for ;, for all .

If are defined for all and relation holds for all , then we say that is a reversible evolution operator.

The notion of evolution operator arises naturally from the theory of well-posed evolution equations. Roughly speaking, when the Cauchy problem

is well-posed with regularity subspaces , , the operator

where is the unique solution of (3), can be extended by continuity to an evolution operator. For more details on well-posed nonautonomous Cauchy problems, we refer the reader to Nagel and Nickel [16] and the references therein.

Definition 2. An operator valued function is said to be a projection valued function if

Definition 3. Three projection valued functions , , are called supplementary if

(1), for ;(2), for and .

Definition 4. Given an evolution operator , we say that a projection valued function is invariant for if

This implies that the family , , of ranges of the projections , is invariant in the sense that if for some , then for all . For an evolution operator and a projection valued function invariant for such that the restriction of the operator on viewed as a map from into , is an isomorphism for certain , we denote by the inverse operator from the range of onto the range of .

Definition 5. Let be an evolution operator and let be a projection valued function which is invariant for . We say that is

(i)compatible with if the restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all ;(ii)compatible on the left with if the restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all ;(iii)compatible on the right with if the restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all .

We denote by the set of all bounded and continuous functions satisfying

If there is a constant such that for all , then . In particular, all the positive constants belong to the set . However, there exist functions different from those mentioned above which belong to . For example,

(there exists no such that for all ).

3. Generalized Exponential Trichotomies

In this section, we consider two trichotomy concepts in the sense of Elaydi-Hajek in the general case of abstract evolution operators.

3.1. Generalized -Exponential Trichotomy

The notion of exponential trichotomy given below extends the exponential trichotomy in [11] to evolution operators which are not invertible on the whole space , and it is a natural extension of the generalized exponential dichotomy considered in [1].

Definition 6. We say that an evolution operator has a generalized -exponential trichotomy if there exist three supplementary projection valued functions , , and there exist a constant and a function such that the following properties hold:

(l ₁) is invariant for ;(l ₂) is compatible with ;(l ₃) is compatible on the left with ;(l ₄), for all ;(l ₅), for all ;(l ₆), for all ;(l ₇), for all .

If there exists a positive constant such that for all , then we say that has an -exponential trichotomy (in the sense of Elaydi-Hajek).

The notion of -exponential trichotomy was introduced in [11] for linear differential equations in finite-dimensional spaces and in [13] for reversible evolution operators. In this paper, we do not assume the invertibility of the evolution operator on the whole space . This degree of generalization is motivated by possible applications to partial differential equations, in which the evolution operators are not invertible (see [17] and the references therein). Furthermore, in [11] the authors require the matrix to be bounded on the real line. In the case of abstract evolution operators, this corresponds to the assumption that the evolution operators are exponentially bounded (i.e., there exist and such that , for all ). Unfortunately, most of the evolution operators do not possess this property (see [18, pp. 12]).

Remark 7. If has a generalized -exponential trichotomy with projection valued functions , , and , then we have that

that is, the projection valued functions , , and are uniformly bounded.

Remark 8. If in Definition 6 we consider for all , then we obtain the concept of generalized exponential dichotomy (on the real line) (see [1]). This means that if an evolution operator has a generalized exponential dichotomy (on the real line), then it also has a generalized -exponential trichotomy.

Remark 9. If has a generalized -exponential trichotomy with projection valued functions , , and , then conditions (7) and (8) imply that

If the evolution operator is generated by a well-possed evolution equation, then the relations above lead to a geometric description of the extended state space of (3). More precisely, it splits into three invariant vector bundles (the stable bundle, the unstable bundle, and the center bundle). For more details about the geometric theory of discrete and continuous nonautonomous dynamical systems, we refer the reader to [19] and the references therein.

One can easily give an example of an evolution operator which has a generalized -exponential trichotomy and does not have an -exponential trichotomy.

Example 10. The evolution operator defined by

has a generalized -exponential trichotomy with canonical projections for each . However, it does not have an -exponential trichotomy for the function considered in relation (9).

The main goal of the paper is to extend some results from [11] to the general case of abstract evolution operators. We note that we do not need to assume neither the invertibility of the evolution operators on the whole space nor a bounded growth condition on the evolution operators (unlike the case of differential equations with bounded coefficients as in [11]).

Theorem 11. An evolution operator has a generalized -exponential trichotomy if and only if there exist two projection valued functions which are invariant for and there exist a constant and a function such that the following properties hold:

(1), for all ;(2) and ;(3)The restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all ;(4)The restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all ;(5), for all ;(6), for all ;(7), for all ;(8), for all ;

where and , .

Proof. Necessity. We consider

It is easy to see that the first two conditions hold and we have that

These imply that is an isomorphism for all with the inverse

and is an isomorphism for all with

Hence,

for all . We first prove that considered above is correctly defined. Indeed, for every , we have that

which belongs to . Moreover, a simple computation shows that

For , we have

If , then we get

Sufficiency. We set

First, we observe that

The restriction is an isomorphism for all and, by relation (25), we have

Also, the restriction is an isomorphism for all with and, by relation (26), we deduce that

We now verify the inequalities in Definition 6, considering three cases.

For , we have

If , then we obtain

For , using the evolution property , we get

These complete the proof of the theorem.

Remark 12. Note that, in comparison to Lemma 1.2 in [11], we assume that is bounded for and is bounded for . In our opinion, these conditions must also be added in the particular case of evolution operators generated by differential equations with bounded coefficients. This is motivated by the fact that the proof of the above mentioned lemma seems to not be quite accurate. More precisely, the first computation in (ii) (iii) holds only for , and not for all . Indeed, using the notations from [11] and taking, for example, the case , we have

Thus, in order to prove (iii), one must add the assumption that there exists a constant such that

In our case, this is equivalent to

The projection valued function is defined on the whole real line. Because the evolution operator has a generalized exponential dichotomy with only on the left half-line, we have that is bounded for . Still, this does not give any information about the boundedness for (the same comment applies to ).

Theorem 13. An evolution operator has a generalized -exponential trichotomy if and only if there exist two projection valued functions , which are invariant for , and there exist a constant and a function such that the following properties hold:

(1) and , for all ;(2) and ;(3)the restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all with ;(4)the restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all ;(5), for ;(6), for with ;(7), for with ;(8), for .

Proof. Necessity. We consider

for . It is easy to see that . Hence, . On the other hand, since , we have that the restriction is an isomorphism from the range of onto the range of for all with and

By a similar argument as in the proof of Theorem 11, we obtain that is an isomorphism from the range of onto the range of for all and

For , we have

and for , we get

If with , then it follows that

and if with , then we have

Sufficiency. We set

for . We observe that for all . Now, it is easy to see that the restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all and

Also, the restriction is an isomorphism for all and

Let . If , then we have

If , then it follows

Finally, if , then we get

Therefore, has a generalized -exponential trichotomy.

3.2. Generalized -Exponential Trichotomy

Now we consider a concept of generalized exponential trichotomy which is dual in a certain sense to the one given in Definition 6.

Definition 14. We say that an evolution operator has a generalized -exponential trichotomy if there exist three supplementary projection valued functions , , and and there exist a constant and a function such that the following properties hold:

(r ₁) is invariant for ;(r ₂) is compatible with ;(r ₃) is compatible on the right with ;(r ₄), for all ;(r ₅), for all ;(r ₆), for all ;(r ₇), for all .

If there is a positive constant such that for all , then we say that has an -exponential trichotomy.

The notion of -exponential trichotomy was defined in [13] for reversible evolution operators.

Remark 15. If has a generalized -exponential trichotomy with projection valued functions , , and , then we have that

Remark 16. If in Definition 6 we consider for all , then we obtain the concept of generalized exponential dichotomy (on the real line).

Example 17. The evolution operator defined by

has a generalized -exponential trichotomy with canonical projections for each .

Proceeding in a similar manner to that in Theorems 11 and 13, we get the following.

Theorem 18. Let be an evolution operator. The following statements are equivalent:

(i)    has a generalized -exponential trichotomy;

(ii) There exist two projection valued functions and invariant for and there exist a constant and a function such that the following properties hold:

(1), for all ;(2) and ;(3)The restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all ;(4)The restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all ;(5), for all ;(6), for all ;(7), for all ;(8), for all ;

where and , ;

(iii) There exist two projection valued functions and invariant for and there exist a constant and a function such that

(1), for all ;(2) and ;(3)The restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all ;(4)The restriction of on into is an isomorphism for all with ;(5), for with ;(6), for ;(7), for ;(8), for with .

Let us notice that the exponential trichotomy considered in Definition 14 seems to be closer to exponential dichotomy on the real line than the other trichotomies, since in the case of linear differential equations it implies exponential dichotomy on both half lines and (3) has no nontrivial bounded solution (see Lemma 1 in [20]).

Remark 19. As a consequence of Lemma 2.2 from [11], the differential equation

where and is a bounded and continuous matrix on the whole real line, that is, , has an -exponential trichotomy if and only if its adjoint equation

has an -exponential trichotomy, where is the adjoint matrix of . When assuming that (50) is defined on a Hilbert space , this result still holds. In fact, it remains valid for any reversible evolution operator on reflexive Banach spaces, in a certain sense, which we explain below.

If is a reversible evolution operator on a Banach space , then we put

Notice that is also a reversible evolution operator on the dual space of (see, e.g., [21]). Let us denote the elements of the dual space by and denote . If is the dual space of , then there exists a continuous linear transformation defined by

As a consequence of the Hahn-Banach theorem, the operator is an isometry (i.e., , for every ) and, hence, it is a one-to-one mapping.

Proposition 20. A reversible evolution operator on a reflexive Banach space has a generalized -exponential trichotomy (generalized -exponential trichotomy, respectively), if and only if its adjoint evolution operator has a generalized -exponential trichotomy (generalized -exponential trichotomy, respectively).

Proof. Necessity. It is easy to see that if has a generalized -exponential trichotomy (a generalized -exponential trichotomy) with projection valued functions and as in Theorem 11 (Theorem 18), then the adjoint evolution operator has a generalized -exponential trichotomy (a generalized -exponential trichotomy) with projections

Sufficiency. We now assume that has a generalized -exponential trichotomy with projection valued functions and as in Theorem 11. For each , we consider the following operators:

We notice that and are projection valued functions on . We first prove that they are invariant for . We have

for all and , and we similarly get that

These imply

Hence, and are both invariant for . We can easily get

It is not difficult to prove that has a generalized -exponential trichotomy with projections and in Theorem 18. Similarly, we can obtain that if the evolution operator has a generalized -exponential trichotomy, then has a generalized -exponential trichotomy.

Remark 21. The necessity from the previous proposition still holds in a general Banach space. At this point, we do not know whether the sufficiency is also valid.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank the referees for carefully reading their paper and for their helpful suggestions and comments, which improved the quality of the paper.

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