Journal of Function Spaces and Applications

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 549845, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/549845

Research Article

Relative Infinite Determinacy for Map-Germs

Changmei Shi1,2 and Donghe Pei¹

¹School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China

²School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Guizhou Normal College, Guiyang 550018, China

Received 5 May 2013; Revised 8 September 2013; Accepted 9 September 2013

Academic Editor: Stanislav Hencl

Copyright © 2013 Changmei Shi and Donghe Pei. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The infinite determinacy for smooth map-germs with respect to two equivalence relations will be investigated. We treat the space of smooth map-germs with a constraint, and the constraint is that a fixed submanifold in the source space is mapped into another fixed submanifold in the target space. We study the infinite determinacy for such map-germs with respect to a subgroup of right-left equivalence group and finite and infinite determinacy with respect to a subgroup of contact group and give necessary and sufficient conditions for the corresponding determinacy.

1. Introduction

This work is concerned with the singularity theory of differentiable maps. Singularity theory of differentiable maps is a wide-ranging generalization of the theory of the maxima and minima of functions of one variable, and it is now an essential part of nonlinear analysis. This theory has numerous applications in mathematics and the natural sciences; see, for example, [1, 2].

In differentiable analysis, the local behavior of a differentiable map can be determined by the derivatives of the map at a point. Hence we have the theories of finitely and infinitely determined map-germs. We know that every finitely determined map-germ is equivalent to its Taylor polynomial of some degree, and infinite determinacy is a way to express the stability of smooth map-germs under flat perturbations. The analysis of the conditions for a map-germ to be finitely or infinitely determined involves the most important local aspects of singularity theory. Therefore, the study of finite and infinite determinacy of smooth map-germs is a very important subject in singularity theory.

Now there are several articles treating the question of infinite determinacy with respect to the most frequently encountered and naturally occurring equivalence groups, for instance, the right-equivalence group , left-equivalence group , group , contact group , and right-left-equivalence group . In [3, 4], Wilson characterized the infinite determinacy of smooth map-germs with respect to one of the groups , , , and and the infinite determinacy for finitely -determined map-germs with respect to . Besides, for the case of , Brodersen [5] showed that the results of [4] hold for map-germs without assuming -finiteness. We can see [6] for detailed survey of all of these results. Recently, there appeared the notion of relative infinite determinacy for smooth function-germs with nonisolated singularities. Sun and Wilson [7] treated the smooth function-germs with real isolated line singularities, and this work was later generalized and modified in the case where germs have a nonisolated singular set containing a more general set; for instance, see [8, 9]. In addition, [10] studied the relative versality for map-germs and these map-germs with the constraint that a fixed submanifold in the source space is mapped into another fixed submanifold in the target space.

Inspired by the aforementioned papers, we will study the relative infinite determinacy for map-germs with respect to a subgroup of the group and relative finite and infinite determinacy with respect to a subgroup of the group by means of some algebraic ideas and tools, and our main results extend the part of the works in [3, 4].

Now, we consider the following map-germs.

Let and be submanifolds without boundary of and , respectively, both containing the origin. Since this paper is concerned with a local study, without loss of generality, we may assume that

Denote by the space of map-germs , with . Such map-germs are quite common in singularity theory and geometry.

Example 1. Let be given by (right helicoid)

It is clear that for and .

Example 2. Let be given by

Then for .

In this paper we want to characterize the relative infinite determinacy for such map-germs. To formulate the main results we need to introduce some notations and definitions.

Let denote the ring of smooth function-germs at the origin in , and let denote its unique maximal ideal. For a germ , let denote the Taylor expansion of of order at . In the case , can be identified with the Taylor series of at .

Let denote the group of germs at the origin of local diffeomorphisms of , and let

where id denotes the identity. Then is a subgroup of .

Let be the local ring , and let denote the maximal ideal of .

Similarly, we can define the corresponding notation for .

Let , where denotes the general linear group, and denotes the identity matrix.

Now, we define two groups

Obviously, and are subgroups of the groups and , respectively. In particular, when , then . The two groups act on the space in the following way.

If , let and ; then and are defined by

Remark 3. Let . If and are -equivalent or -equivalent, then . Set .

In general, if and are -equivalent, then and also are -equivalent. However, this result does not hold for and . For example, let and ; where . Set and , then and . So is -equivalent to . But and are not -equivalent.

Let be the canonical basis of the vector space , and they define a system of generators of -module

For any , then the germ induces a ring homomorphism

defined by , for any .

This allows us to consider every -module as an -module via .

Let be the ideal generated by the components , and let denote the image of under , which is not (in general) an ideal of .

For a map-germ , define

The notation and are very nearly the tangent spaces to the orbit of germ under -equivalence and -equivalence, respectively.

Definition 4. Let ; let be a group acting on . We say that the map-germ is --determined if for any germ with , is -equivalent to . If is --determined for some , then it is finitely -determined. If , we say that is --determined.

The purpose of this paper is to characterize the --determinacy and --determinacy for map-germs. The main results in this paper are stated in Theorems 5 and 10.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we will give a suffcient condition for --determined map-germs. In Section 3, we study the -determinacy of map-germs. We will give necessary and sufficient conditions for a map-germ to be finitely -determined or --determined.

Throughout the paper, all map-germs will be assumed smooth.

2. The --Determinacy of Map-Germs

In this section, the main result is the following theorem.

Theorem 5. Let be a map-germ. Suppose that satisfies the following conditions.

(1)For some , , where denotes the ideal in generated by the determinants of minors of the Jacobian matrix of . (2).

Then is --determined.

In order to prove this theorem, we need the following results.

Lemma 6 (see [10]). Let and be a finitely generated -module. Then is finitely generated as a -module if and only if .

Lemma 7. Let . Let be a finitely generated -module. Thenis finitely generated as a -module if and only if

Proof. The proof is essentially the same as that of Corollary in [11].

Lemma 8. Let and . Then

Proof. For any , then is in . So,

Let be given by .

Since , it follows that

Thus, (11) holds.

Proof of Theorem 5. Suppose that and . Let ; then . For any , define

by and .

Let and denote the map-germs at ; then (or ) induces a ring homomorphism:

where (resp., ) denotes the ring of function-germs at which are constant when restricted to (resp., ).

Set and .

Let , where denotes and denotes .

We are trying to show that is -equivalent to . It suffices to show that there exist germs and satisfying the following conditions.

(1) and , for any sufficiently close to , and . (2) and . (3), for any sufficiently close to .

By the method initiated by Mather in [12], it suffices to show that

To see this, it remains to show that

(i). (ii).

If (i) and (ii) hold, then

Multiplying (17) by , we get

On the other hand, using condition (1) in Theorem 5, and

we get

Obviously, we have

Since , for each , this gives that

Hence, by Nakayama’s lemma we have

From (21), it follows that

for any given .

Multiplying (24) by , we get

Thus, (16) follows by substituting (18) in (25).

Now we prove the assertion (i).

By hypothesis, we have

for some .

This means that ideal has finite codimension in . Let

where and is the projection of in the quotient space,

Now, set ; then is a finitely generated -module. Since ;

Thus, by Lemma 6, is finitely generated -module; that is,

In particular,

Since

and , it follows that

So (i) holds.

Proof of Assertion (ii). Since , by (i) we get

Applying (25) and (i), we have

By (33) and (34), we have

Set , and (35) implies

Now it remains to show that

(a) is a finitely generated -module.

For if this holds, then by Nakayama’s lemma,

Hence, .

To prove (a), by Lemma 7, it suffices to show that

(b) is a finitely generated -module.

(c) .

Set . By Lemma 8 and (i), we get

Thus, is a -module. Hence, is a -module.

Obviously, is a finitely generated -module; hence is also finitely generated as a -module.

Moreover, since is a finitely generated -module and annihilated by . Thus, is a finitely generated -module. By the argument as equality (29), it follows that is a finitely generated -module. Hence, is a finitely generated -module.

The earlier argument shows that is finitely generated as a -module.

Besides, by (35), we have

So (b) and (c) hold. This completes the proof.

3. The -Determinacy of Map-Germs

In this section, by a similar way as [13], we will give necessary and sufficient conditions for finitely -determined map-germs and --determined map-germs.

Theorem 9. Suppose that . The following conditions are equivalent.

(1) is finitely -determined. (2), for some .

Proof. Let denote the set of -jets at 0 of elements in . If is --determined, then for any with the same -jet as , the -orbit of contains ; that is,

Taking -jets on both sides, we have

Taking tangent spaces at on both sides, we have

By Nakayama’s lemma, this implies

Then (1) implies (2).

Conversely, let be fixed and with . Define

by and .

We are trying to show that is -equivalent to . Since and , and is connected, it suffices to show that is -equivalent to , for allsufficiently close to .

Since and , from condition (2), it follows that

and

Since is a finitely generated -module, and is the maximal ideal of , by Nakayama’s lemma, we get

Hence also satisfies condition . So

where denotes the ring of smooth function-germs in variables at the point .

Let denote the maximal ideal of .

Let . Obviously, is a finitely generated -module.

By the same argument as (46), we have

By (47) and (48), we get

Since , this means that there exist germs in , , such that

Thus, we can find a germ of vector field in of the following form:

such that .

That is, we can find a matrix with entries in such that

By integrating the vector field , we get a one-parameter family of local diffeomorphisms in . Thus

Hence, for fixed , is a solution of the differential equation with initial condition .

Since the solution of this differential equation is unique and of the form

with as an invertible matrix, and for each . Thus

Thus, and are -equivalent for all sufficiently close to , which completes the proof.

Theorem 10. Suppose that . Then is --determined if and only if

Proof. “Only if”: if is --determined, by the definition, we get

Taking tangent spaces at on both sides, we have

Note that , and . Hence,

“If”: the proof is the same as that of Theorem 9.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11271063) and supported in part by Graduate Innovation Fund of Northeast Normal University of China (no. 12SSXT140). The authors would like to thank the referee for his/her valuable suggestions which improved the first version of the paper.

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