Journal of Function Spaces
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 104897, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/104897

Research Article

A Continuous Characterization of Triebel-Lizorkin Spaces Associated with Hermite Expansions

Shuli Gong,¹ Bolin Ma,² and Zunwei Fu¹

¹Department of Mathematics, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276005, China
²College of Mathematics Physics and Information Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, China

Received 27 January 2015; Accepted 28 April 2015

Academic Editor: David R. Larson

Copyright © 2015 Shuli Gong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We study the properties of the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with the multidimensional Hermite expansions on (). In addition to the endpoint estimates, we give the continuous characterizations of these spaces via harmonic and thermic extensions from into . Based on this result, we obtain the boundedness of Riesz transform associated with the Hermite expansions.

1. Introduction

For a smooth functional series , if it satisfies the following conditions:

(i), ,(ii), , ,(iii), ,

then we call a smooth dyadic resolution of unity in (). As proved in [1], it is easy to construct such a resolution of unity.

Let be a self-adjoint operator acting on , and let be its spectral resolution which is defined by

For , , , and a function , we define the Triebel-Lizorkin norm associated with by

where

Note that if is the Laplacian on , then the norm in (2) is equivalent to the classical Triebel-Lizorkin norm ; see [2]. The main goal of this paper is to study the Triebel-Lizorkin space when is the Hermite operator.

The -dimensional Hermite functions on the -dimensional Euclidean space are defined by

where ,  ,  , and

are the one-dimensional Hermite functions; denotes the th Hermite polynomial. We know that the Hermite functions form an orthonormal basis for and that are eigenfunctions of the Hermite operator ; that is,

where . Moreover, the operator is positive and symmetric in on the domain . It is easy to check that the operator given by

is a self-adjoint extension of on the domain

The operator has the discrete spectrum and admits the spectral decomposition

where is a spectral projection that is defined to be . As to the other properties of the Hermite functions, the interested readers can refer to Thangavelu’s monograph [3] for a detailed description.

In the past few years, many authors have studied the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with the Hermite operators. In [4], Epperson studied the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with the one-dimensional Hermite operators for

Using Mehler’s formula, Epperson proved that the definition of the corresponding space is independent of the particular choice of the function . In [5], Dziubański continued this study and proved that the results in [4] also hold for the multidimensional Hermite expansions. Besides, Petrushev and Xu [6] showed that the Triebel-Lizorkin on induced by Hermite expansions can be characterized in terms of the needlet coefficients and that the Hermite-Triebel-Lizorkin space is, in general, different from the respective classical spaces. In addition, Olafsson and Zheng [7] study the Triebel-Lizorkin space associated with the Peetre type maximal function for Hermite operator , which is defined by

They gave the maximal characterization of this space as follows.

Theorem GS. Let , ,   , and . If , then

where is the Peetre type maximal function for Hermite operator.

In [3], Thangavelu introduced Riesz transforms associated with Hermite expansions and proved that they are bounded operators on ,  . In [8], Harboure et al. gave a different proof to show that the -norms of these operators are bounded by a constant not depending on the dimension . Moreover, they also defined the Riesz transforms of higher order and obtained the free dimensional estimates of the -bounds of these operators. After that, Stempak and Torrea [9] obtained the weighted -inequalities for the gradient square function associated with the Poisson semigroup. They get the result proposed in [3] by using a slightly different proof and they also get the analogous result for the -function associated with the Poisson semigroup.

Although many results have been obtained about the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with the Hermite operators, all of them only discuss the case of the discrete quasi-norm of the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with the Hermite operators. Up to now, as we know, there are few papers related to the continuous case due to the fact that the Hermite expansions do not satisfy the general convolution property. This makes the study of the continuous case a meaningful problem. We first present a general characterization of the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with the multidimensional Hermite expansions satisfied continuous quasi-norm on . Furthermore, analogous to the classical Triebel-Lizorkin space, we construct the Littlewood-Paley theorem on these spaces. Finally, we obtain the endpoint estimate of these spaces and establish the boundedness of the Riesz transforms associated with Hermite functions expansions.

Throughout this paper, is the Euclidean norm of for ;   means , where , are positive constants; denotes a positive constant that may vary at every occurrence. For simplicity, we abbreviate to .

2. The Characterizations of

First, we give the definition of the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with Hermite operators. Let ,  ; the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with Hermite operator , denoted by ,  ,  , and  , are defined by the quasi-norm

where

The results of Dziubański [5] show that the definition of does not depend on the particular choice of . Next, we will give the general characterization of Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with the Hermite expansions.

Theorem 1. Let ,  ,  , and ; let . If and , then

(with usual modification when ) is an equivalent quasi-norm in .

This theorem shows that any “discrete” quasi-norm of the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with the Hermite expansions of type (13) has a “continuous” counterpart (15).

In order to prove our theorem, we need some necessary lemmas.

Lemma 2. Let ,   be two sequences of complex numbers. Then, for any , we have

where

is the th linear mean of first terms of and is the th difference operator.

Since the proof of Lemma 2 is easy, we omit the proof for the sake of compactness of the paper.

In [3], a basic estimate for the kernel of Riesz means for the Hermite expansions has been obtained. We describe the result in the following lemma.

Lemma 3. For , the following estimate is valid:

where is the kernel of the Riesz means for the Hermite expansions, which is defined by

Lemma 4. Assume that ,  , and . We have the pointwise inequality

where

is the maximal operator and

is the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function of raised to the power and is the ball of radius centered at .

Proof. The proof is based on the estimate of Lemma 3:

where . Consider a partition of into dyadic annuli . For a given function , we set for and otherwise. Then

where

It is obvious that is locally bounded. Since , it is bounded on (see [3]). The boundedness of II can also be obtained by replacing in the proof of the boundedness of I by and following from the same estimate tactics as above. Hence, we have .

We give the proof of Theorem 1 in what follows.

Proof. Consider the following.
Step 1. Let . We will prove that in (13) can be estimated from above by the quasi-norm in (15). Let and . It follows from Lemma 4 that

For the first term of the right-hand side of (26), taking the supremum with respect to on yields

We choose ; then we have

Afterwards, integrating the modified inequality with respect to that appears now only in the maximal function yields

where is the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function.
For and , we first multiply (29) by ; and then we apply the -norm with respect to ; afterwards, we apply the -norm with respect to . That gives

Step 2. We will show that the quasi-norm in (15) can be deduced from above by . Let . Then we have (13) with instead of . Let ,  . For , we get

We give the estimate of the first sum in (31). Let

Then we have

Thus

where and . In addition, following the same estimate procedure of (27), we have

We use ,  , instead of in (34); this gives

For the above inequality, we first apply the -quasi-norm with respect to and then apply -quasi-norm with respect to . Note that . Then, we have

Let ,  , and if . Then we have

In the proof of the above inequality, we use the following fact:

Taking yields

Let us estimate the second sum in (31) now. Similar to the estimate of the first sum, we introduce

Then we have

where . Following the same estimate procedure of (27) gives

Similarly, we use , , instead of in (42). Then, we have

Since , similar to the estimate of the first sum and the estimate of (38), we arrive at

which is even stronger than the desires estimate.
The proof is complete.

The Poisson semigroup , associated with , is given by

We refer the reader to Thangavelu’s monograph [3] for a detailed description of the Poisson semigroup associated with . In [9], the authors studied the -function associated with the Poisson semigroup:

where , , and is the Poisson integral of that is given by the convergent series

They obtained that, for and ,

which implies

That is a consequent of a general result for symmetric contraction semigroups. This general result is a refinement done by Coifman et al. [10], of the Littlewood-Paley theory for symmetric contraction semigroups satisfying, also, positivity and conservation properties which was developed by Stein [11]; see also [12]. Inspired by these results, we give the harmonic and thermic characterization of the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with the Hermite expansions by the Poisson semigroup related to the Hermite expansion, which shows , for .

Theorem 5. Let , , and . If is a sufficiently large natural number, then

(with usual modification when ) is equivalent quasi-norm in .

Proof. We use Theorem 1 to prove that (51) is an equivalent quasi-norm in . Let . Obviously, ; we get

It means that (51) is an equivalent quasi-norm in . Here, we substituted by .

3. Endpoint Estimates

From Theorem 5, we know that , for . However, this conclusion does not hold when . So, the purpose of this section is to discuss the characterization of the space . We first present the definition of the local Hardy space below.

Definition 6. Let , , and . The local Hardy space associated with the Hermite operator is defined by the quasi-norm

We now give some properties about the local Hardy space.

Proposition 7. Let be an infinitely differentiable complex-valued function in such that

for every multi-index . If , then there exists a constant such that

holds for all .

In order to prove Proposition 7, we recall some results from the theory of local Hardy spaces [13]; compare also [14]. A function is an atom for the local Hardy space if there is a ball , , such that

The atomic norm in is defined by

where the infimum is taken over all decompositions ; are atoms.

Theorem GO. The norms and are equivalent with constants independent of .

Moreover, if , , then there are atoms such that and

with a constant independent of .

Proof of Proposition 7. We only need to show that there exists a constant such that

where is any atom associated with a ball . Let . Clearly, this ball is concentric with . Then

In the above inequality, we use the fact that

If , we use the representation

where

and is the kernel of the projection operator ; see [3] for detailed description. From Lemma 3, we conclude that

We choose ; then we have

Then we complete our proof of Proposition 7.

If has the same properties as the function (including ), then the -valued counterpart of is given by

In the sequel we omit the index in (66). Then the -valued counterpart of (54), (55) reads as follows.

Proposition 8. Let be a sequence of infinitely differentiable complex-valued functions in such that

for every multi-index . Then there exists a constant such that

After giving the above theoretical preparations, we now state our next result.

Theorem 9. Let , , and . Then

which are equivalent quasi-norms.

Proof. Consider the following.
Step 1. The functions with compact support are dense in and dense in ; compare [13], so we assume . First, we prove that

with (equivalent quasi-norms).
Let , ; and let and for , . Substituting and (, ) into (68) yields

Hence . In order to prove the converse assertion, we assume that . Let

If , it is easy to get . Let and if , , and . We apply (68) with . Then

Therefore

Thus, (70) holds.
Step 2. We recall that . It follows from (66) with and (70) that

Step 3. We prove the converse assertion of (75). From (66) and (75) we have

Since has compact support, implies . So, we have

where

If is the maximal function in (11), where , then by Theorem GS we get

In summary, (75) and (79) tell us that the quasi-norms and are equivalent on the functions with compact support. Theorem 9 follows by completion.

4. The Boundedness of the Riesz Transform on

This section presents the proof of the boundedness of the Riesz transforms associated with Hermite expansions on the space .

Since

it is reasonable to define the Riesz transforms , , by

This definition was suggested by Thangavelu [15]; compare also [3]. The definition fits a general framework and, in dimension one, matches the notion of conjugacy for the Hermite function expansions investigated by Gosselin and Stempak [16]. In [17], Stempak and Torrea have already proved that the kernels of the Riesz transforms satisfy the Calderón-Zygmund standard conditions. Their results are as below.

Theorem KJ. The Riesz operators , initially defined on , are Calderón-Zygmund operators associated with the (Calderón-Zygmund) kernels , which satisfy

We now state the last result of this paper.

Theorem 10. Let , , and . Then the Riesz transform associated with is a bounded operator on .

Proof. Using the equivalent quasi-norm of defined in (51), we yield that

where is the operator that is defined by

We obtain

where

Applying the -norm with respect to in (87) gives

The results presented in Theorem 10 can be further enlarged to the boundedness of the -functions of Littlewood-Paley defined with either the heat semigroup or the Poisson semigroup. We use a theorem to describe this bounded result.

Theorem 11. If is commutative with the operator defined by (85) and if the kernel of satisfies the Calderón-Zygmund size condition, then is bounded on .

Since the proof of Theorem 11 is very similar to the proof of Theorem 10, we omit the proof here in order to make the paper concise.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the anonymous referees cordially for their valuable suggestions on this paper. This work was partially supported by NSF of China (Grants nos. 11271175, 11271162), AMEP (DYSP) of Linyi University, and Macao Science and Technology Development Fund, MSAR (Ref. 018/2014/A1).

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