Journal of Function Spaces
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 787291, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/787291

Research Article

On the Geometry of Müntz Spaces

Sergey V. Ludkovsky¹ and Wolfgang Lusky²

¹Department of Applied Mathematics, Moscow State Technical University MIREA, Avenue Vernadsky 78, Moscow 119454, Russia
²Institute for Mathematics, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany

Received 22 February 2015; Revised 14 April 2015; Accepted 17 April 2015

Academic Editor: Stanislav Hencl

Copyright © 2015 Sergey V. Ludkovsky and Wolfgang Lusky. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Let satisfy , and . We investigate the Müntz spaces for . We show that, for each , there is a Müntz space which contains isomorphic copies of all Müntz spaces as complemented subspaces. is uniquely determined up to isomorphisms by this maximality property. We discuss explicit descriptions of . In particular is isomorphic to a Müntz space where consists of positive integers. Finally we show that the Banach spaces for and for are always isomorphic to suitable Müntz spaces if the are the spans of arbitrary finitely many monomials over .

1. Introduction

Our paper is concerned with the Banach space geometry of Müntz spaces which is largely unexplored.

Let be a sequence of real numbers with and

For and , put

For , let be the function with . In this paper, we consider the Müntz spaces

By the Müntz theorem [1, 2], it is clear that if and . It is known that is isomorphic to for and is isomorphic to provided that satisfies in addition the lacunary condition [3]. On the other hand, there are examples of Müntz spaces which are not isomorphic to ([4] or [5, Corollary .]).

We want to show that, for fixed , all Müntz spaces are isomorphic to complemented subspaces of one special function space which itself is a Müntz space where consists of positive integers.

For two Banach spaces and , we write if is isomorphic to .

For a sequence of Banach spaces , we put

if , and

with the norm .

Theorem 1. Let be a sequence of finite subsets of containing each finite subset of infinitely many times. Moreover let be the linear of the functions , , in . Put

(a)For each , there is a set satisfying (1) such that is isomorphic to .(b)If is any set of positive real numbers satisfying (1), then is isomorphic to a complemented subspace of .

On the other hand, we do not know if any complemented subspace of is isomorphic to a Müntz space.

We prove Theorem 1 in Section 4. It turns out that the “maximality” condition of Theorem 1(b) implies uniqueness up to isomorphism. Indeed we have the following.

Theorem 2. Let and assume that is a set of real positive numbers satisfying (1). If contains a complemented isomorphic copy of any Müntz space then is isomorphic to the space of Theorem 1.

Proof. Consider the spaces of Theorem 1. By the choice of the and the definition of , we have .
Now let satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 2. Since is isomorphic to a Müntz space, by Theorem 1 there is a complemented subspace with . Moreover, by Theorem 1(b) there is a complemented subspace with . Using Pelczynski’s decomposition method [6, Theorem .], we obtain .

Corollary 3. is not isomorphic to .

Proof. There is a Müntz space which is not isomorphic to ([4] or [5, Corollary ]). But, according to Theorem 1, is isomorphic to a complemented subspace of . Since all infinite dimensional complemented subspaces of are isomorphic to [7, Theorem ], the space cannot be isomorphic to .

In connection with the proof of Theorem 1, we also get the following.

Theorem 4. Let , , be arbitrary finite subsets of positive real numbers and put . Then, for each , there is a subset satisfying (1) such that , if , and , if .

We do not know if, conversely, any Müntz space is isomorphic to the direct sum of the spaces for suitable .

2. Finite Dimensional Subspaces of

Put . For a finite dimensional subspace , , or , , and , put

If , , also put

Similarly, for , , or , , define

We collect a few properties of these parameters in the following.

Lemma 5. One has

(a) for all if ,(b) if ,(c) if .

Proof. We prove (c). The proofs of (a) and (b) are similar. Let and let be such that . If , we obtain . This yields

Hence, . For , we obtain and therefore . This implies .

Lemma 6. Consider , , or , . Fix and let and . Then one has

For , one even has .

Proof. We obtain

which yields the first inequality. The second inequality is trivial. The last assertion of Lemma 6 follows directly from the definitions of and .

Proposition 7. Fix such that . Let , , or , , be finite dimensional subspaces with

Then, for any and , one has

if , and

if .

Proof. Let . Put . We obtain with Lemma 6 the following:

Here we used . Hence, for all and .
This yields, in view of (13),

Here we used Lemma 6 and . The proof for is similar.

Proposition 8. Fix such that . Let be finite dimensional subspaces with

Then, for any and , one has

Proof. By (18) we have, for any ,

Equation (18) and Lemma 5 also imply that are monotonically increasing. Hence, if , we obtain

Here we used that and hence for all . The preceding estimate implies

We conclude

Applying this estimate for and yields

from which we obtain . Moreover, using (24) we see that which proves the first inequality of the proposition. The second inequality is trivial.

Now consider, for fixed and , the maps

. (Here is the smallest integer .) We include the case by putting . We clearly have and we obtain for . If , then .

Lemma 9. One has
(a)

(b)

(c)

for .

Proof. (a) follows from simple substitution. (Recall that is only defined for .)
(b): Let and . At first, let . Consider . Put . Since and for , we obtain, with Lemma 6,

This yields the first inequality if .
Similarly, we obtain

This yields the second inequality of (c) if .
If , then the two inequalities follow from (a) and the fact that is increasing and is decreasing with respect to . (Recall that here is ).
(c): If , then (c) is trivial. Now let . By definition, . On the other hand, with , of (b), and Lemma 6,

since .

3. Some Facts about Müntz Spaces

If satisfies (1), then any can be represented as where the series converges pointwise on . There are universal constants with for all [8]. Moreover, it is easily seen that for any we have

Lemma 10. Let such that . Moreover, let satisfy for all . Then, with is an isomorphism between and .

Proof. For we obtain

This proves .

Using Lemma 10, we can always assume in the following that .

Put

Since is 1-codimensional in and contains a complemented subspace isomorphic to , we obtain .

Proposition 11. Fix , , or , . Then, there are linear bounded finite rank operators with , , if and

if , or

if . Moreover, there are indices , , with

if , or

if .

For a proof see [5, Proposition ].

The condition implies the following.

Corollary 12. For the operators of Proposition 11 one has (with ), , where the series converges in norm.

However, are no projections and the “summands overlap”; that is, and in general.

4. Final Proofs

Let satisfy (1). Fix . Take , , and as in Proposition 11 and put , if , or , if . Fix and let be such that

Let be finite dimensional Banach spaces and put , if , or , if .

Lemma 13. Assume that for some , . Then, is isomorphic to a complemented subspace of .

Proof. For , , or , , put where and if , . Using Proposition 11, Corollary 12, and Lemma 9(c), we see that is a well-defined element in and is a bounded linear operator if or . By Lemma 9(c) and condition (40), is even an into-isomorphism. Hence, there are universal constants and such that for all .
It remains to prove that and , respectively, are complemented in . To this end, let . At first assume that, for some , with and for some if . Put . The fact that if implies if . Hence,

We obtain a universal constant with

if . Here again, (40) and Lemma 9(c) were used. In view of Proposition 11, this implies that is a bounded linear operator on the dense subspace of consisting of finite sequences. Hence, can be uniquely extended to a linear bounded operator , called again. The same argument shows that is also bounded if .
We obtain by definition if , , or , . This follows from Corollary 12. Indeed, we have with and for . Hence,

(Here we used .) This shows that is a bounded projection from onto , if , or onto , if . Since , this completes the proof.

Proposition 14. Let . Assume that , , are finite subsets of positive numbers and put

Then, there is a Müntz space which is isomorphic to .
Here for suitable integers . If all consist of rational numbers, then can be taken such that in addition .

Proof. Fix such that

Find integers such that for all and

for all . Put . Then, we obtain

Define . (Of course we can take so large that satisfies (1) and consists of integers if all consist of rational numbers.)
We obtain, by Lemma 5, Lemma 9 ((a) and (b)), and (46),

Here we used that is increasing with respect to . Now Proposition 7 yields

Finally, with Lemma 9(c) we obtain

Now we turn to the case .

Proposition 15. Let , , be finite subsets of positive numbers and put

Then, there is a Müntz space , where for suitable integers , such that

If all consist of rational numbers, then can be taken such that in addition .

Proof. Recall that for we have and

Fix and put . For any , we have which implies

Fix with . Then, we find integers with ,

Put

(The integers should be taken so large that satisfies (1) and that if all consist of rational numbers.) Hence and .
Let and fix . Lemma 9(a) and Proposition 7 imply

Moreover, let . Then, Lemma 9(a) and Proposition 8 show

Let

Then, is a projection. (Recall that ).
We have . Indeed, we obtain, in view of (58),

Here we used that and

Hence, can be extended to a bounded projection from onto whose kernel is . Equation (58) implies that since dim for all . Thus, we have . Since contains a complemented isomorphic copy of , we obtain and (53) and (57) show

Finally, put . As a consequence of (54), we have which implies by the preceding .

Propositions 14 and 15 prove Theorem 4. Indeed, in view of (33) and the fact that for all , we may assume that all consist of rational numbers.

We conclude with the following.

Proof of Theorem 1. Let , , be a family of finite subsets such that each finite subset of occurs infinitely many times among the . Put , , if , and . According to Propositions 14 and 15, these spaces are isomorphic to Müntz spaces with . This proves Theorem 1(a).
To prove (b), let be a given set of positive numbers satisfying (1). According to Lemma 10, we may assume that consists of rational numbers. As in the beginning of this section, consider , if , and , if . Moreover, let be integers fulfilling inequality (40). Put if and if . At the same time we can take so large that all consist of positive integers. Then, Lemma 13 shows that is isomorphic to a complemented subspace of if which itself is complemented in since the sets appear among the sets introduced in the proof of part (a). For , Lemma 13 implies that is isomorphic to a complemented subspace of which, in view of Proposition 15, is isomorphic to where . , of course, is complemented in .

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

Sergey V. Ludkovsky is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft LU 219/10-1.

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