Journal of Function Spaces
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 3769813, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3769813

Research Article

Explicit Bounds and Sharp Results for the Composition Operators Preserving the Exponential Class

Fernando Farroni¹ and Raffaella Giova²

¹Università Telematica PEGASO, Piazza Trieste e Trento 48, 80132 Napoli, Italy
²Dipartimento di Studi Economici e Giuridici, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, Palazzo Pacanowsky, Via Generale Parisi 13, 80132 Napoli, Italy

Received 26 April 2016; Accepted 5 July 2016

Academic Editor: Stanislav Hencl

Copyright © 2016 Fernando Farroni and Raffaella Giova. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Let be a quasiconformal mapping whose Jacobian is denoted by and let be the space of exponentially integrable functions on . We give an explicit bound for the norm of the composition operator : and, as a related question, we study the behaviour of the norm of in the exponential class. The property of is the counterpart in higher dimensions of the area distortion formula due to Astala in the plane and it is the key tool to prove the sharpness of our results.

1. Introduction and Statement of the Main Result

This paper is concerned with the interplay between quasiconformal mappings and the space of exponentially integrable functions. Let us recall that a homeomorphism defined on an open subset of (with ) is a -quasiconformal mapping if and

for some constant . Here stands for the differential matrix of and denotes the Jacobian determinant of . The norm of in (1) is defined as

If is a bounded domain of with measure , the space of exponentially integrable functions is the set of measurable functions such that there exists for which

where the mean value notation is used. One of the interesting properties of functions in consists in the fact that they may be characterized as BMO-majorized functions. Indeed, in [1] it is proved that if and only if there exists such that

For the definition of the space BMO of functions of bounded mean oscillation see Section 2 below.

Quasiconformal mappings and BMO-functions are related by the fact that the composition operator maps BMO into itself continuously, as stated by a result of Reimann [2]: there exists such that, for every , one has

In light of the connection between exponentially integrable functions and functions of bounded mean oscillation, composition operators acting continuously on have been considered in [3, 4], where it is proved that, given a -quasiconformal mapping , there exists such that, for every and for every ball , one has

The estimates above may be seen as the analogy of (4) in the framework of the space of exponentially integrable functions.

It is worth pointing out that spaces of functions of bounded mean oscillation and exponentially integrable functions are not the only ones which are stable under quasiconformal changes of variables. We recall that quasiconformal mappings and their generalizations provided by homeomorphisms of finite distortion or bi-Sobolev mappings (see, e.g., [5, 6]), turn to be the class of homeomorphisms for which the composition operator acts continuously between Sobolev, Lorentz-Sobolev, and Zygmung-Sobolev spaces (see [7–9] and the references therein).

Explicit estimates of the constants appearing in (4) and (5) have been considered a problem of its own interest (see, e.g., [10] for an application). In the planar case, sharp estimates for the constant appearing in (5) are given in [4]. As a refinement of the result of Reimann, explicit estimates of the constant appearing in (4) are provided in [11]. More precisely, a constant depending on the Jacobian of may be defined (see Section 2.4 below) in such a way that the results of [11] may be stated as follows

for every and for some suitable constant depending only on the dimension . The definition of the constant strongly relies on the fact that the Jacobian of a quasiconformal mapping is a weight in or equivalently in (see Section 2.4 for the definitions of such classes of weights). In particular, it is well known (see [12]) that if and only if for every ball and every measurable set it holds

for some independent of and . Equivalently (see again [12]) a weight if and only if for every ball and every measurable set it holds

for some independent of and .

The goal of this paper is to seek a precise estimate as in (6) in the framework of the class of exponentially integrable functions. To this aim, we define for a weight in the constant as

and similarly, we define for a weight in the constant as

Our main result reads as follows.

Theorem 1. Let be bounded domains of , . Let be a -quasiconformal mapping. Then

for each ball and for every .

The norm is defined in (16) of Section 2.2 below.

Our result is sharp, in the sense that equalities are attained in (11) for special choices of the mapping (e.g., when is the identity map). We are able to obtain such optimal result since we give a characterization of constant weights in terms of the constants in (9) and (10) in Section 4. In particular, a weight is constant a.e. in if and only if and . Moreover, the result of Theorem 1 extends the one of [3], where the case of planar principal quasiconformal mappings has been considered. We call principal any quasiconformal mapping which is conformal outside the unit disk and which satisfies the following normalization

For this peculiar class of quasiconformal mappings, the following result has been previously established.

Theorem 2 (see [3]). Let be a -quasiconformal principal mapping which maps onto itself. Then, the following estimates hold true

for every .

We will provide an alternative proof of the previous result, which is based on the fact that estimate (11) reduces to (13) for a principal quasiconformal mapping which maps the unit disk onto itself. In general, a principal quasiconformal map in the plane does not necessarily send the unit disk onto itself. However, there exist nontrivial examples of principal quasiconformal mappings sending the unit disk onto itself, such as the radial stretching of the form

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 is devoted to the definitions of the function spaces object of our studies. In particular, the connection between BMO-functions and -weights is treated. In Section 3 we give the proof of Theorem 1. In Section 4 we give the aforementioned characterization of the constant weights, which allows us to conclude the sharpness of Theorem 1. Finally, in Section 5 applications of Theorem 1 are given; in particular we provide a precise estimate which relates and for any ball .

2. Preliminaries

2.1. Properties of Quasiconformal Mappings

We report here some well-known facts about quasiconformal mappings. We recall that the change of variables formula holds for a quasiconformal mapping . More precisely, if then and

for every measurable (see, e.g., [13]). More generally, for an arbitrary Sobolev homeomorphism, the validity of the change of variables formula depends on the set of the points where the homeomorphism is approximately differentiable (see, e.g., [14]); more generally the condition of being absolutely continuous on lines plays an important role, especially for planar mappings (see, e.g., [15]), since very often properties of this type of mappings are sufficient to prove statements which one would assign to general Sobolev homeomorphisms.

2.2. Exponentially Integrable Functions

We recall (see, e.g., [16]) that is a Banach space equipped with the norm

where is the nonincreasing rearrangement of

and is the distribution function of

On the other hand, may be also equipped with the Luxemburg norm defined as

This norm is equivalent to the one in (16). As observed in [17], is not a dense subspace of . The distance to in the space is defined as

Appealing to the results in [17] the distance to in evaluated with respect to the Luxemburg norm (19) is given by

for every .

2.3. Functions of Bounded Mean Oscillation

A locally integrable function has bounded mean oscillation, , if

The supremum in (22) is taken over all open balls and the notation

is used for averages.

2.4. and Classes

For our purposes, it is fundamental to introduce the Muckenhoupt class and the Gehring class . First of all, we say that a measurable function is a weight if is positive a.e. and locally integrable in . A weight belongs to the Muckenhoupt class if

Similarly, a weight belongs to the Gehring class if

The suprema in (24) and (25) are taken over all balls .

The link between Muckenhoupt and Gehring classes is given in [18, 19] where it is proved that

As a corollary of Gehring’s Lemma [20], Jacobians of quasiconformal mappings are weights in the (or equivalently ) class. By virtue of the change of variables formula for quasiconformal mappings (see Section 2.1 above) and (7), for every ball and every measurable set it holds

for some independent of and .

For a weight in , in [21] (and also studied in [22]) the constant is defined as

We briefly refer to as the -constant of .

As for (27), the change of variables formula for quasiconformal mappings and (8) immediately give us, for every ball and every measurable set

for some independent of and .

As done for the -constant, in [21] a second auxiliary constant is defined as

We briefly refer to as the -constant of .

It is worth pointing out that to each function there corresponds a weight in the class of Gehring given by , for some depending on and (see [23]). Conversely (see again [23]) if (or equivalently if ) then . In particular, is a BMO-function, whenever is a quasiconformal mapping.

For the sake of completeness, we also recall the definition of the Muckenhoupt class for . A weight belongs to the Muckenhoupt class for if

As a natural extension of the above definition, one can consider the Muckenhoupt class which covers the limit case . A weight belongs to the Muckenhoupt class if

The suprema in (31) and (32) are taken over all balls . For each we call the -constant of the weight .

We recall here the definition of the Gehring class for . A weight belongs to the Gehring class for if

As a natural extension of the above definition, one can consider the class which cover the limit case . A weight belongs to the Gehring class if

The suprema in (33) and (34) are taken over all balls . For each we call the -constant of the weight . Each weight in the class satisfies a reverse Hölder inequality. This is a key fact in order to study the regularity of the Jacobian of quasiconformal mappings (see [20]).

For more details related to the Muckenhoupt and Gehring classes we refer to [19, 23, 24].

3. Explicit Bounds

We start by proving Theorem 1.

Proof of Theorem 1. Let us assume that and are arbitrary constants for which (27) holds, with . We notice that for every

We compare the distribution functions of and by means of the estimate (27) and we obtain

Let and let be such that

From (36) we get

and therefore, from the definition of nonincreasing rearrangement (17), we obtain that

We deduce directly from the definition of the norm (16) that

Combining (39) and (40) we obtain

Let us introduce the function

so that (41) may be rewritten as

and let us define

Our aim is to show that is bounded in and we want to compute explicitly its upper bound. To this aim, we compute the derivative of

so, the monotonicity of the function depends only on the sign of the constant and for every we deduce

The definition of (see (44)) and (46) imply

Combining the latter estimate with (43) we conclude that

and, by virtue of the definition of the norm in (16), we conclude that

Due to the definition of the constant and to the fact that and are arbitrary constants for which (27) holds, we obtain

for each ball and for every .
It remains to prove the first inequality in (11). Let us assume that and are arbitrary constants for which (29) holds, with . As before, we compare the distribution functions of and . This time we make use of the estimate (29) instead of (27) and we argue as in the proof of estimate (36). Indeed, if we pick we obtain

Let and let be such that

From (51) we get

which in turn implies

It follows from the definition of nonincreasing rearrangement (17) that

The argument which leads to (41) and the definition of the norm in (16), allows us to conclude that

Arguing as in the proof of estimate (49) we have

Due to the definition of the constant and to the fact that and are arbitrary constants for which (29) holds, we obtain

for each ball and for every . The proof is complete.

We are in a position to prove Theorem 2.

Proof of Theorem 2. Any principal quasiconformal mapping in the plane, which maps the unit disk onto itself, satisfies

for every measurable subset (see [25, Theorem 13.1.4]). Appealing to the definition (9) we deduce that

therefore

directly follows from (59).
We introduce the auxiliary function

Since we have and in particular , that is

Combining the latter identity with (61) we conclude that

The proof is complete, since (11) infers (13) in case of any -quasiconformal principal mapping which maps onto itself.

4. A Characterization of Constant Weights

We explicitly remark that, for a weight in , one always has

This result is proved in [21]. With a similar proof, one can show the same property for the -constant, that is

Our next result gives a similar characterization of constant weights in terms of the constant appearing in (9) and (10). It is crucial to prove sharpness of Theorem 1.

Proposition 3. Let be an weight such that . Then is constant a.e. in .

Proof of Proposition 3. Let us fix some integer . By the definition (10) of , we may find two sequences and fulfilling

and for every ball and every measurable set it holds

Moreover, and are independent of and . Because of condition (67), we may assume (up to a subsequence) that converges to some . Since one clearly has for every , condition (67) implies . Conditions (67) and (68) also imply

Appealing to the fact that as , the latter relation implies as . Therefore, we may pass to the limit as in (69) in order to get

for every ball and every measurable set . In particular, for every ball and for a.e. we have

which in turn implies that is a constant function.

Adapting suitably the proof of Proposition 3 one can prove next result featuring the -constant.

Proposition 4. Let be an weight such that . Then is constant a.e. in .

5. The Logarithm of the Jacobian of a Quasiconformal Mapping

Let be a quasiconformal mapping. In Section 2.4 we mentioned that is a BMO-function. Similarly (see, e.g., [4]) . Our next results are consequences of Theorem 1 and relate the logarithm of the Jacobian of a quasiconformal mapping with the one of its inverse taking into account the constants and . Moreover, these results can be seen as the counterpart in the space of exponentially integrable functions of the results of Reimann [10] in the setting of the BMO-space.

Corollary 5. Let be bounded domains of , . Let be a -quasiconformal mapping and let be the constant defined in (9). Then

for each ball and for every .

Corollary 6. Let be a quasiconformal mapping with . Then, there exists a constant depending only on , such that

Proof of Corollary 5. We start by observing (see, e.g., [13]) that

Therefore, we may write the following identity for the Jacobian of

then, from (11), we have

It remains to prove the first inequality in (73). Consider the first inequality in (11), namely

We recall that and are both quasiconformal. So, we pick where is any function in , then (78) gives us

In (76) we may replace by , so that

Thus, (79) and (80) infer

The desired inequality (73) is proved.

Proof of Corollary 6. As in the proof of Corollary 5, we know that (76) holds. Then from (6), we have

It remains to prove the first inequality in (74). In (82) we may replace by . Hence

The desired inequality (74) is proved.

Next results provide quantitative estimates as in (73) and (74) where the norms are replaced by the distances to .

Corollary 7. Let be bounded domains of , . Let be a -quasiconformal mapping and let be the constant defined in (9). Then

for each ball .

Corollary 8. Let be a quasiconformal mapping with . Then, there exists a constant depending only on , such that

Proof of Corollary 7. Let and let . Then, from (11), we have

It is clear that there exists a measurable set of zero measure such that is bounded in . Thus, is bounded in ; on the other hand, one has , since satisfies the Lusin condition (see, e.g., [13]). We proved that . Thus, from (88) we know that

Since is an arbitrary function in , we conclude that

Now we prove the inequality in (85). Thanks to (79) and arguing as before, we may conclude that

Thus

The inequality in (85) is proved.

Proof of Corollary 8. Let and let . Then, from (6), we have

It is clear that there exists a measurable set of zero measure such that is bounded in . Thus, is bounded in ; on the other hand, one has , since satisfies the Lusin condition. We proved that . Thus, from (93) we know that

Since is an arbitrary function in , we conclude that

The inequality (87) follows by replacing by in (95), namely

Given a function , we consider the quantity

introduced in [26] by Garnett and Jones. The supremum in (97) is taken over all balls . The main result of [26] states that is equivalent to the distance to in the space defined as

We also refer to [17, 27] for the problem of finding a formula for the distance to in grand Sobolev and grand Orlicz spaces. The next result is an immediate consequence of the previous result.

Corollary 9. Let be a quasiconformal mapping with . Then, there exists a constant depending only on , such that

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Raffaella Giova has been supported by the Gruppo Nazionale per l’Analisi Matematica, la Probabilità e le loro Applicazioni (GNAMPA) of the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (INdAM) and by Project Legge 5/2007 Regione Campania “Spazi pesati e applicazioni al calcolo delle variazioni”.

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