Journal of Immunology Research

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 529167, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/529167

Research Article

Insight into Gene Polymorphisms Involved in Toll-Like Receptor/Interferon Signalling Pathways for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in South East Asia

Hwa Chia Chai,1,2 Kek Heng Chua,² Soo Kun Lim,³ and Maude Elvira Phipps¹

¹Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Sunway Campus, 46150 Selangor, Malaysia

²Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

³Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Received 22 July 2013; Revised 20 December 2013; Accepted 26 December 2013; Published 17 February 2014

Academic Editor: Timothy B. Niewold

Copyright © 2014 Hwa Chia Chai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Polymorphisms in genes involved in toll-like receptor/interferon signalling pathways have been reported previously to be associated with SLE in many populations. This study aimed to investigate the role of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms within TNFAIP3, STAT4, and IRF5, which are involved in upstream and downstream pathways of type I interferon production, in SLE in the South East Asian populations. Genotyping of 360 Malaysian SLE patients and 430 normal healthy individuals revealed that minor alleles of STAT4 rs7574865 and rs10168266 were associated with elevated risk of SLE in the Chinese and Malay patients, respectively (, odds ratio ; , , respectively). Polymorphisms in TNFAIP3 and IRF5 did not show significant associations with SLE in any of the ethnicities. Combined analysis of the Malays, Chinese, and Indians for each SNP indicated that STAT4 rs10168266 was significantly associated with the Malaysian SLE as a whole (; ). The meta-analysis of STAT4 rs10168266, which combined the data of other studies and this study, further confirmed its importance as the risk factor for SLE by having pooled OR of 1.559 and value of <0.001.

1. Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease affecting various parts of the body including skin, kidneys, lungs, joints, heart, nervous system, and hematopoietic organs. It is a disease whereby a diverse array of autoantibody production, complement activation, immune complex deposition, and inflammation cause damages in those organs. Although the exact aetiology of SLE still remains unclear, a combination of genetic risk factors and environmental events is believed to contribute to an irreversible break in immunological self-tolerance. With the introduction of genome-wide association studies, a huge breakthrough has been made in the discovery of SLE associated susceptibility genes that in turn advances our understanding of pathogenesis of SLE. Recently, several reviews have categorised the susceptible genes according to their immunological pathways and cell types. Three biological pathways involved in SLE have been forwarded by Harley et al. [1]: (i) innate immune response including toll-like receptor (TLR)/interferon (IFN) signalling pathways; (ii) adaptive immune response including B, T, and antigen-presenting cells immune signal transduction; and (iii) immune complex clearance mechanism.

Defects in TLR/IFN signalling pathways cause immune complexes containing self-nucleic acids to interact with TLR7 and TLR9 inside plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells endosomes, resulting in the secretion of type I IFN and interleukin (IL)-6. The combined triggering of both B cell receptors and TLR leads to autoreactive B-cell proliferation. Their further differentiation into plasmablasts and autoantibody-secreting plasma cells is induced by type I IFN and IL-6, respectively [2]. TNFAIP3, STAT4, IRF5, TREX, and IRAK1 are the genes involved in upstream and downstream pathways of type I IFN production that have been recently identified. The STAT4 gene consists of 24 exons that spread over a 120 kb region on chromosome 2q32.3. It encodes a transcription factor that mediates signals induced by IL-12, IL-23, and type I IFN and activates the production of IFN-γ and IL-17. It also directs the differentiation of helper T cells toward the proinflammatory T-helper type 1 and T-helper type 17 lineages that have been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of SLE. The STAT4 null allele in lupus-prone mouse model confers reduced autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis, indicating that STAT4 may be involved in multiple SLE-associated phenotypes [3]. There are a few studies involving STAT4-deficient lupus-prone mice which demonstrate the role of STAT4 in autoantibody production only [4, 5]. Polymorphisms in the STAT4 gene have been found to be strongly associated with SLE susceptibility, in particular rs7574865 [6, 7]. The simultaneous association of the risk allele T of STAT4 rs7574865 with both lower serum IFN-α activity and increased IFN-α-induced gene expression has been reported, confirming that this polymorphism was associated with increased IFN-α sensitivity [8, 9].

TNFAIP3, or tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 gene, encodes the A20 protein which is a negative regulator of the NF-κB signalling pathway, an essential pathway in the pathogenesis of SLE. A20 is an ubiquitin-editing enzyme required for effective termination of NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory responses induced by TLRs, TNF receptor, IL-1 receptor, and NOD2 [10]. A meta-analysis and imputation study identified a 109 kb risk haplotype spanning TNFAIP3 region with lupus nephritis and hematologic manifestation [11]. A nonsynonymous mutation (), rs223092, in TNFAIP3 gene which causes phenylalanine-to-cysteine change at position 127 of A20 protein has been consistently linked with SLE various ethnic groups.

The final candidate gene, IRF5, which is IFN regulatory factor 5, is a transcription factor that mediates inflammatory and immune responses [12]. This factor stimulates the production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-6 following TLR signalling as well as transactivation of type I IFN and IFN-induced genes [13, 14]. Polymorphisms in IRF5 cause functional changes in messenger RNA, which in turn alter IFR5-mediated transcription resulting in elevated SLE risk [15]. It was also suggested that SLE patients who carry IRF5 risk haplotype and are positive for either anti-RBP or anti-dsDNA potentially have higher serum IFN-α activity [16]. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in STAT4, TNFAIP3, IRF5 genes, and SLE in the South East Asian scenario, particularly in the Malaysian participants. We also attempted to compare and pool the ORs of SNPs which were significant in the Malaysian SLE with the other studies through meta-analysis.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection and DNA Extraction

A total of 790 Malaysians were included in this study, which is comprised of 360 SLE patients and 430 healthy controls. Blood samples were collected from patients diagnosed with SLE according to 4 out of ACR criteria and healthy volunteers recruited at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, in compliance with requirements as stipulated by the UMMC Medical Ethics Committee (UMMC Ethics Approval Code: 733.19). The distribution of samples from Malays, Chinese, and Indians, as well as the ratio of females to males, is shown in Table 1. Genomic DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood samples by using the standard DNA extraction method as described previously [17]. The concentration and purity of the extracted DNA were further quantified by measuring the absorbance values at 260 nm and 280 nm via a spectrophotometer.

Table 1: Distribution of samples according to ethnicity and gender. The percentage of SLE patients and healthy controls was ethnic- and gender-matched.

SLE patients
Healthy controls

Total
360
430

Malay
93 (25.8%)
110 (25.6%)

Chinese
245 (68.1%)
294 (68.4%)

Indian
22 (6.1%)
26 (6.0%)

Female : Male
10.25 : 1
10.03 : 1

2.2. Genotyping with Tetraprimer ARMS-PCR

SNPs that were included in this study are listed in Table 2. Tetraprimer ARMS-PCR was performed in the genotyping of rs10168266 and rs7601754 in STAT4 region, rs2230926 and rs3757173 in TNFAIP3 region, and rs4728142 in IRF5 region. Primers were designed using computer software accessible through the Internet at http://cedar.genetics.soton.ac.uk/public_html/primer1.html, developed by Ye and team [18]. In silico PCR as described previously was further carried out to ensure the self-designed primers were targeted to the gene regions of interest [19–21]. Each PCR reaction was carried out in a total of 10 μL, containing 50 ng of template DNA, appropriate concentration of inner and outer primers and MgCl₂ (Table 3), 200 μM dNTP, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH8.4, 50 mM KCl, and 0.15 U Taq polymerase (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania.). The PCR mixture was then subjected to touchdown PCR, whereby it was incubated for 5 min at 95°C, followed by 30 cycles of 45 s denaturation at 95°C, 45 s of annealing (started at temperature 10°C higher than annealing temperature, decreasing by 1°C per cycle, maintained at annealing temperature for the remaining 20 cycles) and 45 s of extension at 72°C, and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min at the end of the cycles. The annealing temperatures for different PCRs are stated in Table 3. Five microlitres of PCR amplicons was electrophoresed on a 2% (w/v) agarose gel. The agarose gel was viewed under UV illumination and image was recorded using a gel documentation system. The results obtained were further verified by sequencing.

Table 2: SNPs that were investigated in this study on their association with SLE.

Genes
SNP
Chromosome
Position
Alleles

STAT4
rs7574865
2
191672878
G/T

rs10168266
2
191644049
C/T

rs7601754
2
191648696
A/G

TNFAIP3
rs2230936
6
138237759
T/G

rs3757173
6
138231847
T/C

IRF5
rs4728142
7
128361203
G/A

rs729302
7
128356196
A/C

Table 3: Touchdown PCR primers and conditions.

SNP
Primer sequence

Final concentration
Inner/outer primers ratio
Mg²⁺
Annealing temperature

STAT4

rs10168266
Forward inner primer (T allele) (29 bp)

5′-CAAAGTAGTAGCTATTGACTACATGAGAT
57°C
1.0 μM
4 : 1
2.5 mM
55°C

Reverse inner primer (C allele) (27 bp)

5′-GTTATTACTACGGGTGGGTAGACATTG
62°C
1.0 μM

Forward outer primer (28 bp)

5′-AAAAGTATAGAATTTGGAGGAAGAGAGT
59°C
0.25 μM

Reverse outer primer (28 bp)

5′-TATTGGGGTATACTGAAAAGAAAGAGTA
59°C
0.25 μM

rs7601754
Forward inner primer (A allele) (21 bp)

5′-GGGTGAAGAAAAGGAACTCCA
60°C
1.0 μM
5 : 1
1.25 mM
55°C

Reverse inner primer (G allele) (23 bp)

5′-CAAGGTCTTAGTATCATCTTGGC
57°C
1.0 μM

Forward outer primer (28 bp)

5′-GGAGGTGATTACTATATTTCTAGGCTAA
58°C
0.2 μM

Reverse outer primer (27 bp)

5′-AAAAATTAAAAATTAGTTGGCTATGGT
58°C
0.2 μM

TNFAIP3

rs2230936
Forward inner primer (G allele) (28 bp)

5′-CAGACTTGGTACTGAGGAAGGCGCTATG
69°C
1.0 μM
4 : 1
2.5 mM
62°C

Reverse inner primer (T allele) (23 bp)

5′-GTCTGTTTCCTTGAGCGTGCCGA
69°C
1.0 μM

Forward outer primer (28 bp)

5′-CTGAAAACCTTTGCTGGGTCTTACATGC
69°C
0.25 μM

Reverse outer primer (29 bp)

5′-GACCTAGTCCATCAGATGCTACCAGAGGG
69°C
0.25 μM

rs3757173
Forward inner primer (T allele) (26 bp)

5′-GACCTTATTCCCTTCCCTGAAATGAT
64°C
1.0 μM
4 : 1
2.5 mM
53°C

Reverse inner primer (C allele) (27 bp)

5′-CCTTAGCTGCAGACTAAGGTGGTATTG
64°C
1.0 μM

Forward outer primer (28 bp)

5′-TTAAACCATTCAGTCCCCTAGAATAGCA
64°C
0.25 μM

Reverse outer primer (28 bp)

5′-TAAAATCTTCCTACTGCCCATCTCTTTC
64°C
0.25 μM

IRF5

rs4728142
Forward inner primer (A allele) (26 bp)

5′-GTCACACCCCAAAAAGCTCTGAGACA
68°C
2.0 μM
5 : 1
1.25 mM
55°C

Reverse inner primer (G allele) (26 bp)

5′-CCTTCCTCCCCATTTCTTACTAACCCC
68°C
2.0 μM

Forward outer primer (28 bp)

5′-GAAAGGTGGAGACTCCGAGTGTAGAGGT
68°C
0.2 μM

Reverse outer primer (28 bp)

5′-GACAGAGCGATACTCCGTCTCAAAAGAA
68°C
0.2 μM

2.3. Genotyping with Real-Time PCR

Predesigned TaqMan SNP genotyping assays were used to genotype SNPs where tetraprimers could not be designed for ARMS-PCR (probe ID: rs7574865 in STAT4 region, C_29882391_10; rs729302 in IRF5 region, C_2691216_10; Applied Biosystems, NY, USA). Fifty nanograms of template DNA was mixed with 2X Taqman GTXpress master mix (Applied Biosystems) and 20X Taqman genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems) to make up to a total volume of 10 μL. Real-time PCR reaction was initiated with pre-PCR read step at 60°C for 1 min, followed by DNA polymerase activation at 95°C for 20 s, 40 cycles of denaturation (95°C for 3 s) and annealing/extension (60°C for 30 s), and ended with a final extension step at 60°C for 1 min. Fluorescence was detected using an Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System. The results were verified by sequencing.

2.4. Association Test

Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated, followed by performing a goodness-of-fit test to evaluate whether or not the observed genotype frequencies of each polymorphisms were departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in control subjects (  values > 0.05). An open access HWE calculator developed by Rodriguez et al. [22] was used. Fisher’s exact test was conducted on 2 × 2 contingency table using SPSS software to assess the association of each SNP with SLE susceptibility in Malays, Chinese, and Indians. values were adjusted according to Bonferroni correction and was regarded as significant. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Adjusted ORs were computed using logistic regression, whereby major allele and major homozygous genotype of each SNP were set as reference group and their ORs were adjusted to 1.

The ORs of the three ethnicities were combined using Mantel-Haenszel test to evaluate the overall association of each SNP in the Malaysian population. The Mantel-Haenszel ORs were calculated using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.0 software (Biostat, NJ, USA). The between-subgroup heterogeneity was tested using Cochran’s Q statistic. Random effect model was used when heterogeneity was significant ; otherwise, the fixed effect model was used.

2.5. Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.0 software (Biostat) for the SNP(s) which was/were significantly associated with SLE in the Malaysian population by including data from other studies as well as the current study. Due to insufficient number of Indian subjects, analysis was not carried out for this ethnic group.

We examined the association between STAT4 polymorphisms and SLE fully and rigorously, with the use of the key words “STAT4,” “polymorphisms,” “systemic lupus erythematosus,” and “SLE.” Electronic databases including Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science were thoroughly searched until December 2013. Only fully published articles were included and the eligible studies were identified based on the following criteria: (a) the study was original, (b) the patients were sporadic cases, (c) having available allele and genotype frequency data, and (d) having sufficient published data to determine OR with 95% CI.

Data extraction was performed by collecting the following information from each study: the first author’s name, year of publication, ethnicity, the number of cases and controls, and the frequency of minor allele (MAF) of each polymorphism in both cases and controls. For studies including several independent case-control populations, each case-control population was extracted separately. Malay and Chinese populations from this study were also included in the meta-analysis.

The heterogeneity across studies was evaluated by using Cochran’s Q statistic. Random effect model was used for meta-analysis when heterogeneity was significant (); otherwise, fixed effect model was used. By inputting the study name, total number of cases and controls, and MAF of cases and controls, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.0 software calculated the ORs, 95% CI, and values for each study, as well as the pooled OR, 95% CI, and values for the meta-analysis.

3. Results

3.1. Polymorphisms and SLE Risk

The goodness-of-fit test demonstrated that all polymorphisms investigated in this study fulfilled HWE in the control group. The Malay SLE patients were significantly associated with minor alleles of STAT4 rs7574865, rs10168266, and TNFAIP3 rs2230926, and heterozygous genotype TG of TNFAIP3 rs2230926 (Table 4). Increased SLE susceptibility in Chinese population was significantly conferred by minor alleles and minor homozygous genotypes TT of STAT4 rs7574865 and rs10168266. However, after Bonferroni adjustment, significant associations were only observed between minor allele T of STAT4 rs7574865 and Chinese SLE patients (, , 95% CI: 1.12–1.82) and between minor allele T of STAT4 rs10168266 and Malay SLE patients (, , 95% CI: 1.20–2.71). STAT4 rs7601754, TNFAIP3 rs3757173, and IRF5 rs4728142 and rs729302 did not show significant association with SLE in any of the ethnicities.

Table 4: Frequencies of alleles and genotypes for STAT4  rs7574865 and rs10168266, and TNFAIP3  rs2230926 in SLE patients and healthy control subjects of each ethnicity.

Ethnicity
Locus
Frequency
P value
P value

(Bonferroni adjusted)
OR (95% CI)

SLE patients
Healthy controls

STAT4 rs7574865

Malay

Allele  

    G†  
104 (55.9%)
148 (67.3%)
—
—
1.00

    T  
82 (44.1%)
72 (32.7%)
0.019*
0.133
1.62 (1.08–2.43)

Genotype  

    GG†  
29 (31.2%)
51 (46.4%)
—
—
1.00

    GT  
46 (49.5%)
46 (41.8%)
0.276
NA
1.76 (0.95–3.24)

    TT
18 (19.3%)
13 (11.8%)
0.137
0.959
2.44 (1.04–5.68)

Chinese

Allele  

    G†  
263 (53.7%)
366 (62.2%)
—
—
1.00

    T  
227 (46.3%)
222 (37.8%)
0.004*
0.028*
1.42 (1.12–1.82)

Genotype  

    GG†  
69 (28.2%)
114 (38.8%)
—
—
1.00

    GT  
125 (51.0%)
138 (46.9%)
0.345
NA
1.50 (1.02–2.20)

    TT
51 (20.8%)
42 (14.3%)
0.046*
0.322
2.01 (1.21–3.33)

Indian

Allele  

    G†  
30 (68.2%)
30 (57.7%)
—
—
1.00

    T  
14 (31.8%)
22 (42.3%)
0.290
NA
0.64 (0.27–1.47) 

Genotype  

    GG†  
9 (40.9%)
7 (26.9%)
—
—
1.00

    GT  
12 (54.5%)
16 (61.5%)
0.624
NA
0.58 (0.17–2.01)

    TT
1 (4.6%)
3 (11.6%)
0.382
NA
0.26 (0.02–3.06)

STAT4 rs10168266

Malay

Allele  

    C†  
104 (55.9%)
153 (69.5%)
—
—
1.00

    T  
82 (44.1%)
67 (30.5%)
0.005*
0.035*
1.80 (1.20–2.71)

Genotype  

    CC†  
26 (28.0%)
53 (48.2%)
—
—
1.00

    CT  
52 (55.9%)
47 (42.7%)
0.061
0.427
2.26 (1.22–4.16)

    TT
15 (16.1%)
10 (9.1%)
0.128
0.896
3.06 (1.21–7.73)

Chinese

Allele  

    C†  
266 (54.3%)
363 (61.7%)
—
—
1.00

    T  
224 (45.7%)
225 (38.3%)
0.014*
0.098
1.36 (1.07–1.73)

Genotype  

    CC†  
69 (28.2%)
108 (36.7%)
—
—
1.00

    CT  
128 (52.2%)
147 (50.0%)
0.604
NA
1.36 (0.93–2.00)

    TT
48 (19.6%)
39 (13.3%)
0.047*
0.329
1.93 (1.15–3.24)

Indian

Allele  

    C†  
30 (68.2%)
35 (67.3%)
—
—
1.00

    T  
14 (31.8%)
17 (32.7%)
0.929
NA
0.96 (0.41–2.27)

Genotype  

    CC†  
9 (40.9%)
11 (42.3%)
—
—
1.00

    CT  
12 (54.5%)
13 (50.0%)
0.753
NA
1.13 (0.35–3.67)

    TT
1 (4.6%)
2 (7.7%)
0.654
NA
0.61 (0.05–7.88)

TNFAIP3 rs2230926

Malay

Allele  

    T†  
181 (97.3%)
203 (92.3%)
—
—
1.00

    G  
5 (2.7%)
17 (7.7%)
0.025*
0.175
0.33 (0.12–0.91)

Genotype  

    TT†  
88 (94.6%)
93 (84.5%)
—
—
1.00

    TG  
5 (5.4%)
17 (15.5%)
0.021*
0.147
0.31 (0.11–0.88)

    GG
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
NA
NA
NA

Chinese

Allele  

    T†  
476 (97.1%)
563 (95.7%)
—
—
1.00

    G  
14 (2.9%)
25 (4.3%)
0.222
NA
0.66 (0.34–1.29)

Genotype  

    TT†  
231 (94.3%)
270 (91.8%)
—
—
1.00

    TG  
14 (5.7%)
23 (7.8%)
0.335
NA
0.71 (0.36–1.42)

    GG
0 (0%)
1 (0.4%)
0.361
NA
NA

Indian

Allele  

    T†  
44 (100%)
52 (100%)
—
—
1.00

    G  
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0
NA
NA

Genotype  

    TT†  
22 (100%)
26 (100%)
—
—
1.00

    TG  
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
NA
NA
NA

    GG
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
NA
NA
NA

Reference category; *.

Combined analysis of the three ethnicities was carried out to represent the association of each SNP with SLE in the Malaysian population as a whole. The analysis revealed that only minor allele T of STAT4 rs10168266 was significantly associated with the Malaysian SLE (, , 95% CI: 1.143–1.802) (Table 5).

Table 5: Association of each SNP with the Malaysian SLE, resulting from combined analysis of the three ethnicities.

Gene
SNP
Minor allele
OR (95% CI)
P-value (Bonferroni adjusted)

STAT4
rs7574865
T
1.337 (0.948–1.885)
0.686

rs10168266
T
1.435 (1.143–1.802)
0.014*

rs7601754
G
0.800 (0.589–1.085)
NA

TNFAIP3
rs2230926
G
0.522 (0.273–0.999)
0.350

rs3757173
C
1.660 (1.088–2.531)
0.133

IRF5
rs4728142
A
1.272 (0.934–1.733)
0.889

rs729302
C
0.947 (0.768–1.168)
NA

.

3.2. Meta-Analysis of STAT4 rs10168166

Since STAT4 rs10168166 showed significant association with the Malaysian SLE, meta-analysis was carried out to combine the data from other studies with the current one [6, 23–25]. Four relevant articles were identified eligible and a total of 5 subgroups were included for comparison. Four subgroups were from Asian population, while one was from European population. Data extracted from these articles is shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Main data extracted from the studies included in the meta-analysis of STAT4  rs10168266.

Study
Year
Ethnicity
Minor

allele
SLE patients
Controls
OR (95% CI)

Total
MAF
Total
MAF

Kawasaki et al. [6]
2008
Japanese
T
308
0.378
306
0.258
1.75 (1.39–2.63)

Namjou et al. [23]
2009
European
A
2583
0.251
3099
0.184
1.49 (1.35–1.65)

Korean
A
661
0.400
781
0.289
1.64 (1.40–1.91)

Yang et al. [24]
2010
Hong Kong Chinese
T
1484
0.4543
1484
0.3369
1.64

Kim et al. [25]
2013
Korean
A
553
0.395
663
0.297
1.55 (1.31–1.83)

Current study
2013
Malay
T
93
0.441
110
0.305
1.80 (1.20–2.71)

Malaysian Chinese
T
245
0.457
294
0.383
1.36 (1.07–1.73)

In the overall analysis, significant association of STAT4 rs10168166 with SLE was observed. The fixed effect model was used as the heterogeneity test did not appear significant (). The pooled OR for the minor allele T was 1.559, with 95% CI of 1.459–1.665 and value of <0.001 (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Forest plot of individual and pooled ORs with 95% CI for STAT4 rs10168266 with SLE risk.

4. Discussion

Understanding the full molecular pathology of SLE remains a great challenge, although many insights have been revealed. Recognition of self-nucleic acids by toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR9 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells is believed to be an important step in the pathogenesis of this disease [26]. Increased antinuclear antibodies and production of type I IFN are both correlated with the severity of disease. STAT4, TNFAIP3, and IRF5 are genes involved in regulating TLR/IFN signalling pathways. SNPs investigated in this study have consistently shown associations with SLE susceptibility in many populations, especially in Asians [7, 24, 27–29]. When the various ethnic groups were considered, rs7574865 and rs10168266 of STAT4 gene were significant in Chinese and Malays, respectively. However, only rs10168266 of STAT4 was observed to have correlations with SLE in the Malaysians generally. None of the SNPs seemed to influence SLE in Indians. Due to population demographics and lower SLE risk predisposition, the fewer Indians recruited in this study may have impacted the results. The SNPs of IRF5 were not significant. This suggests that the IRF5 genetic variants tested for in this study are not linked to SLE in our cohort and that there may be other variants that are more important in the Indian ethnic group.

Therefore, it may be concluded from the present study that STAT4 gene polymorphisms feature more prominently as the genetic risk factors in the Malaysian SLE rather than those polymorphisms in TNFAIP3 and IRF5. Rs10168266 which is located in intron 5 of STAT4 gene has been frequently related to SLE susceptibility in the Asian population, particularly in Korean population, and also in the European population [6, 23–25, 30]. This was also reflected in the findings of this study. Nevertheless, not many studies were done on this SNP and thus only four studies were included in the meta-analysis of this study. After the analysis, the pooled OR and value once again showed that this SNP was overall an important risk factor for SLE and more attention should be taken.

Rs7574865, which was significantly associated with SLE in Chinese in this study, is located in the third intron of the STAT4 gene. The minor/risk allele T has reported associations with other immune-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren’s syndrome, type-1 diabetes, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis [31–34]. The association of this particular SNP with SLE susceptibility was observed in many populations, including both European and Asian populations [7]. SNP haplotype in the third intron of STAT4 marked by rs7574865 was found to be associated with SLE susceptibility and it could be responsible for splice variation or regulatory effects of STAT4 [31, 35].

The next SNP that may be important in the Malaysian SLE was TNFAIP3 rs2230936. This coding SNP is a nonsynonymous variant causing a phenylalanine-to-cysteine change at residue 127 of the A20 protein. It has been already proven that minor Cys127 is relatively stable compared to the Phe127 protein, causing it to be less effective at inhibiting TNF-induced NF-κB activity [36]. This reduced autoinflammatory activity of A20 could result in excessive cellular response to TNF. Interestingly, as opposed to other findings suggesting that minor allele G was the risk factor of SLE, the results of this study demonstrated that it conferred protection against SLE in our cohort [11, 24, 27, 36–40]. This study speculates that apart from rs223093, other factors such as adjacent SNPs may possibly alter the structure of A20 protein. This may play a role in SLE susceptibility in the Malays. We suggest that multiple (at least four) genes may collectively play critical roles in the development of this disease [41–43]. This speculation has yet to be validated.

Finally, both SNPs in IRF5 gene investigated in our study were not significant in the Malaysian patients although both are fairly established SLE risk factors for Europeans and some Asians [44–47]. Presumably, other SNPs of this gene would have to be considered.

5. Conclusion

The present study was relatively small in contrast to larger studies of SLE by other researchers. Nevertheless, we present evidence to suggest that the genes involved in TLR/IFN signalling pathways, especially STAT4 rs10168266 polymorphisms, contribute to the development of SLE in Malays and Chinese.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the participants and nurses at University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) who assisted in sample collection, especially Madam Julita. They are also grateful to physicians at the Renal Unit of UMMC for providing full cooperation during patient recruitment and sample collection and colleagues for helpful discussions. The study was funded by Monash University (Sunway Campus) Major Grant (no.: 5140060) awarded to Maude Elvira Phipps, and University of Malaya Research Grant (UMRG) (no.: RG018-09HTM) awarded to Kek Heng Chua.

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