Journal of MaterialsVolume 2013 (2013), Article ID 898607, 6 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/898607

Research Article

On the Fluctuation Induced Excess Conductivity in Stainless Steel Sheathed MgB₂ Tapes

Suchitra Rajput1,2 and Sujeet Chaudhary¹

¹Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India²IIMT college of Engineering, Maha Maya University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India

Received 18 November 2012; Revised 10 February 2013; Accepted 11 February 2013

Academic Editor: Ram Katiyar

Copyright © 2013 Suchitra Rajput and Sujeet Chaudhary. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We report on the analyses of fluctuation induced excess conductivity in the - behavior in the in situ prepared MgB₂ tapes. The scaling functions for critical fluctuations are employed to investigate the excess conductivity of these tapes around transition. Two scaling models for excess conductivity in the absence of magnetic field, namely, first, Aslamazov and Larkin model, second, Lawrence and Doniach model, have been employed for the study. Fitting the experimental - data with these models indicates the three-dimensional nature of conduction of the carriers as opposed to the 2D character exhibited by the HTSCs. The estimated amplitude of coherence length from the fitted model is ~21 Å.

1. Introduction

Since the discovery of superconductivity in MgB₂ there has been enormous research owing to its speculated potential applications. Though there has been extensive research on both scientific and technical aspects, but yet little attention was paid to the fluctuation induced [1–5] enhanced conductivity in MgB₂. Superconductor transition broadening, induced by these fluctuations in the superconducting order parameter, is observed in various kinds of superconductors [6, 7]. Such broadening is normally due to superconducting fluctuation derived from a low dimensionality, short coherence length, and high . High , short coherence length, and low carrier densities impart an excess conductivity due to thermal fluctuation in the superconducting order parameter. There have been numerous studies on excess conductivity and order parameter fluctuations in (Y-123) [8–17], Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂ (Bi-2122), Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₂Cu₃ (Bi-2223) [18–22], Tl₂Ba₂CaCu₂ (Tl-2212) [23, 24], HgBa₂Ca₂Cu₃ (Hg-1223), and HgBa₂CaCu₂ (Hg-1212) [25] systems, but only few reports exist on the fluctuation studies [26–28] in MgB₂, and those are performed in the presence of magnetic field.

The superconducting transition in the absence of fluctuations is characterized by a mean non zero value of the order parameter below the transition temperature and zero above the transition temperature. There are fluctuations in the order parameter both above and below the transition temperature, that is, there is a probability of Cooper pair formation even above the transition temperature. These fluctuations contribute to the various physical properties like electrical conductivity, diamagnetism and specific heat both above and below [29]. The effect of thermodynamic fluctuations on most of these properties is in the small range around and the study of fluctuation conductivity may also provide information regarding the critical region close to . We now first provide a brief description of the model describing the fluctuation effects in a superconductor based on its resistivity behaviour. We shall than use this framework/model to understand the transport behaviour observed for the MgB₂ tape samples near the critical region around their . We would present the results of the fluctuation induced conductivity in MgB₂ tape via resistivity versus temperature measurement. The analyses of dimensionality of the conduction of the carriers and the estimation of the coherence length amplitude from fluctuation studies are also presented.

2. Experimental Details

For studying the fluctuation induced excess conductivity the in situ stainless steel sheathed tape sample synthesized at 800°C, for 1 hr, described elsewhere [30], with the stoichiometric (Mg : B = 1 : 2) starting composition was prepared [30]. Silver pads for making four contacts on the sample were made via dc-sputtering method. After that the current and voltage contacts were made using copper wire and silver paste. The resistivity versus temperature data were recorded via the four-probe method while warming the sample with an accuracy of ±1 mK and at a rate of 0.1 K/min around the transition, at the rate of 0.25 K/min in the 50–100 K range, and at 0.5 K/min in 100–300 K range. The temperature was recorded using a programmable temperature controller (Model-34 from Cryo-Con). A programmable current source (Model-224 from Keithley Inc.) was used to provide a constant current through the sample. Digital nanovoltmeter (Model-181 from Keithley Inc.) having a high input impedance was employed to measure the potential difference developed when sample was slowly warmed/cooled between 15 K and room temperature.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Fluctuation Induced Excess Conductivity in the Absence of Magnetic Field

The initial studies on the fluctuation effects were performed by carrying out the measurement of excess conductivity above , commonly known as the paraconductivity. Using the microscopic approach in the mean field region (MFR), Aslamazov and Larkin [31, 32], considering acceleration of the short lived superconducting charge carrier pairs which form in thermal equilibrium above in an electrical field, provided the expressions for 3- and 2-dimensional excess conductivity as follows: where, is amplitude of isotropic coherence length, “” is the two-dimensional characteristic length of the sample, such that if , then 2-dimentional excess conductivity dominates in the superconductor, and is the reduced temperature defined as

Here, is mean field temperature. In general, HTSCs are the highly anisotropic materials, and for such systems, Lawrence and Doniach [33] suggested a model with layered conduction in which conduction occurs mainly in two-dimensional planes, and these planes are coupled through the well-known Josephson coupling. Within each layer, the superconductivity can be very well described by the GL theory. Lawrence and Doniach provided an expression for excess conductivity as

Here with as the coherence length amplitude perpendicular to the planes, and is the distance between the planes. For , that is, when , this expression varies as , thus showing the 2D behavior predicted by Aslamazov and Larkin (2). On the other hand, closer to , that is, when , this expression varies as , thus presenting the 3D behavior (1). In other words, this formula interpolate between 2D formulation for (the interaction between layers is weak) and 3D (1) results for , and a crossover 2D/3D is predicted at .

3.2. Resistivity-Temperature Behavior

Figure 1(a) presents the resistivity versus temperature curve for the in situ prepared stainless steel sheathed MgB₂-tape sample S800. Figure 1(b) shows the enlarged view of the resistivity curve around the transition temperature and its derivative with the temperature. The single peak in the versus curve indicates that the sample is single phasic. The various parameters obtained from the curve in Figures 1(a) and 1(b) are the (300 K) = 7.92 × 10⁻⁶ Ωm, (42 K) = 2.68 × 10⁻⁶ Ωm, RRR = 2.95, ( criteria) = 0.50 K, (90% drop criterion) = 40.663 K, (10% drop criterion) = 41.189 K, and (from peak in ) = 40.901 K. Here, RRR means residual resistivity ratio, namely, (300)/(42) and (90% drop criterion), and (10% drop criterion) corresponds to the temperature at which (42 K) becomes 90% and 10%, respectively.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1: (a) Resistivity versus temperature curve for the in situ prepared stainless steel sheathed MgB₂ tape sample. In the inset, experimentally observed data for resistivity with temperature has been shown by the dotted (…) curve, and the fitted data () in the normal state has been shown by the solid (—) curve. (b) Variation of resistivity (diamond symbol with continuous line) and the differential of the resistivity (triangle) with the temperature for the in situ prepared stainless steel sheathed MgB₂ tape sample. (c) versus plot for determining , the linear extrapolated line hits the temperature where starts tending to zero.

The normal state behavior of the resistivity versus temperature curve of MgB₂ tape S800 was fitted to above 1.5 to 260 K (inset of Figure 1(a)) so as to obtain the (i.e., fluctuation induced enhanced conductivity), which was found from the experimentally observed resistivity and the as From the fitting of the observed normal state data, the constants , , and are found to be 2.6680 × 10⁻⁶, 2.9982 × 10⁻¹², and 2.5373 with msd (mean square deviation) between the experimental and the fitted data of 4.9327 × 10⁻¹⁵ (Ωm)² (see inset of Figure 1(a)). The msd for any variable (varying as a function of ) is obtained by the following formula: The fitting of the observed excess conductivity , obtained from the - data with different models described previously, requires the estimation of the mean field temperature, .

3.2.1. Mean Field Temperature

The choice of the mean field temperature is a well-known problem in the analysis of the fluctuation study. Various criteria for determining the have been considered in the literature [9, 34–36] as (i) midpoint of the resistive transition (ii) from the 90% drop in normal state resistivity near and (iii) the temperature at which versus curve exhibits a peak to use as a fitting parameter in minimizing the least square deviation between the observed and the predicted model. Notably, sometimes, is estimated from the linear extrapolation of in the versus plot (or versus plot). In the present work on MgB₂, we have determined the from the versus curve and also from the data as suggested by Oh et al. [9], that is, from the versus plot (see Figure 1(c)). The linear extrapolation of the plot to has been considered to infer the corresponding temperature .

In Table 1, we presents the various parameters obtained by fitting the measured resistivity data to different AL and LD models using (1)–(6). Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the fitting of the experimental obtained resistivity versus temperature data with various models outlined previously using two values of mean field temperature , respectively.

Table 1: Summary of the results obtained from fitting the resistivity data with AL and LD models with the normal state was fitted to .

Criterion for

Fitting model
or
ξ(0) (Å)
msd () (Ωm)²

From linear extrapolation of
40.889 K
AL-2D
29.70
—

AL-3D
—
23.40

LD-Layered
40.87
35.3

Peak in / versus curve
40.901 K
AL-2D
30.76
—

AL-3D
—
21.05

LD-Layered
35.20
31.99

(a)  

(b)

Figure 2: (a) Variation of resistivity versus temperature for MgB₂ tape sample, experimental curve, and the fit to AL-2D, AL-3D, and LD-layered expressions with  K are shown near the superconducting transition. The inset shows the same curves over the wide range of temperature—(15–250 K). (b) Variation of resistivity versus temperature for MgB₂ tape sample, experimental curve, and the fit to AL-2D, AL-3D, and LD-layered expressions with  K are shown near the superconducting transition. The inset shows the same curves over the wide range of temperature—(15–250 K).

It is evident from Table 1 that the resistivity fit using AL model yields higher value of msd (namely, msd = 2.1 × 10⁻¹² (Ωm)² using = 40.889 and 40.901 K) for 2D formulation of excess conductivity compared to the AL-3D model (namely, msd = 8.2 × 10⁻¹⁴ (Ωm)² and 6.1 × 10⁻¹⁴ (Ωm)² using = 40.880 and 40.901 K, resp.) for both the values of employed for fitting purpose. On the other hand, fit to LD-layered model yielded the msd value (namely, msd = 1.3 × 10⁻¹³ (Ωm)² and 8.5 × 10⁻¹⁴ (Ωm)² using = 40.880 and 40.901 K, resp.) higher than that achieved in the case of AL-3D fit but lower than that for AL-2D fit. values [37] corresponding to both the values have been found using specific heat jump = 64 mJ/(mol K) [38] and (from Table 1) and Coherence length anisotropy, [39]. It is found that = 1.94 × 10⁻² and = 2.6 × 10⁻² corresponding to = 40.889 K and 40.901 K, respectively. Further, the corresponding comes out to be (namely, for = 40.889 K, ), which clearly indicates the 3D fluctuation in the MgB₂ tape sample. All these results show that the different observables around the MgB₂ superconducting transition may be explained, in most of the experimentally accessible range, by considering Gaussian fluctuation in the mean-field Ginzburg-Landau like approaches. Thus, in the absence of magnetic field, the full critical region must then be expected only for temperatures close to mean field temperature (for  K). Here, it is worth mentioning that the msd values presented in Table 1 for various fitting are evaluated for the data in the previous range.

Thus, it may be concluded that fluctuation induced enhanced conductivity in MgB₂ tapes fit to the 3D relation for enhancement of the conductivity near the transition regime. The fluctuation study in the zero field yields the amplitude of coherence length which agrees very closely to the value (~26 Å) reported by Kim et al. [34]. These authors carried out the fluctuation study in the specific heat behavior in the bulk Mg¹¹B₂ sample in absence of field, neglecting the inhomogeneity of the sample.

4. Conclusions

We have experimentally observed the fluctuation induced enhancement of conductivity in MgB₂ in the absence of magnetic field. Study of fluctuation induced excess conductivity in the MgB₂ sample via fitting of resistivity versus temperature data with Aslamazov and Larkin model and Lawrence and Doniach model indicates the three-dimensional nature of conduction of the carriers as opposed to the 2D character exhibited by the HTSCs. The estimated amplitude of coherence length from the fitted model is ~21 Å.

Conflict of Interests

It should be noted that the authors (S. Rajput and S. Chaudhary) do not have any conflict of interests regarding the content of the paper.

References

T. Park, M. B. Salamon, C. U. Jung, M. S. Park, K. Kim, and S. I. Lee, “Fluctuation study of the specific heat of Mg¹¹B₂,” Physical Review B, vol. 66, no. 13, Article ID 134515, 5 pages, 2002.

J. Mosqueira, M. V. Ramallo, S. R. Currás, C. Torrón, and F. Vidal, “Fluctuation-induced diamagnetism above the superconducting transition in MgB₂,” Physical Review B, vol. 65, no. 17, Article ID 174522, 7 pages, 2002.

A. S. Sidorenko, L. R. Tagirov, A. N. Rossolenko et al., “Fluctuation conductivity in superconducting MgB₂,” Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 17–20, 2002.

A. S. Sidorenko, V. I. Zdravkov, V. V. Ryazanov, et al., “Two-dimensional superconducting fluctuations in MgB₂ films,” Journal of Superconductivity, vol. 17, pp. 211–213, 2004.

S. Rajput and S. Chaudhary, “Magneto-resistance investigations on the in-situ synthesized stainless steel sheathed MgB₂ tapes,” Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, 2012.

Q. Li and Q. Li, “Effects of vortex and critical fluctuations on magnetization of high superconductors,” in Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors V, D. M. Ginsberg, Ed., pp. 209–264, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994.

T. Ishiguro, K. Yamaji, and G. Saito, Superconductors, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2nd edition, 1998.

P. P. Freitas, C. C. Tsuei, and T. S. Plaskett, “Thermodynamic fluctuations in the superconductor Y₁Ba₂Cu₃: evidence for three-dimensional superconductivity,” Physical Review B, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 833–835, 1987.

B. Oh, K. Char, A. D. Kent et al., “Upper critical field, fluctuation conductivity, and dimensionality of YBa₂Cu₃O7-x,” Physical Review B, vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 7861–7864, 1988.

S. J. Hagen, Z. Z. Wang, and N. P. Ong, “Anomalous in-plane paraconductivity in single-crystal YBa₂Cu₃O₇,” Physical Review B, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 7137–7140, 1988.

F. Vidal, J. A. Veira, J. Maza, F. Miguélez, E. Morán, and M. A. Alario, “Probing thermodynamic fluctuations in high temperature superconductors,” Solid State Communications, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 421–425, 1988.

M. P. Fontana, C. Paracchini, C. Paris de Renzi, P. Podini, F. Licci, and F. C. Matacotta, “Temperature dependence of resistivity in YBa₂Cu₃O7-δ: study of the effect of oxygen content and of paraconductivity,” Solid State Communications, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 621–624, 1989.

N. Goldenfeld, P. D. Olmsted, T. A. Friedmann, and D. M. Ginsberg, “Estimation of material parameters from the observation of paraconductivity in YBaCuO,” Solid State Communications, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 465–468, 1988.

T. A. Friedmann, J. P. Rice, J. Giapintzakis, and D. M. Ginsberg, “In-plane paraconductivity in a single crystal of superconducting YBa₂Cu₃O7-x,” Physical Review B, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 4258–4266, 1989.

R. Hopfengärtner, B. Hensel, and G. Saemann-Ischenko, “Analysis of the fluctuation-induced excess dc conductivity of epitaxial YBa₂Cu₃O₇ films: influence of a short-wavelength cutoff in the fluctuation spectrum,” Physical Review B, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 741–749, 1991.

A. V. Pogrebnyakov, L. D. Yu, T. Freltoft, and P. Vase, “In-plane paraconductivity in c-oriented epitaxial YBa₂Cu₃O7-x films above Tc,” Physica C, vol. 183, no. 1–3, pp. 27–31, 1991.

J. A. Veira and F. Vidal, “Paraconductivity of ceramic YBa₂Cu₃ in the mean-field-like region,” Physica C, vol. 159, pp. 468–482, 1989.

K. Semba, A. Matsuda, and T. Ishii, “Normal and superconductive properties of Zn-substituted single-crystal YBa₂(Cu1-xZnx)₃O7-δ,” Physical Review B, vol. 49, no. 14, pp. 10043–10046, 1994.

S. Ravi and V. Seshu Bai, “Excess conductivity studies in pure and Ag doped 85 K phase in BiSrCaCuO system,” Solid State Communications, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 117–121, 1992.

S. Ravi and V. Seshu Bai, “Fluctuation induced excess conductivity in the Bi1.2Pb0.3Sr1.5Ca₂Cu₃Oy compound,” Physica C, vol. 182, no. 4–6, pp. 345–350, 1991.

P. Mandal, A. Poddar, A. N. Das, B. Ghosh, and P. Choudhury, “Excess conductivity and thermally activated dissipation studies in Bi₂Sr₂Ca₁Cu₂Ox single crystals,” Physica C, vol. 169, no. 1-2, pp. 43–49, 1990.

A. Poddar, P. Mandal, A. N. Das, B. Ghosh, and P. Choudhury, “Electrical resistivity, magnetoresistance, magnetisation, hall coefficient and excess conductivity in Pb-doped Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu oxides,” Physica C, vol. 161, no. 5-6, pp. 567–573, 1989.

H. M. Duan, W. Kiehl, C. Dong et al., “Anisotropic resistivity and paraconductivity of Tl₂Ba₂CaCu₂O₈ single crystals,” Physical Review B, vol. 43, no. 16, pp. 12925–12929, 1991.

D. H. Kim, A. M. Goldman, J. H. Kang, K. E. Gray, and R. T. Kampwirth, “Fluctuation conductivity of Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O thin films,” Physical Review B, vol. 39, no. 16, pp. 12275–12278, 1989.

M. O. Mun, S. Lee, M. K. Bae, and S. I. Lee, “Conductivity fluctuation in HBCCO superconductor,” Solid State Communications, vol. 90, no. 9, pp. 603–606, 1994.

Z. Hol’anová, J. Kačmarcik, P. Szabo et al., “Critical fluctuations in the carbon-doped magnesium diboride,” Physica C, vol. 404, pp. 195–199, 2004.

H. J. Kim, W. N. Kang, H. J. Kim et al., “Mixed-state magnetoresistance of c-axis-oriented MgB₂ thin films,” Physica C, vol. 391, no. 2, pp. 119–124, 2003.

T. Masui, S. Lee, and S. Tajima, “Origin of superconductivity transition broadening in MgB₂,” Physica C, vol. 383, no. 4, pp. 299–305, 2003.

Y. Iye, “Superconducting properties associated with short coherence length—fluctuation effect and flux creep phenomenon in HTSC,” in Studies of High Temperature Superconductors, A. Narlikar, Ed., vol. 1, pp. 166–181, Nova Science Publishers, New York, NY, USA, 1989.

S. Rajput and S. Chaudhary, “On the superconductivity in in situ synthesized MgB₂ tapes,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 1945–1950, 2008.

L. G. Aslamazov and A. I. Larkin, “Effect of fluctuations on the properties of a superconductor above the critical temperature,” Soviet Physics, Solid State, vol. 10, pp. 875–880, 1968.

L. G. Aslamasov and A. I. Larkin, “The influence of fluctuation pairing of electrons on the conductivity of normal metal,” Physics Letters A, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 238–239, 1968.

W. E. Lawrence and S. Doniach, “Theory of layer structure superconductor,” in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Low-Temperature Physics, E. Kanda, Ed., p. 361, Keigaku, Tokyo, 1971.

H. J. Kim, K. H. Kim, W. N. Kang et al., “Fluctuation of superconductivity in MgB₂ thin films,” Physica C, vol. 408–410, no. 1–4, pp. 72–74, 2004.

S. H. Han and O. Rapp, “Superconducting fluctuations in the resistivity of Bi-based 2:2:2:3,” Solid State Communications, vol. 94, no. 8, pp. 661–666, 1995.

U. C. Upreti and A. V. Narlikar, “Excess conductivity, critical region and anisotropy in YBa₂Cu₄O₈,” Solid State Communications, vol. 100, no. 9, pp. 615–620, 1996.

M. V. Ramallo and F. Vidal, “On the width of the full-critical region for thermal fluctuations around the superconducting transition in layered superconductors,” Europhysics Letters, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 177–182, 1997.

R. K. Kremer, B. J. Gibson, and K. Ahn, “Heat capacity of MgB₂: evidence for moderately strong coupling behavior,” http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0102432

D. Mijatovic, MgB₂ thin films and Josephson devices [Ph.D. thesis], University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, 2004.