Journal of Mathematics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 590462, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/590462

Research Article

Rate Estimation of Identical Synchronization by Designing Controllers

Mitul Islam,¹ Bipul Islam,² and Nurul Islam³

¹Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India

²Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700108, India

³Ramakrishna Mission Residential College (Autonomous), Narendrapur, Kolkata 700103, India

Received 20 January 2013; Revised 14 April 2013; Accepted 30 April 2013

Academic Editor: Yonghui Sun

Copyright © 2013 Mitul Islam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper investigates the synchronization rate for identical synchronization of chaotic dynamical systems, achieved by using controllers. The paper stresses on the hybrid feedback control technique and the tracking control technique and determines their corresponding maximum, minimum, and average synchronization rates. The results obtained are applied on the Shimizu-Morioka chaotic system, and some necessary and sufficient conditions for synchronization are obtained. Comparison of the two controllers is undertaken on the basis of their synchronization rates, in the context of the Shimizu-Morioka system. The results are analyzed both theoretically and numerically. Moreover, a method of graphical analysis is proposed to completely characterize the set of hybrid controllers for a given system.

1. Introduction

Chaos control and synchronization has got much attention of the scientists and engineers due to its applicability to various disciplines after the pioneering works by Pecora and Carroll [1] and Ott et al. [2]. It is applied in various fields like information processing, secure communication, neural networks, chemical reactions, biological systems, and so on. Sun and Cao [3] proposed the synchronization between two different noise perturbed chaotic systems. Researchers have proposed different synchronization methods and applied them successfully to control chaos and obtain synchronized chaotic system. Notable methods among them are non-linear feedback control [4], active control [5], adaptive control [6], backstepping design [7], hybrid feedback control [8], and so forth. When the two identical chaotic oscillators are mutually coupled or when one of them drives the other, the synchronization that occurs in this case is known as identical synchronization. Let and denote the variables describing the states of the first and second identical oscillators, respectively, depending on time . For a set of initial conditions and of the two systems, if , for , then the identical synchronization occurs.

In this paper, two synchronization schemes for chaotic dynamical systems, using two different controllers [9], are primarily discussed in Section 2. Section 3 deals with measurement of the rate of synchronization [10], when synchronization is achieved using controllers. A quantitative estimate of the rate of convergence of the two systems towards each other in the phase space is obtained. In the following section, the methods stated earlier are applied on coupled Shimizu-Morioka chaotic dynamical system. Synchronization of the chaotic system is achieved both via hybrid feedback control and tracking control, and the results are discussed both analytically and numerically. Finally, the corresponding rates of synchronization are determined and compared. Notably, Section 4.3 explores a method of graphical analysis for determining the possible controller parameters for effective synchronization. It proves to be an efficient and elegant tool for determination of possible controllers where traditional mathematical treatment is rendered inadequate. In fact, it enables us to completely characterize the set of all hybrid controllers for any given problem.

2. Description of the Controllers

2.1. Description of the Hybrid Controller

System of ordinary differential equations can be expressed as

where , , , and is the nonlinear part of the system.

In the following way, a new system which is identical with the system (1) has been constructed as

is known as the controller which controls the motion of system (2). Feedback controller should be chosen appropriately to get the identical synchronization of the systems (1) and (2). The controller is said to be hybrid if it is a combination of linear controller and non-linear controller.

Here the controller is chosen as , where

is the non-linear controller and

is the linear controller, with as the feedback matrix.

The synchronization error between the systems (1) and (2) is defined as , where and . It is easy to observe that the time evolution of the synchronization error obeys the dynamical equation given by

where is the feedback matrix.

Yang et al. [8] derived the sufficient condition that if the eigenvalues of the matrix have negative real parts, then the error dynamical system (5) will be asymptotically stable at origin and the synchronization between the systems (1) and (2) will occur.

It is noted that the error dynamical system is of the form

where .

2.2. Description of the Tracking Controller

As already noted in Section 2.1, any system of first-order non-linear differential equation can be represented as (1). In the context of synchronization of chaotic systems through introduction of tracking controller, a chaotic system of the form (1) is termed as the drive system. Introducing the control vector , the controlled response system is taken as

where is the state vector of the response system. The aim of this technique is to design the controller which will synchronize the states of both the drive and the response systems.

Thus, the error dynamical system has a representation

where is the error vector. With a proper choice of controller , the previous system can be put in the form

where . Section 4.5 illustrates a method of choosing the controller suitably.

Let us now construct a Lyapunov function of the form . Evidently, is positive definite. The controller has to be chosen suitably so that which implies that , and, hence, global synchronization between the states of the drive and response system is achieved asymptotically via the tracking controller .

3. Theoretical Analysis: Rate Measure for Identical Synchronization via Controllers

As observed already in Section 2, the proper choice of controllers for the coupled chaotic dynamical systems produces an error dynamical systems of the form

where and . Let us define the Euclidean norm for all real matrices as , to be represented, henceforth, as .

Definition 1. If there exist positive constants , , , and such that , then is defined as the minimum rate of synchronization, as the maximum rate of synchronization, and their mean as the average rate of synchronization.

If the Euclidean norm of error, that is, , can be written in the form , where , are positive constants and , are positive, then as . Clearly, tends to zero at least as fast as , but not faster than . Clearly, for large , the rate of convergence of to zero is very rapid while it is much slower for smaller values of . The trend for is also the same. It is noted that if and are close to each other, then lies within a narrow window between two exponentially decaying curves. Moreover, its value is approximately the same as that of , where . When and are far apart, then determines a mean curve and, hence, is a reasonable approximation for . In this sense, we define as the minimum rate of synchronization, as the maximum rate of synchronization, and as the mean rate of synchronization.

Theorem 2. The average rate of synchronization is given by , where and , and being the minimum and the maximum eigenvalues of the symmetric matrix ; is defined in (10).

Proof. Simple mathematical calculation yields

It yields an estimate of as

where and are the minimum and the maximum eigenvalues of the symmetric matrix , respectively.

Choosing and such that

for all , we obtain a fairly accurate estimate of the average rate of synchronization .

Note. In case becomes a constant matrix, it is easy to obtain the least upper bound and the greatest lower bound of the eigenvalues of as follows:

whereby we obtain the average rate of synchronization .

4. Application of the Results on the Shimizu-Morioka Chaotic System

4.1. The Shimizu-Morioka Chaotic System

Shimizu-Morioka dynamical system is as follows:

where , , are the state variables and , are the parameters. Studies by Shil’nikov [11] revealed that the system exhibits Lorentz-like attractors for , and for , .

The previous system of (15) can be written as where

4.2. Synchronization of Shimizu-Morioka Chaotic System Using Hybrid Controller

For the feedback matrix , we have

Characteristic equation of the matrix is

By the previous Routh-Hurwitz criterion, the roots of the above equation in will have negative real parts if and only if

Using (3) and (4), the hybrid controller for the Shimizu-Morioka system is given as . Therefore, the response system is

4.3. Complete Characterization of Control Parameters for Hybrid Controller

The necessary and sufficient conditions for synchronization are given in (19), involving the three control parameters , , and . Due to the complicated nature of the expressions involved, we adopt an alternate path of graphical analysis for explicit determination of “feasible” control parameters, that is, the set of values of for which the inequalities in (19) are simultaneously satisfied. In this sense, we can claim to have completely characterized the set of hybrid controllers for the synchronization of chaotic coupled Shimizu-Morioka system. The same procedure can be applied to any coupled dynamical system, thus completely characterizing the set of hybrid controllers for it. The method presented also has potential practical applications in controller design.

The set of figures presented in Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the effectiveness of the method of graphical analysis. Since the problem involves three parameters, a three-dimensional graphical analysis would have been most general. But for the sake of clarity and understandability, we keep one parameter fixed and generate the two-dimensional graphs. The blue regions in all the graphs are the regions of “controllability.” For any set , values within the blue region produce a hybrid controller that drives the response into synchrony with the drive system. Figure 1 fixes at different values and shows the possible values of   and . Clearly, always for a successful controller design. However, the lower limit on values of decreases with increase of . In Figure 2, when is fixed, again always and assumes much lower values as is increased. Thus, high values of and always increases the region of “controllability,” while is constrained to lie above always.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: Region of “controllability” for different fixed values of .

(a)  

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 2: Region of “controllability” for different fixed values of (a), (b) and (c), (d).

4.4. Rate of Synchronization Using Hybrid Controller

The symmetric matrix is given by . It is clear that the problem has become largely simplified because the matrix has become constant because of a suitable controller choice. The characteristic equation for this matrix is

which has roots , , and , where

With the conditions and , it is observed that . Thus, and for all . Using Theorem 2,

(1)minimum rate of synchronization = ; (2)maximum rate of synchronization = ; (3)mean rate = .

Simple calculations yield the maximum possible value of given by . It is possible to attain if the following inequality holds: .

4.5. Synchronization of Shimizu-Morioka Chaotic System via Tracking Controller

The dynamical system (15) is the drive system. Its identical controlled response system is taken as

where  is the controller to be determined and is the response system. Let us define . Motivated by the observation stated in the outline of this controller design, let us choose the controller as

Using systems (15), (23), and (24), the error dynamical system takes the form , where

Some trite calculations yield . Hence, the tracking controller given by (24) leads to global synchronization between the drive and the response systems.

4.6. Rate of Synchronization Using Tracking Controller

The symmetric matrix is given by . It is clear that the problem has again become largely simplified because the matrix is a constant diagonal matrix due to proper controller choice. Here, and for all . By Theorem 2,

(i)Case I: , , and ;(ii)Case II: , , and ;(iii)Case III: , , and .

In all the cases, average rate of synchronization is always a constant, where ; that is, .

5. Discussion and Conclusion

Numerical simulations are done with the parameter values and , and the initial conditions are taken as and . In hybrid control technique, the control parameters , , play an important role for the synchronization of the drive and the response systems. Time evolution of the synchronization errors is plotted in Figure 3. All the errors vanish with time but the rapidity of vanishing of errors depend on the values of . The synchronization rates are depicted in Figures 4 and 5 for hybrid and tracking controllers, respectively. In both figures, the minimum, maximum, and the average rates of synchronization are shown in addition to . In hybrid control technique, the rate of synchronization is highly dependent on the control parameters as depicted in Figures 3 and 4.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Convergence of for different parameter choices of the hybrid controller.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Comparison of the proposed “rate” curves with for synchronization using the hybrid control technique ().

Figure 5: Comparison of the proposed “rate” curves with for synchronization using the tracking control technique ().

It is seen from extensive numerical experiments that the average synchronisation rate function, that is, , lies extremely close to (refer to Figures 4 and 5). Clealry, the rate estimation is highly accurate for both the tracking controller and the hybrid controller, illustrating the power of our method of rate estimation. Thus, by and large, the average synchronisation rate function , where average synchronisation rate, can be used as a good approximation to for practical purposes.

Figure 6 compares the rate of synchronization for hybrid control and the tracking control techniques. It is evident that the hybrid controller may be made better than the tracking controller by adjusting the parameters of the hybrid controller. It is seen from numerical experiments that if , and have significantly large values, then hybrid controller is by and large better than the tracking controller in the context of synchronizing the chaotic Shimizu-Morioka system. But choice of arbitrarily low values of and from the region of “controllability” (refer to Section 4.3) causes the tracking controller to work better than the hybrid controller. Thus, we can safely conclude that the choice of comparatively larger parameter values is a sufficient condition for the hybrid controller to be better than the tracking controller. The average rate of synchronization for hybrid controller can be modified at will through parameter adjustments. It is this flexibility that makes hybrid control technique important in chaos synchronization. This is in contrast to tracking controller whose average rate of synchronisation is fairly constant.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 6: Comparison of the hybrid and the tracking control techniques in the context of chaotic Shimizu-Morioka system.

As already noted, maximum possible average rate of hybrid control synchronization is and that of tracking control synchronization is , which is a constant. Thus, a more rigorous sufficient condition for the hybrid controller to be made superior over tracking controller is

Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge the valuable insights and constructive criticism of the anonymous reviewers, which have played a significant role in giving the paper its final form.

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