Journal of Mathematics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 787408, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/787408

Research Article

Certain Results on Ricci Solitons in Trans-Sasakian Manifolds

C. S. Bagewadi and Gurupadavva Ingalahalli

Department of Mathematics, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, Karnataka 577 451, India

Received 29 September 2012; Revised 3 January 2013; Accepted 5 January 2013

Academic Editor: Andrea Pascucci

Copyright © 2013 C. S. Bagewadi and Gurupadavva Ingalahalli. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We study and obtain results on Ricci solitons in trans-Sasakian manifolds satisfying , , , and , where , , and are quasiconformal, projective, and conharmonic curvature tensors.

1. Introduction

During 1982, Hamilton [1] made the fundamental observation that Ricci flow is an excellent tool for simplifying the structure of a manifold. It is a process which deforms the metric of a Riemannian manifold analogous to the diffusion of heat there by smoothing out the regularity in the metric. It is given by .

1.1. Example

(i) If the manifold is an Euclidean space or more generally Ricci-flat, then Ricci flow leaves the metric unchanged. Conversely, any metric unchanged by Ricci flow is Ricci-flat.

(ii) Let and the standard metric on the unit -sphere in the Euclidean space. If for some ( is the radius), then is a solution. So the Ricci flow with collapses to a point at time .

Ricci solitons move under the Ricci flow simply by diffeomorphisms of the initial metric, that is, they are stationary points of the Ricci flow in space of metrics on . Here the metric is the pull back of the initial metric by a 1-parameter family of diffeomorphisms generated by a vector field on a manifold .

Let be a smooth function of time. Since is a diffeomorphism and is a Riemannian metric on (codomain), then by definition of pull back is a metric on (domain).

Set ; then we have [2]

(This follows from the definition of the Lie derivative.)

Suppose we have a metric , a vector field , and (all independent of time) such that

If we choose ,  , and , then it gives a family of diffeomorphisms with identity; then using (2) in (1),   defined above is a Ricci flow with , that is,

Hence, is a solution of the Ricci flow and is known as a Ricci soliton.

Definition 1 (see [3]). A Ricci soliton on a Riemannian manifold is defined by

It is said to be shrinking, steady, or expanding according to ,  , and .

1.2. Example

(1) Hamilton Cigar Soliton [4]. Let , and defined by forms a family of a one-parameter group of diffeomorphisms. The vector field generated by is . The metric is obtained as ,  ,  ,  . Using (4), we have . Hence, this Ricci soliton is steady and is called cigar soliton as it is asymptotic to a flat cylinder at infinity.

(2) Cylinder Shrinking Soliton [4]. Consider the product of the sphere with a like , where . Its Ricci tensor is given by . If we set , , , , then , . Hence is a shrinking soliton.

In [3], Sharma obtained some interesting results on Ricci solitons in K-contact manifolds. Cǎlin and Crasmareanu [5] extended the Eisenhart problem to Ricci solitons in -Kenmotsu manifolds. They studied the case of -Kenmotsu manifolds satisfying a special condition called regular and showed that a symmetric parallel tensor field of second order is a constant multiple of the Riemannian metric. Using this result, they obtained the results on Ricci solitons concerned in -Kenmotsu manifolds and 3-dimensional -Kenmotsu manifolds.

In [6, 7], Bagewadi and Ingalahalli studied Ricci solitons in -Sasakian and Lorentzian -Sasakian manifolds and proved that a symmetric parallel tensor field of second order is a constant multiple of the Riemannian metric; based on these they obtained the results on Ricci Solitons concerned in these manifolds. In [8], Tripathi obtained some results on Ricci solitons in contact metric manifolds. In [9], Nagaraja and Premalatha used semisymmetric conditions in Kenmotsu manifolds and obtained reuslts on Ricci solitons in Kenmotsu manifolds.

Motivated by all this work in this paper we are studying the Ricci solitons in trans-Sasakian manifolds.

Trans-Sasakian manifolds arose in a natural way from the classification of almost contact metric structures, and they appear as a natural generalization of both Sasakian and Kenmotsu manifolds. In [10], Gray-Hervella classification of almost Hermite manifolds appears as a class of Hermitian manifolds which are closely related to locally conformally Kähler manifolds. An almost contact metric structure on a manifold is called a trans-Sasakian structure [11] if the product manifold belongs to the class . The class [12] coincides with the class of trans-Sasakian structures of type . The local nature of the two subclasses and of trans-Sasakian structures is characterized completely. It is known that [13] trans-Sasakian structures of type ,   , and , are cosymplectic, -Sasakian, and -Kenmotsu, respectively, where . In [12], Marrero has shown that a trans-Sasakian manifold of dimension is either cosymplectic or -Sasakian or -Kenmotsu manifold. Later many authors worked in this topic, trans-Sasakian manifolds, like Blair and Oubiña [14], Janssens and Vanhecke [13], Bagewadi and Venkatesha [15], U. De and K. De [16], De and Tripathi [17], Shaikh et al. [18], Nagaraja et al. [19]. Now we move on to the preliminaries.

2. Preliminaries

An -dimensional differential manifold is said to be an almost contact metric manifold [20] if it admits a tensor field , a vector field , a -form , and a Riemannian metric , satisfying

for all vector fields , on .

An almost contact metric manifold is said to be trans-Sasakian manifold if belongs to the class of the Hermitian manifolds [12], where is the almost complex structure of defined by

for all vector fields on and smooth function on , and is the product metric on . This may be expressed by the following condition [13]:

where and are scalar functions on , and such a structure is said to be the trans-Sasakian structure of type . From (7), we have

Note 1. (1) For some smooth functions and , if and ,  , and , then it reduces to -Sasakian and -Kenmotsu manifold, respectively.

(2) If and are scalars and and ,   and , then it reduces to Sasakian and Kenmotsu manifold, respectively.

(3) If and , then it reduces to cosymplectic manifold, respectively.

In a trans-Sasakian manifold, we have [17]

where ,   are functions and is the Riemannian curvature tensor. From (8) we have

From (4) and (14), we get

The above equation yields

where is the Ricci operator and is the scalar curvature on .

Remark 2. Since our study deals with Ricci solitons of trans-Sasakian manifolds and by Definition 1, it is known that is a scalar quantity. Further, from (18) it is seen that is related to . Hence in the calculations of our results which will be proved in the following it is necessary to assume and as simply scalar quantities.

2.1. Example for 3-Dimensional Trans-Sasakian Manifold

We consider the -dimensional manifold , where are the standard co-ordinates in . Let be linearly independent global frame field on given by

Let be the Riemannian metric defined by ,   , where is given by

The is given by , , , , . The linearity property of and yields that , , , for any vector fields on . By the definition of Lie bracket, we have

Let be the Levi-Civita connection with respect to the above metric given by the Koszula formula

Then,

The tangent vectors and to are expressed as linear combinations of , that is, and , where () are scalars. Clearly and satisfy (5), (7), and (8) with and . Thus is a trans-Sasakian manifold.

2.2. Example for 3-Dimensional -Sasakian Manifolds

Let . Let be linearly independent vector fields given by

Let be the Riemannian metric defined by , , where is given by

The is given by

The linearity property of and yields that , , , for any vector fields . By the definition of Lie bracket, we have

Let be the Levi-Civita connection; with respect to the above metric given by Koszula formula (22) and by virtue of it we have

The tangent vectors and to are expressed as linear combinations of , that is, and , where and () are scalars. This becomes -Sasakian manifold with .

2.3. Example for 3-Dimensional -Kenmotsu Manifold

Let . Let be linearly independent vector fields given by

Let be the Riemannian metric defined by , , where is given by

The is given by

The linearity property of and yields that , , , for any vector fields on . By the definition of Lie bracket, we have

Let be the Levi-Civita connection; with respect to above metric given by Koszula formula (22) and by virtue of it, we have

The tangent vectors and to are expressed as linear combinations of ; that is, and , () are scalars. Clearly is a -Kenmotsu manifold with .

3. Ricci Soliton in Trans-Sasakian Manifolds Satisfying

The quasiconformal curvature tensor is defined by

where are constants. Taking in (34) and using (10), (15), (16), and (17), we get

Similarly using (12), (15), (16), and (17) in (34), we get

We assume that the condition ; then we have

for all vector fields , , , and on . Using (10) in (37), we have

By taking an inner product with , we get

In view of (34), (35), and (36) and Remark 2 in (39), then we have

Taking in (40) and summing over , we get

Putting in (41) and summing over , we get from (18)

Since by [12], a trans-Sasakian manifold of dimension is either cosymplectic or -Sasakian or -Kenmotsu manifold. So, based on this we state the following.

Theorem 3. A Ricci soliton in a quasiconformally semisymmetric -Sasakian manifold is shrinking.

Proof. In (42) put ; then we have

On simplification we get and . Hence by Definition 1 Ricci soliton is shrinking.

Theorem 4. A Ricci soliton in a quasiconformally semisymmetric -Kenmotsu manifold is expanding.

Proof. In (42) put ; then we have

If , then

The above equation implies that . Hence Ricci soliton is expanding.

Theorem 5. A Ricci soliton in a quasiconformally semisymmetric cosympletic manifold is steady.

Proof. In (42) put and ; then we have

The above equation implies that . Hence Ricci soliton is steady.

4. Ricci Soliton in Trans-Sasakian Manifolds Satisfying

The projective curvature tensor is defined by

Putting in (47), we get

We assume that ; then we have

Using (48) in (49), we obtain

By taking an inner product with and by using Remark 2 in (50), then, we obtain

By using (34), (35), and (36) in (51) and on simplification, we obtain

where .

Taking in (52) and summing over , and on simplification, we obtain

Taking in (53) and summing over , and on simplification, we obtain

If and on simplification, we get

Again by [12], a trans-Sasakian manifold of dimension is either cosymplectic or -Sasakian or -Kenmotsu manifold. So, based on this we state the following.

Theorem 6. A Ricci soliton in an -Sasakian manifold satisfying is shrinking, provided .

Proof. In (55) put ; then we have

that is, and . This completes the proof of the theorem.

Theorem 7. A Ricci soliton in a -Kenmotsu manifold satisfying is expanding, provided .

Proof. In (55) put ; then we have

On simplifying the above quadratic equation then we get

that is either

on simplification we get

In both cases . This completes the proof of the theorem.

Theorem 8. A Ricci soliton in a cosympletic manifolds satisfying is steady, provided .

Proof. In (55) put and ; then we have

since . This completes the proof of the theorem.

5. Ricci Soliton in Trans-Sasakian Manifolds Satisfying

Let be an -dimensional trans-Sasakian manifolds admitting a Ricci soliton . The conharmonic curvature tensor on is given by

Putting in (62) and by using (10), (15), (16), and (17), we get

We assume that holds. Then we have

By using (15) in (64), then we have

that is,

By using (63) in (66), we have

Taking and summing over , and by virtue of (18), we obtain

Again by [12], a trans-Sasakian manifold of dimension is either cosymplectic or -Sasakian or -Kenmotsu manifold. So, based on this we state the following.

Theorem 9. A Ricci soliton in an -Sasakian manifold satisfying is shrinking.

Proof. In (68) put ; then we have

We get . This completes the proof of the theorem.

Theorem 10. A Ricci soliton in a -Kenmotsu manifold satisfying is expanding if and shrinking if .

Proof. In (68) put ; then we have

If , then and Ricci soliton is expanding. If , then and Ricci soliton is shrinking. This completes the proof of the theorem.

Theorem 11. A Ricci soliton in a cosymplectic manifolds satisfying is steady.

Proof. In (68) put and ; then we have

This completes the proof of the theorem.

6. Ricci Soliton in Trans-Sasakian Manifolds Satisfying

We assume that holds. Then we have

By using (15) in (72), then we have

that is,

By using (63) in (74), we have

Taking and summing over , and if , and by virtue of (18), we obtain

Again by [12], a trans-Sasakian manifold of dimension is either cosymplectic or -Sasakian or -Kenmotsu manifold. So, based on this we state the following.

Theorem 12. A Ricci soliton in an -Sasakian manifold satisfying is shrinking, provided .

Proof. In (76) put ; then we have

We get . This completes the proof of the theorem.

Theorem 13. A Ricci soliton in a -Kenmotsu manifold satisfying is expanding, provided .

Proof. In (76) put ; then we have

then the above equation implies that . This completes the proof of the theorem.

Theorem 14. A Ricci soliton in a cosymplectic manifolds satisfying is steady, provided .

Proof. In (76) put and , then we have

This completes the proof of the theorem.

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to the referee for revising the paper.

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