Journal of Marine Biology

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 438485, 5 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/438485

Research Article

Glass Sponges off the Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic): Description of a New Species of Dictyaulus (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Euplectellidae)

Francisco Javier Murillo,¹ Konstantin R. Tabachnick,² and Larisa L. Menshenina³

¹Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 36280 Vigo, Spain

²Department of Benthic Fauna, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky Prospekt 36, Moscow 117997, Russia

³Physical Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia

Received 7 April 2013; Accepted 10 June 2013

Academic Editor: Jakov Dulčić

Copyright © 2013 Francisco Javier Murillo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Three species of hexactinellid sponges: Aphrocallistes beatrix beatrix Gray, Asconema foliata (Fristedt), and Dictyaulus romani sp. n. were collected off the Flemish Cap in the Flemish Pass and from the Grand Banks off the Newfoundland (northwest Atlantic) during different surveys on board of Spanish RV Vizconde de Eza and RV Miguel Oliver.

1. Introduction

The hexactinellid fauna of the northwest Atlantic is remaining poorly investigated up to now. A unique notable population of Vazella pourtalesi Schmidt was recently described from the adjacent area (the shelf of Scotia) [1], a monospecific genus previously known by few specimens from two findings in the Caribbean Sea off Florida and off Azores [2].

The present work complements data on hexactinellid fauna of the northwest Atlantic (the Newfoundland area). It is based on materials collected on groundfish bottom trawl surveys and on NEREIDA cruises. We describe a new species of Dictyaulus, a genus known for a long time by a single representative from the Indian Ocean, and recently two species from the central Pacific [3] and the north Atlantic [4] were described.

2. Material and Methods

Material was collected by groundfish bottom trawl surveys by the RV Vizconde de Eza supported by the Instituto Español de Oceanografía and the European Union (methodology used is described in [5]) and from rock dredge samples on board the RV Miguel Oliver sustained by Spain’s General Secretariat of the Sea (Secretaría General del Mar) in the framework of the NEREIDA (a multidisciplinary research project). Samples were fixed in 70° ethanol.

Spicules were dissociated using solution of K₂Cr₂O₇, fresh water, and H₂SO₄ then washed in fresh, water, and dried. Spicules were mounted in Canada balsam and analysed (including measurements) using light microscopy.

Type materials are stored in the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Madrid (Spain); other specimens are deposited in the Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Vigo (Spain); small fragments and slides for the light microscopy of all investigated specimens are treasured in the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Russia).

 Taxonomy Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870 Hexasterophora Schulze, 1886 Hexactinosida Schrammen, 1903 Aphrocallistidae Gray, 1867 Aphrocallistes aff. beatrix beatrix Gray, 1858

Material Examined. IEO: RV Vizconde de Eza, St. FC07 L19, 25.06.2007, 46°43,62′-42,02′ N 46°19,40′-18,58′ W, depth 404 m.

Description. Three small fragments of 20 × 15 mm, 15 × 10 mm, and 15 × 5 mm were studied.

Remarks. This specimen does not contain any loose spicules; hence its precise identification is impossible, while their morphology is typical for the genus. Nevertheless due to the location of this specimen and data on distribution of representatives of this genus [6], and the name Aphrocallistes beatrix beatrix is assigned with minimal hesitations Figures 1, 2, and Table 1.

 Lyssacinosida Euplectellidae Gray, 1867 Corbitellinae Gray, 1872 Dictyaulus Schulze, 1895 Dictyaulus romani sp. n.

Table 1: Spicule dimensions (in mm) Dictyaulus romani sp. n.

Holotype
Paratype

min.
max.
avg
std

min.
max.
avg
std

L dermal hexactin distal ray
24
0.037
0.252
0.151
0.044
35
0.104
0.211
0.148
0.024

L dermal hexactin tangential ray
25
0.104
0.185
0.143
0.018
28
0.111
0.241
0.159
0.035

L dermal hexactin proximal ray
18
0.141
0.481
0.310
0.104
18
0.093
0.525
0.284
0.147

L atrial pentactin tangential ray
6
0.278
0.414
0.335
0.050
7
0.200
0.500
0.370
0.119

L atrial pentactin ray directed inside body
4
0.352
0.444
0.389
0.040
4
0.252
0.444
0.352
0.107

D drepanocome
12
0.059
0.081
0.074
0.006
25
0.072
0.101
0.092
0.007

d drepanocome
12
0.015
0.019
0.017
0.002
25
0.014
0.020
0.017
0.002

D floricome
25
0.089
0.118
0.105
0.007
26
0.072
0.140
0.097
0.012

d floricome
25
0.015
0.030
0.020
0.004
26
0.014
0.018
0.017
0.001

D spiny hexactin
25
0.178
0.266
0.220
0.025
27
0.133
0.227
0.175
0.024

D pappocome
25
0.259
0.333
0.300
0.016
25
0.169
0.263
0.216
0.022

d pappocome
1
0.016
0.016
0.016

25
0.014
0.026
0.019
0.003

D large discohexaster
2
0.118
0.141
0.130
0.016
4
0.072
0.108
0.097
0.017

d large discohexaster
2
0.022
0.036
0.029
0.009
4
0.014
0.016
0.015
0.001

D small discohexaster
11
0.032
0.065
0.048
0.010
20
0.022
0.054
0.040
0.007

d small discohexaster
11
0.014
0.020
0.017
0.002
20
0.007
0.017
0.012
0.003

D discohexactin
3
0.185
0.215
0.195
0.017

L: length; D: diameter; d: diameter of primary rosette.

Figure 1: Dictyaulus romani sp. n. A: sieve plate of holotype. B: holotype, external shape. C: bottom basidictyonal plate of holotype. D: paratype, external shape. Scale bar 20 mm.

Figure 2: Spicules of Dictyaulus romani sp. n. A–AD: paratype. AE: holotype. A–C: dermal hexactins. D: atrial pentactin. E: hypodermal hexactin or prostalia oscularia. F-G: large choanosomal stauractin and its outer ends. H: small choanosomal stauractin. I: choanosomal tauactin. J-K: large choanosomal diactins. L–R: small choanosomal diactins. S: drepanocome. T: floricome. U-V: anchorate macrodiscohexaster and its secondary ray. W-X: spherical microdiscohexasters. Y–AC: fragments of oxyhexaster: secondary rays (Y–AB) and primary rosette (AC). AD: spiny oxyhexactin. AE: discohexactin.

Etymology. The species is named in the honor of Mrs. Esther Roman, whose activity in the Newfoundland investigations allowed the capturing of these specimens.

Material Examined. Holotype MNCN 1.04/8 RV Vizconde de Eza, St. FN3L06 L99, 18.08.2006, 46°08,25′-06,72′ N 46°50,74′-50,46′ W, depth 1394–1418 m. Paratype MNCN 1.04/9 RV Vizconde de Eza, St. FC07 L170, 18.07.2007, 46°09,21′-09,15′ N 45°46,11′-48,33′ W, depth 1332–1488 m.

Description

Body Morphology. The holotype is tubular 200 mm high, 47 mm in diameter, 18 mm in diameter at base (basiphytous), and 32 mm in diameter of upper part carrying the sieve plate. The paratype is 265 mm high, 50 mm in diameter, and at base it is broken. Numerous round or oval lateral oscula 0.5–3 mm in diameter penetrate thin 0.5–0.8 mm walls of the specimen. The sieve plate is colander in structure, and it is made of the beams with meshes usually square, sometimes rectangular, or triangular with sides 2–5 mm long. A fine, circular, about 5 mm high structure of small, loose spicules is situated above and around the main osculum of both specimens. No prostasia lateralia was observed in this specimen.

Spicules. Choanosomal spicules are principalia (stauractins, some tauactins, and diactins), rare pinular hexactins, and additional spicules (comitalia: smaller stauractins, tauactins, diactins, and, maybe, pentactins). Principalia are large stauractins with rays 10/0.06–0.11 mm, and their outer ends are smooth, conically pointed, or rounded. The choanosomal spicules of smaller sizes have rays 0.48–2.8/0.004–0.015 mm, and their outer ends are conically pointed, or rounded, smooth or rough. The spicules of the sieve plate are similar to the choanosomal ones, both large and small, but most spicules of the sieve plate are curved diactins. The large diactins of the sieve plate have a widening in the middle, and they are about 3/0.02–0.08 mm. The small diactins of the sieve plate 0.9–3/0.004–0.009 mm have a widening in the middle or 2 or 4 tubercles. Some hexactins, found among the spicules of the sieve plate, have rays 0.08–0.3/0.020–0.025 mm. The large pinular hexactins have distal ray pinular 0.6–1.2/0.06 mm, and the diameter of the tangential rays is smaller—about 0.04 mm; only one broken spicule of this type was observed. Maybe this spicule is principalia of the sieve plate which forms the principal attachment of the sieve plate to the margin of the main osculum. Fusion between choanosomal spicules was observed in the holotype only in some large spicules at the basal part.

Dermalia are hexactins smaller than that described above; they have distal rays lanceolate, lanceolate-pinular, or stout, similar to other rays of these spicules. The distal ray of dermal hexactin is 0.037–0.252 mm long up to 0.03 mm in diameter at the thickest part; tangential rays are 0.104–0.241 mm long, their proximal ray is 0.093–0.525 mm long, the diameter of these rays is 0.004–0.007 mm, and their outer ends are conically pointed, smooth. Atrialia are pentactins with tangential rays 0.200–0.500 mm long, their ray directed inside the body is 0.252–0.444 mm long, the diameter of these rays is 0.004–0.007 mm, and the outer ends are equal to those of dermal hexactins and to small choanosomal spicules. These pentactins are very rarely found, and it is possible that these pentactins are choanosomal spicules (common in many representatives of the subfamily).

Microscleres. Spicules of this type are numerous: drepanocomes, floricomes, pappocomes, large and small discohexasters, and spiny hexactins; discohexactins were unique (found in the holotype only). The drepanocomes with 4–7 secondary rays are 0.059–0.101 mm in diameter, and their primary rosette is 0.014–0.020 mm in diameter. The floricomes have 4–7 secondary rays, each secondary ray has 2–5 teeth, the diameter of the floricomes is 0.072–0.140 mm, and their primary rosette is 0.014–0.030 mm in diameter. The spiny hexactins are 0.133–0.266 mm in diameter. The pappocomes, spicules with secondary rays approximately 11–15 in number, are distributed in slightly widened tufts (as it may be suggested since these spicules were found always broken: secondary rays separated from the primary rosettes); the secondary rays are straight and oxyoidal, rarely onychoidal, curved oxyoidal and rarely spiny. The pappocomes are 0.169–0.333 mm in diameter, and their primary rosette is 0.014–0.026 mm in diameter. The large discohexasters with 2-3 secondary rays are rare, they are 0.072–0.141 mm in diameter, and their primary rosette is 0.014–0.036 mm in diameter. The large discohexasters have anchorate discs with umbel 0.015–0.034 mm long and 0.007–0.016 mm in diameter. The small discohexasters with numerous secondary rays are 0.022–0.065 mm in diameter, and their primary rosette is 0.007–0.020 mm in diameter. Their discs are also anchorate with umbel 0.004–0.007 mm long and 0.002–0.003 mm in diameter. The large discohexactins were found in the lower part of the holotype specimen, and they are 0.185–0.215 mm in diameter.

Remarks. Until now the genus Dictyaulus comprised 3 species: D. elegans Schulze, 1895 [7] (NW Indian Ocean); D. starmeri Tabachnick and Levi, 2004 [3] (SE Pacific); and D. marecoi Tabachnick and Collins, 2008 [4] (N Mid-Atlantic). Huge discoidal spicules in Dictyaulus are discohexasters in D. elegans, discasters in D. starmeri, and discohexactins in D. romani; in D. marecoi such spicules were not found as well as in the paratype of D. romani, described above. Specific feature of the new species is presence of pappocomes and their derivatives with onychoidal outer ends and secondary rays carrying some spines. As for other spicules the species from the Atlantic Ocean are very similar.

 Rossellidae Schulze, 1885 Rossellinae Schulze, 1885 Asconema Kent, 1870 Asconema foliata (Fristedt, 1887)

Material Examined. IEO: RV Vizconde de Eza, St. PLA07 L55(1); L55(2); L55(3); L55(4), 10.06.2007, 42°51,59′-52,73′ N 49°53,61′-52,10′ W, depth 337–334 m. St. PLA07 L61(1); L61(2); L61(3), 11.06.2007, 43°05,86′-07,29′ N 49°29,92′-29,60′ W, depth 629–656 m. St. PLA07 L70(1); L70(2), 12.06.2007, 43°20,26′-21,57′ N 49°14,37′-13,52′ W, depth 640–656 m. St. PLA07 L72(1); L72(2), L72(3), 13.06.2007, 43°30,37′-30,40′ N 49°12,74′-14,88′ W, depth 390–418 m. St. PLA07 L93, 17.06.2007, 45°24,90′-23,83′ N 48°21,28′-22,77′ W, depth 1249–1266 m. St. PLA07 L94, 17.06.2007, 45°24,97′-26,11′ N 48°26,37′-25,10′ W, depth 1003–1000 m. St. FC07 L18, 25.06.2007, 46°51,49′-50,23′ N 46°27,82′-26,35′ W, depth 423–420 m. St. FC07 L20, 25.06.2007, 46°37,14′-35,87′ N 46°15,74′-14,01′ W, depth 407 m. St. FC07 L22(1); L22(2), 26.06.2007, 46°30,39′-29,33′ N 46°15,42′-13,42′ W, depth 494–498 m. St. FC07 L26, 26.06.2007, 46°26,92′-28,47′ N 45°45,24′-46,34′ W, depth 538–492 m. St. FC07 L44, 29.06.2007, 46°44,81′-46,23′ N 44°07,03′-05,52′ W, depth 480–471 m. St. FC07 L45, 29.06.2007, 46°55,01′-56,44′ N 43°54,86′-53,50′ W, depth 528–539 m. St. FC07 L48, 30.06.2007, 47°00,05′-01,76′ N 44°34,24′-34,57′ W, depth 138–148 m. St. FC07 L58, 01.07.2007, 47°14,28′-15,96′ N 43°45,39′-45,91′ W, depth 647–642 m. St. FC07 L59, 01.07.2007, 47°28,83′-30,51′ N 43°50,15′-50,46′ W, depth 638–645 m. St. FC07 L74, 03.07.2007, 48°13,60′-14,76′ N 44°43,85′-45,77′ W, depth 596–599 m. St. FC07 L75, 03.07.2007, 48°14,89′-15,66′ N 44°52,92′-55,22′ W, depth 567–570 m. St. FC07 L123, 09.07.2007, 48°17,51′-16,03′ N 45°45,05′-46,14′ W, depth 957–947 m. St. FN3L09 L5(1); L5(2), 26.07.2009, 48°03,90′-04,21′ N 47°17,77′-19,93′ W, depth 634–639 m. St. FN3L10 L44(1); L44(2); L44(3), 03.08.2010, 47°29,47′-28,02′ N 46°44,74′-45,35′ W, depth 1175 m. St. FN3L10 L64(1); L64(2); L64(3), 07.08.2010, 46°45,72′-44,23′ N 47°05,53′-05,22′ W, depth 1024–1085 m. RV Miguel Oliver, St. NEREIDA 0710 RD88-41 19.07.2010, 45°22,35′-22,06′ N 48°34,05′-33,57′ W, depth 676–700 m. St. NEREIDA 0710 DR93-60 24.07.2010, 44°32,46′-31,92′ N 48°56,45′-56,25′ W, depth 1167–1382 m.

Description

Body Morphology. These sponges are presented by broken fragments of thin walls 0.5–2 mm thick.

Spicules. Choanosomal spicules are diactins. Hypodermalia are smooth pentactins. Hypoatrialia are also pentactins with equal hypodermal ones; they were found only in some specimens in low amounts. Dermalia are pentactins with pinular rays distally directed, a short rudiment instead of the sixth ray has proximal direction, and the outer ray tips are rounded. Atrialia are large hexactins with pinular rays directed into the atrial cavity and pentactins smaller than dermal ones, with thinner rays and conically pointed outer ends, and their pinular rays are directed into the atrial cavity.

Microscleres. Oxyoidal microscleres are common, and they are oxyhexactins, oxyhexasters, and oxyhemihexasters. Discoidal microscleres are represented by spherical microdiscohexasters (found in all specimens) and low amounts of macrodiscasters (found in two specimens). In FC07 L48 a single macrodiscaster 0.089 mm in diameter with primary rosette 0.015 mm in diameter was found. In FC07 L26 we observed two macrodiscohexasters with very short primary rays, and they are 0.118–0.126 mm in diameter with primary rosettes 0.019–0.022 mm in diameter.

Remarks. A unique feature of the specimens collected off the Newfoundland is rarity of large discoidal microscleres (which were considered to be important in the species identification by [8]). Meanwhile, this is the largest series of representatives of this species, and this unique feature may be an important specific character as well.

Abbreviations

Avg: | Average
NEREIDA: | The project “NAFO” “potEntial vulnerable marine Ecosystems”-Impacts of Deep-seA fisheries
IEO: | Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Vigo (Spain)
MNCN: | National Museum of Natural Sciences in Madrid (Spain)
n: | Number of measurements
Std: | Standard deviation.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the scientific staff involved in NEREIDA surveys and NAFO groundfish bottom trawl surveys and the heads of these surveys, especially Mrs. Esther Roman, for facilitating the data collection, and the research vessels crews (RV Vizconde de Eza and RV Miguel Oliver) for assistance at the sea. They appreciate Dr. D. Janussen for her critical notes and the partial financial support of RFBR (research Grant 13-04-01332a).

References

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