Journal of Nanomaterials

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 181979, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/181979

Research Article

Electronic Structure and Energy Band of IIIA Doped Group ZnO Nanosheets

Xian-Yang Feng, Zhe Wang, Chang-Wen Zhang, and Pei-Ji Wang

School of Physics, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China

Received 7 March 2013; Revised 8 May 2013; Accepted 26 May 2013

Academic Editor: Huiwen Xu

Copyright © 2013 Xian-Yang Feng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The electronic and magnetic properties of IIIA group doped ZnO nanosheets (ZnONSs) are investigated by the first principles. The results show that the band gap of ZnO nanosheets increases gradually along with Al, Ga, and In ions occupying Zn sites and O sites. The configuration of Al atoms replacing Zn atoms is more stable than other doped. The system shows half-metallic characteristics for In-doped ZnO nanosheets.

1. Introduction

As one of the wide-band-gap oxides, ZnO has received considerable interest for its wide variety of practical applications, such as liquid crystal display transistors, gas sensors, and ferroelectric transparent thin-film transistors [1–6]. More interest in IIIA-doped ZnO arose because of the hope of improving both electron conductivity and room-temperature ferromagnetism [7–9]. The room temperature ferromagnetism was reported by Dietl et al. (2000) in Mn-doped ZnO. After that, many researchers have doped ZnO with 3d transition metal and reported high room temperature ferromagnetism. There have been also a lot of theoretical and computational studies in IIIA-doped ZnO [10, 11].

In general, the electron conductivity of pure ZnO is not low enough to be used as a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). It is necessary that the behavior of the ZnO must be changed effectively by substitutional doping into ZnO. Zuo et al. [12] study the effect of C-Al (Ga) codoping on p-type tendency in zinc oxide. They indicated that the volume of C-doped ZnO and C-Ga codoped ZnO swells up a little and that of ZnO by C-Al codoping decreases slightly. Liu et al. [13] found out that the band gap of ZnO is reduced by In doping. Stimulated by the discovery of carbon nanotubes, various functional ZnO nanostructures have recently been synthesized [14–19]. These nanostructures are expected to find applications in optoelectronics, sensors, transducers, and biomedical science. Particularly, two-dimensional (2D) systems show peculiar properties which are different from their counterpart bulk phases.

In the present work, we explored the electronic properties of ZnO doped with IIIA ions (Al, Ga, and In) based on first-principles calculations to the ZnO nanosheets (ZnONSs). These studies provide us with a deep understanding of the novel properties of intrinsic defect ZnO nanosheets, which is essential to employ ZnO nanosheet as building blocks for the future nanodevices.

2. Computational Details

We use first-principles full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method based on the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) [20] for the exchange-correlation potential within the framework of density-functional theory [21] to perform the computations. It was implemented in the WIEN2K simulation package, in order to investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of 2D ZnO. Atomic sphere radii of Zn, O are set to 1.9, 1.7 a.u., respectively. The valence electrons for the Zn, O are 12 (Zn: 3d¹⁰  4s²), 6 (O: 2s²  2p⁴). The parameter , which controls the size of the basis set in our calculations, is chosen as 6.0. is the minimum sphere radius and is the maximal value of the reciprocal lattice vector used in the plane wave expansion. The Brillouin zone (BZ) is represented by the set of k-points for the geometry optimizations and for the static total energy calculations. The structural relaxation is done until the forces on each atom are smaller than 10⁻² eV/Å.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Model Structures and Relative Stability of IIIA Ions Doped ZnONSs

The ZnO is wurtzite structure, in which all atoms are in sp³ hybridization with each Zn (O) atom surrounded by four neighboring O (Zn) atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron. The Zn–O bond length is calculated to be 1.973 Å, in good agreement with the values of 1.86 Å by Tu [22] and 1.90 Å by Topsakal et al. [23].

First we consider a 3D wurtzite bulk ZnO structure in which all atoms are fourfold coordinated through hexagonal directed sp³ orbital. After optimization, the hexagonal lattice constants under equilibrium are  Å,  Å, which is used for constructing the nanostructure. Figure 1 shows the band structure of 3D ZnO crystal. It can be seen that bulk ZnO is a direct band gap semiconductor. The calculated band gap at the point is 0.84 eV, which is smaller than the experimental value. This underestimation is due to the GGA approximation, which does not consider the noncontinuity of the exchange correlation, which does not affect our theoretical analysis, because it does not impact the variation trend of other electronic and optical properties. We focus on the relative value of band gap mainly.

Figure 1: Band structure of a 3D bulk ZnO crystal with an optimized lattice constant. The valence band maximum is set to zero.

Next we studied 2D nanosheets derived from wurtzite ZnO. The nanosheets are based on the model of () supercell cut from initial bulk ZnO (0001) plane, which contains 9 Zn and 9 O atoms, as shown in Figure 2. After full optimization, the pristine ZnONSs transform from the initial configuration (Figure 2(a)) to a flat graphitic structure (Figure 2(b)). For the structural optimization, the energetic convergence threshold is 10⁻⁴ Ry. Atomic relaxation is carried out until all components of the residual forces are less than 1 mRy/a.u. A pronounced geometry change appears in this case: the length of Zn–O bond has changed from 1.973 to 1.876 Å. Moreover, the bond angle within the newly formed planar layer increases from the wurtzite tetrahedral, 109° on average, to plane trigonal, 120°.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: (a) (Color online) Structure of ZnO nanosheet, the red ball stands for O atom and the gray one is Zn atom. (a) Top view of the configuration without being relaxed. (b) Side view of configuration after being relaxed. (c) DOS of the pristine ZnONSs.

We also find that the calculated band structure of the ZnONSs exhibits a direct band gap at the point with an energy gap of 1.40 eV, which is bigger than that in the bulk structure. The spin-polarized calculations show that the ZnONSs have no magnetism; this can also be seen from the total density of states (DOS) shown in Figure 2 and is consistent with previous experimental results [23, 24].

For the structures that are doped, we considered two configurations: one IIIA ion replacing one Zn atom (M–Zn) and O atom (M–O). Figure 3 shows the evolution of band gap as a function of IIIA ions. The band gap values are 0.43, 0.66, and 0.87 eV for M-Zn and 0.47, 0.53, and 0.81 eV for M–O, respectively, which are smaller than the band gap of bulk ZnO doped with Al, Ga, and In (1.75, 1.81, and 1.86 eV) [25]. This is an indication of quantum size effect. The atom radii of Al, Ga, and In are increasing gradually, result in the bond length of M–Zn and M–O become smaller; in other words, the bond of M–Zn and M–O contracted gradually. Due to the Goldschmidt-Pauling rule [26] of bond contraction induced by undercoordination, this results in the increase of band gap of M–Zn and M–O.

Figure 3: Band gap evolution of graphitic nanosheets as a function of Al, Ga, In.

The formation energies of M-doped ZnONSs were calculated to evaluate their stability. To make comparison, we also calculated the formation energies of bulk ZnO. The formation energy [27] in our work can be expressed as

where , , and represent the chemical potential of Zn, O and M (M = Al, Ga, In), respectively. and are the total energy of M-doped ZnONSs and the initial ZnONSs.

Table 1 shows the formation energies of M-doped (M = Al, Ga, In) ZnONSs. The formation energies of M–Zn are all smaller than M–O; it indicated that the IIIA ions would be more favorable in the Zn sites than in the O sites for M-doped ZnONSs. In the following parts, we only consider the properties of the M–Zn configurations. For the configurations with IIIA ions replacing Zn atoms, the formation energy increases with the increase of the IIIA proton number. This indicates that the configuration of Al-ZnONSs is more stable.

Table 1: Formation energies (eV) of M-doped (M = Al, Ga, In) ZnONSs.

Configurations
Formation energies (eV)

M–Zn
M–O

Al-ZnONSs
3.97
5.76

Ga-ZnONSs
6.60
6.81

In-ZnONSs
7.78
8.83

Bulk ZnO
1.26

3.2. Band Structure and Electronic and Magnetic Properties of IIIA Ions Doped ZnONSs

In Figure 4 we show the band structure and total DOS of Al, Ga, and In doped in ZnONSs. In all cases, spin polarization is evident in the band structure and DOS. Because there is an excess of electrons at the bottom of the conduction bands, ZnO doped with IIIA elements introduces the n-type carriers into the system; the Fermi level moves into the conductive bands (CBs), which is in good agreement with the experimental results [23]. Figure 4(a) shows the band structure and total DOS of Al doped in the ZnONSs. It is important to note that the Fermi level () is largely crossed by spin-down states, while spin-up states only cut from the right figure, which indicates that the system belongs to half-metallic ferromagnet. In the spin-down states, the impurity bands introduced by Al-doped occupy the energy level at the bottom of the conduction band (CBM) minimum, which shows that Al-doped ZnONSs can lead ZnO to an n-type semiconductor. Interestingly, when Ga is doped in the ZnONSs both the spin-up and spin-down states become metallic, as can be seen in Figure 4(b), indicating that the Ga doped in the ZnONSs are all metals with strong spin polarization. The metallicity of ZnONSs is characterized by several energy levels crossing over from conduction band to valence band across the Fermi level in the band structure, as well as the peak at the Fermi level in the DOS. After In is doped in the ZnONSs (Figure 4(c)), like Al-doped ZnONSs, the system belongs to half-metallic ferromagnet too. Figure 4(d) shows the band structure of undoped ZnONSs. It indicated that ZnONSs are a direct band gap semiconductor. There is one impurity band introduced by IIIA element that appeared between valance band and conduct band compared to band structure of undoped ZnONSs.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 4: Band structure, total DOS of (a) Al-doped ZnONSs, (b) Ga-doped ZnONSs, and (c) In-doped ZnONSs, respectively. (d) The band gap of undoped ZnO nanosheet. The arrows in the energy band mean spin direction.

In order to further explain the origin of the half-metallic ferromagnet, we also give the partial DOS for the In-doped ZnONSs (Figure 5(a)). It is notable that both the O-2p and In 5s states are located in the Fermi energy level. It indicates that there exits strong hybridization between the In-5s and O-2p states and the In–O bond is quite covalent instead of being purely ionic. The local density of state from −2.5 to −0.5 eV is derived largely from the O-2p, Zn-3d states. It shows a strong d character and comes mostly from the Zn-3d states. The broad conduction bands between 0 and 2.5 eV are mainly composed of O-2p which overlap significantly with those of In-5s states near , suggesting a strong interaction between them.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: PDOS (a) and isosurface of spin densities (b) for In-doped ZnONSs. The red ball stands for O atom and the gray one is Zn atom; the dark gray one is In atom.

To analyze spin polarization induced by In doped, we calculated spin density distribution around the In atom of ZnONSs; electrons of In and O atoms are both spin-polarized, and In-5s and O-2p electrons couple at the Fermi level. As presented in Figure 5(b), defect states wave functions are strongly localized In impurity, with a magnetic moment of . The magnetic moments on Zn and other O atoms away from the ZnONSs are smaller than . The relevant part of the induced magnetic moment is located on the host oxygen atoms surrounding the impurity, quantitatively, about 90% of which is concentrated on the three oxygen ions that are the nearest neighbors to the In ion. There is a charge transfer from In to O atoms, and because of the electron transfer, the long pairs on In are partially unpaired and there are a number of In-5s holes with minority spin states in the In valance band [28]. Furthermore, the spin density of In is symmetrically distributed along In-Zn bond, which is the distinct characteristic of In-p orbital. Therefore, the impurity bands above the valance band maximum suggest that the hole doping mediates the magnetic coupling in In-doped ZnONSs.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have studied the electronic structures and magnetic properties of IIIA group-doped ZnO nanosheets. Our results clearly demonstrate that the system’s band gap increases along with the increase of the IIIA atom number due to the Goldschmidt-Pauling rule of bond contraction induced by undercoordination. The formation energies of M–Zn are all smaller than M–O and increases go along with the increase of the IIIA proton number for M–Zn. After Al-doped in the ZnO nanosheet, we find that the system shows half-metallic character and leads ZnO nanosheet to an n-type semiconductor. Ga-doped ZnO nanosheets shows metallic character with strong spin polarization. The half-metallicity is also found when In-doped in the ZnO nanosheets. The hole states resulting from In doped are spin-polarized and therefore lead to a high-spin state with a magnetic moment of about . The spin density of In is symmetrically distributed along In–Zn bond, which is the distinct characteristic of In-p orbital and the impurity bands above the valance band maximum suggest that the hole doping mediates the magnetic coupling in In-doped ZnONSs.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 61172028 and 61076088), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant no. ZR2010EL017), the Doctor Foundation of University of Jinan (Grant no. xbs1043), Foundation for Young Scientist in Shandong Province (Grant no. BS2009CL012), and Technological Development Program in Shandong Education Department (Grant no. J10LA16).

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