Journal of Nanomaterials

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 416765, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/416765

Research Article

Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Characterization of Spinel Zinc Chromite Nanocrystallines Synthesised by Thermal Treatment Method

Salahudeen A. Gene,1,2 Elias Saion,¹ Abdul H. Shaari,¹ Mazliana A. Kamarudin,¹ Naif M. Al-Hada,¹ and Alireza Kharazmi¹

¹Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai 234066, Nigeria

Received 18 June 2013; Revised 7 December 2013; Accepted 28 December 2013; Published 5 February 2014

Academic Editor: Claude Estournès

Copyright © 2014 Salahudeen A. Gene et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The present study reports the structural and magnetic characterization of spinel zinc chromite (ZnCr₂O₄) nanocrystallines synthesized by thermal treatment method. The samples were calcined at different temperatures in the range of 773 to 973 K. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was used to control the agglomeration of the nanoparticles. The average particle size of the synthesized nanocrystals was determined by powder X-ray diffraction which shows that the crystallite size increases from 19 nm at 773 K to 24 nm at 973 K and the result was in good agreement with the transmission electron microscopy images. The elemental composition of the samples was determined by energy dispersed X-ray spectroscopy which confirmed the presence of Zn, Cr, and O in the final products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of metal oxide bands for all the samples calcined at different temperature. The band gap energy was calculated from UV-vis reflectance spectra using the Kubelka-Munk function and the band gap energy of the samples was found to decrease from 4.03 eV at 773 K to 3.89 eV at 973 K. The magnetic properties were also demonstrated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, the presence of unpaired electrons was confirmed, and the resonant magnetic field and the of the calcined samples were also studied.

1. Introduction

The spinels are class of minerals of general formulation which crystallize in the cubic (isometric) crystal system, with the oxide anions arranged in a cubic close-packed lattice. The cations A and B occupy some or all of the tetrahedral and octahedral sites in the lattice. A and B can be divalent, trivalent, or quadrivalent cations, including magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese, aluminium, chromium, titanium, and silicon. Although the anion is normally oxygen, the analogous thiospinel structure includes the rest of the chalcogenides. Spinels and spinel-like materials are attractive subjects of continuous scientific interest and have been deeply investigated in materials sciences, because of their physical-chemical properties and their wide range of applications as a humidity sensor [1], semiconductors [2], magnetic materials [3], catalysts [4], super hard materials [5], high temperature ceramics [6], among others. In particular, zinc chromite (ZnCr₂O₄) ceramic spinels are commonly used as catalytic materials [4], humidity sensors [5], and magnetic material [7].

Various methods have been previously reported on the synthesis of ZnCr₂O₄ spinels, which include mechanical activation [8], microemulsion method [9], chemical method [10], microwave method [7], sol-gel method [11], thermal method [12], solution method [13], ultrasonic spray pyrolysis [14], ball milling method [15], and combustion method [16]. Most of the methods are difficult to employ on a large scale production due to the complicated procedures, longer reaction times, high reaction temperatures, toxic reagents, and by-products involved in these synthesis methods [17]; in this study we have used the thermal treatment method for synthesizing spinel zinc chromite.

The synthesis of spinel ZnCr₂O₄ nanocrystals by a thermal treatment method is reported in this study; aqueous solution of only metal nitrates, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and deionized water was prepared. The solution was dried at 80°C for 24 h, followed by grinding and calcination it at temperatures of the range 773–973 K. This method has the advantages of simplicity, less expense, no unwanted by-products, and being environmentally friendly [18].

In this paper, we have investigated the effect of calcination temperature on the structural, optical, and the magnetic properties of ZnCr₂O₄ synthesized by thermal treatment method.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

Chromium nitrate Cr(NO₃)₃·9H₂O and zinc nitrate Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O metallic salts were used as metal precursors, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for controlling the agglomeration of the nanoparticles, and deionized water as solvent. The purchase of Cr(NO₃)₃·9H₂O (99%), Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (99%), and PVP (MW = 29,000) was from Sigma-Aldrich.

2.2. Methodology

3 g of PVP was dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water at 343 K, before mixing 0.2 mmol of Cr(NO₃)₃·9H₂O and 0.1 mmol of Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (Cr : Zn = 2 : 1) into the polymer solution. The solution is constantly stirred until a homogeneous solution is formed. The mixed solution is poured into Petri dish and placed in an oven for 24 h to dry at a temperature of 353 K. The resulting solid was grinded into powder and calcined at temperatures of 773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K for 3 h.

2.3. Characterization

The structural characterization of the synthesized ZnCr₂O₄ nanocrystals was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD); the morphology and the average particle size were also determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The atomic composition (%) of the constituent elements in the synthesized samples was carried out by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to confirm the presence of metallic oxide in the final samples. The optical reflectance spectra were recorded using the UV-vis spectrometer (Shimadz-UV1650PC), and the band gap energy was also evaluated from the reflectance spectra using the Kubelka-Munk function. The magnetic properties were studied using an electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) at room temperature.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. X-Ray Diffraction Studies

The XRD patterns of samples calcined at different temperatures of 773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K are shown in Figure 1. The reflection planes of (111), (220), (311), (222), (400), (422), (511), and (440) confirm the presence of ZnCr₂O₄ with a face centered cubic structure. The result matches well the phase reported in the powder X-Ray diffraction data base with reference code 01-087-0028 of spinel ZnCr₂O₄ crystals in cubic face with a = 8.3267 Å, volume = 577.32 Å, (no. 227). The result shows that the diffraction peaks become sharper and narrower and their intensity increases with increase in calcination temperature. This indicates intensification in crystallinity that originates from the increment of crystalline planes due to the size enlargement of the particles [18]. The average particle size was also determined from the full width of the half maximum (FWHM) peak broadening of the (311) peak of the XRD patterns using Scherrer formula as follows:

where is the crystalline size (nm), is the full width of the diffraction line at half of the maximum intensity, is the X-ray wavelength of Cu = 0.15 nm, and is the Bragg angle [19]. The particle sizes estimated using the Scherrer formula were found to increase with the calcination temperature, from about 19 nm at 773 K to about 24 nm at 973 K (Table 1).

Table 1: The average particle size of zinc chromite measured by XRD and TEM compared with the band gap energy for samples calcined at 773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K.

Calcination temperature (K)
Average particle size XRD (nm)
Average particle size TEM (nm) ±2
Band gap energy (eV)

773
19
19
4.03

823
19
20
4.00

873
23
21
3.98

923
23
22
3.90

973
24
24
3.89

Figure 1: XRD patterns for ZnCr₂O₄ powders calcined at temperatures of 773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K.

3.2. EDX Studies

Figure 2 shows the EDX spectrum of ZnCr₂O₄ synthesized by the thermal treatment method. The corresponding peaks of Zn, Cr, and O were observed in the sample which confirms the formation of ZnCr₂O₄ and further confirmed the results obtained from XRD analysis. The atomic composition (%) ratios of Zn and Cr were found to be 15.74% and 29.92%, respectively, which match well the amount of Zn and Cr used in the respective precursors. The peaks of Au are originated from the preparation process of the sample for the EDX analysis. Moreover, the thermal treatment method is very effective, because no loss of element occurred in the synthesis process.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: (a) The EDX pattern of calcined sample and (b) the atomic composition of synthesized ZnCr₂O₄.

3.3. TEM Studies

Figure 3 shows the TEM images and crystal size distribution of ZnCr₂O₄ nanocrystallines calcined at (a) 773 and (b) 973 K. The result indicates that the samples prepared by the thermal treatment method were uniform in morphology and particle size distribution. The spinel nanoparticles consist of uniform cubic crystallites with an average size of 19 and 24 nm at temperatures of 773 and 973 K, respectively (Table 1), which are in good agreement with XRD results and also show that the particle size increases with the increase in calcination temperature. This suggested that as the temperature increases, several neighboring particles fused together to increase the particle size by the melting of their surfaces [20].

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: TEM image and particle size distribution of samples calcined at (a) 773 K and (b) 973 K.

3.4. FT-IR Spectra Studies

The FT-IR spectrum of the calcined samples at temperature of 773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K, with the wave number ranging from 380 to 4000 , is shown in Figure 4. The IR spectra show the two principle absorption bands of Cr–O and Zn–O located at around the range of 490 and 615 , respectively, for all the calcined samples. These bonds are associated with ZnCr₂O₄, and this indicates the formation of spinel ZnCr₂O₄ nanocrystals, as suggested by previously published data. These two vibration bands Cr–O and Zn–O corresponded to the intrinsic lattice vibrations of octahedral and tetrahedral coordination compounds in the spinel structure, respectively. The absence of the peaks at 1000–1300  and 2000–3000  in the samples confirmed the nonexistence of the O–H mode, C–O mode, and C=H stretching mode of organic sources in the calcined samples [12].

Figure 4: The FT-IR spectrum of the calcined samples at temperatures of 773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K.

3.5. Optical Properties of ZnCr₂O₄ by UV-Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy

The optical diffuse reflectance spectra of ZnCr₂O₄ nanocrystals have been recorded using a DR-UV-vis. Figure 5(a) shows the reflectance spectra of the nanocrystals calcined at 773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K in the wavelength range of 220–650 nm. Two reflection peaks were seen at around 375 nm and 542 nm in samples. The energy band gap of the nanocomposites was determined from the diffuse reflectance spectra using the Kubelka-Munk function by plotting the square of the Kubelka-Munk function    versus energy and extrapolating the linear part of the curve to   as shown in samples calcined at temperatures ranging from 773 to 973 K in Figures 5(b)–5(f), respectively; this yields the direct band gap energy of the materials [21]. Optical band gaps of 4.03, 4.00, 3.98, 3.90, and 3.89 eV were obtained for samples calcined at 773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K, respectively (Table 1); the values of the energy band gaps were found to decrease with increase in calcination temperature. The increase in calcination temperature causes the increase in the particle size and thus, this phenomenon may be attributed to quantum size effect [22].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 5: (a) Reflectance spectra of the nanocrystals calcined at temperature 773–973 K and plot of the square of Kubelka-Munk function versus energy (b) 773, (c) 823, (d) 873, (e) 923, and (f) 973 K.

3.6. Electron Spine Resonance Studies

Figure 6 shows the ESR spectrum of ZnCr₂O₄ calcined at 773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K. Broad and symmetrical signals which are due to the presence of unpaired electrons of the conduction electrons of transition Cr³⁺ ions located in the B-site in the samples were exhibited by all the samples at different temperatures, which indicates that the sample has a paramagnetic property. It is obvious that the values of increase from 1.9598 to 1.9616 when the calcination temperature increases from 773 to 973 K, respectively (Table 2). This indicates that the internal magnetic field increases with increase in calcination temperature which suggests that microscopic magnetic interactions increase as particle size increases [23].

Table 2: Magnetic parameters of ZnCr₂O₄ observed for ESR analysis.

Calcination temperature (K)
-factor
Resonance magnetic field (A/M)

773
1.95981

823
1.96123

873
1.96142

923
1.96151

973
1.96156

Figure 6: The electron spin resonance spectrum of ZnCr₂O₄ calcined at 773, 823, 873, 923, and 973 K.

It was also found that the resonant magnetic field decreases in value from 3.3468 10⁻⁷ to 3.3437 10⁻⁷ A/m with an increase in calcination temperature from 773 to 973 K, respectively (Table 2). According to the following equation:

where is Planck’s constant, is the microwave frequency, is the Bohr magneton J·T⁻¹), and is resonant magnetic field, the resonance magnetic field should decrease when increases, whereas the value of    is constant in EPR spectroscopy. Increases in and decreases in with an increase in calcination magnetization values have been reported in previous studies of spinel nanoparticles [24]. In effect, as the crystal size increases with increase in calcination temperature, the Cr³⁺ ions located at the B-site in the structure of the samples cause an increase in the super exchange interaction, which leads to an increase in the internal magnetic field and decrease in the resonance magnetic field of the samples [24, 25].

4. Conclusions

Spinel ZnCr₂O₄ nanocrystals were successfully synthesized using the thermal treatment method. Particle sizes ranging from 19 to 24 nm were achieved with calcination temperatures of 773 and 973 K, respectively. The crystal sizes increase with increase in calcination temperature. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the existence of metal oxide bands at all calcination temperatures and the peaks of Zn, Cr, and O were observed in the EDX analysis which confirms the formation of ZnCr₂O₄. Using the Kubelka-Munk function from UV-vis reflectance spectra, the band gap energy of ZnCr₂O₄ was estimated to decrease from 4.03 to 3.89 eV as the calcination temperature increases from 773 to 973 K, respectively. ESR spectroscopy confirmed the existence of unpaired electrons and the resonant magnetic field () and the values were also studied. The increases in and decreases in were observed as the calcination temperature increases from 773 to 973 K which indicates the increase in magnetic properties of the samples as the particle size increases with increase in calcination temperature.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publishing of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the technical supports from the staffs of the Faculty of Science and the Institute of Bioscience (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia. This work was financially supported by the Research Management Center (RMC), Universiti Putra Malaysia.

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