Journal of Nanomaterials
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 4363541, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4363541

Research Article

Fabrication and Investigation of Two-Component Film of 2,5-Diphenyloxazole and Octafluoronaphthalene Exhibiting Tunable Blue/Bluish Violet Fluorescence Based on Low Vacuum Physical Vapor Deposition Method

Xiaoyu Zhai,¹ Siqi Li,¹ Yufeng Ding,¹ Liangliang Pan,¹ Hejia Yang,¹ Bingyin Jiang,² Dongpeng Yan,1,3 and Qingyun Meng¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
²Department of Chemistry, SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
³Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

Received 12 April 2016; Accepted 20 July 2016

Academic Editor: Shu Seki

Copyright © 2016 Xiaoyu Zhai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Organic luminescent materials play an important role in the fields of light-emitting diodes and fluorescent imaging. Moreover, new synthetic approaches towards π-conjugated molecular systems with high fluorescence quantum efficiency are highly desired. Herein, different 2,5-diphenyloxazole-octafluoronaphthalene (DPO-OFN) films with tunable fluorescence have been prepared by Low Vacuum Physical Vapor Deposition (LVPVD) method. DPO-OFN films showed some changed properties, such as molecular vibration and fluorescence. All films exhibited blue/bluish violet fluorescence and showed blue shift, in comparison with pristine DPO. This work introduced a new method to fabricate two-component molecular materials with tunable blue/bluish violet luminescence properties and provided a new perspective to prepare organic luminescent film materials, layer film materials, cocrystal materials, and cocrystal film materials. Importantly, these materials have potential applications in the fields of next generation of photofunctional materials.

1. Introduction

During last few decades, organic solid-state photoactive chromophores have received increasing attention due to their promising optoelectronic applications in the fields of lasers [1, 2], waveguides [3–6], sensors [7–11], and light-emitting diodes [1, 12, 13]. Compared with their inorganic counterparts, organic photofunctional materials and molecule-based micro/nanomaterials generally possess advantages such as simple process and easily tunable structures, which facilitate the fabrication of flexible and soft devices [14–17]. However, key scientific and technologic problems, such as simpler preparation technology and shorter preparation period, must be resolved before these photoactive molecules can be employed in practical optoelectronic devices [18]. Thus, setting up effective methods to tune the photophysical properties of an organic material is a prerequisite for developing new generation multiple-color luminescent devices [19–24].

Significantly, multicomponent strategies have also emerged as a new direction for the design and fabrication of molecule-based micro/nanomaterials with tunable composition, crystal structures, and solid-state morphologies and properties. This has also shed new light on the structure-performance relationships for molecular solids at the micro/nanometer scale [25, 26]. From the structure and composition perspectives, crystalline micro/nanoarchitecture of a single molecular component has been widely studied and developed [27, 28], whereas the design and construction of multicomponent crystalline/layered molecular micro/nanomaterials remain in infancy [29]. Compared with the development of green/red light-emitting materials, the UV and blue light molecular systems with high fluorescence quantum efficiency are still a challenge [30].

DPO is a well-known UV fluorescent molecule [31, 32] with high photoluminescence quantum yield and intriguing luminescent properties [18]. Two-component cocrystal of DPO and OFN has been synthesized by Yan et al. based on solution process [18]. Up to now, while most studies about multicomponent molecular solids were focusing on crystal growth in liquid phase, crystal growth in gaseous phase had gained little attention. Interestingly, compared with solution process, the latter possessed several advantages such as shorter growth period, simpler synthetic process, and more accurate control over the thickness of multicomponent molecular films. Therefore, LVPVD method is potentially a valuable approach in preparing organic light-emitting film materials for large-scale flat panel display and soft optical device [24] with appropriate substrate and organic photoactive materials. The work, herein, is based on LVPVD method to prepare two-component cocrystal films (DPO-OFN) and layer films (DPO-OFN) and study the fluorescence properties.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Reagents and Materials

2,5-Diphenyloxazole (purity: 99%, mp: 72–74°C) was purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd., China, and used without further purification. Octafluoronaphthalene (purity: 96%, mp: 87°C) was purchased from Tianjin Heowns Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., China, and used without further purification. Microscope slides (25.4 mm × 76.2 mm × 1 mm) were SAIL BRAND, China. Anhydrous ethanol solution (mass fraction: min. 99.7%) and acetone (mass fraction: min. 99.5%) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works, China, and used without further purification.

2.2. Preparation of DPO-OFN Cocrystal Films and Layer Films

Microscope slides were cleaned by ultrasound for 10 minutes in anhydrous ethanol, acetone, and deionized water, respectively. DPO-OFN cocrystal films and layer films were prepared by LVPVD method at high temperature (87°C). Meanwhile, the environmental pressure was 5 pascals and growth time was 1 minute with a DH2010 Multifunctional Vacuum Experimental Instrument. DPO-OFN cocrystal films (15 μm) were prepared by heating pristine DPO and OFN before grinding and after grinding, which have been weighed with a 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio. DPO-OFN cocrystal film in gaseous phase was prepared by heating DPO-OFN cocrystal in liquid phase which was obtained by slow evaporation of a methanol solution containing solid mixtures of DPO and OFN with 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio at first. DPO-OFN layer films were prepared by heating pristine DPO and OFN, respectively, which have been weighed with a 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio. In other words, DPO was heated at first, and then OFN would be heated. DPO-OFN 10-layer film (2 μm) was prepared by repeating ten times for the preparation of 200 nm DPO-OFN layer film.

2.3. Characterization

Raman spectra were recorded on a VERTEX 70v vacuum FT-IR spectrometer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded using a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer under the following conditions: 40 kV, 40 mA, Cu Kα radiation (0.154184 nm) with a scanning rate of 10°/min, and a 2θ angle ranging from 4° to 29° for cocrystal films, 5° to 31° for layer films, and 5° to 27° for 10-layer film. Surface morphology was recorded on a Hitachi S-4700 field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), and fluorescence images were obtained on a TCS SP5 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope with 720 nm two-photon excitation light. Solid-state fluorescence spectra were recorded on a Hitachi F-7000 FL Spectrophotometer with 270 nm excitation light. The excitation slit was set to be 2.5 nm for cocrystal films, layer films, 10-layer film, cocrystal in liquid phase, cocrystal film in gaseous phase, DPO, and OFN, and the emission slit was set to be 2.5 nm for layer films, while the emission slit was set to be 1.0 nm for cocrystal films, 10-layer film, cocrystal in liquid phase, cocrystal film in gaseous phase, DPO, and OFN. The photomultiplier voltage was set to be 600 V.

3. Results and Discussion

As a representative fluorine-containing compound, OFN (Scheme 1) was chosen as the conformer for DPO. During the preparation of cocrystal films, the probability of encounter between the host molecules and guest molecules needed to be improved to achieve interaction. Significantly, fabrication of DPO-OFN cocrystal films can be achieved by LVPVD method due to similar melting point. Pristine DPO and OFN are gasified in a low vacuum environment (5 pascal) to interact with each other to fabricate cocrystal films. Interestingly, OFN molecules can isolate the interaction between DPO chromophores, thus suppressing the aggregation of DPO chromophores in the DPO-OFN cocrystal [18]. Therefore, DPO-OFN layer films can be fabricated due to not only their excellent planarity, but also the isolation effect.

Scheme 1: Molecular structures of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (left) and octafluoronaphthalene (right).

3.1. Structural Study on DPO-OFN Cocrystal Films

XRD pattern can help to analyze the structure of a crystal. Figure 1 shows the XRD pattern of DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding. Compared with the XRD pattern of DPO-OFN cocrystal before and after grinding from Yan et al. [18], XRD characteristic peaks of DPO-OFN cocrystal can be observed in Figure 1, which means that DPO-OFN cocrystal has been successfully synthesized by LVPVD method. Meanwhile, Figure 1 shows some diffraction peaks, which cannot be observed in the XRD pattern of DPO-OFN cocrystal from Yan et al. [18], and they have been demonstrated to be the XRD peaks of pristine DPO or OFN due to the noninteracting DPO and OFN on DPO-OFN cocrystal films. Moreover, DPO-OFN cocrystal film before grinding shows better crystal form in comparison with the one of DPO-OFN cocrystal film after grinding by LVPVD method.

Figure 1: XRD pattern for DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding.

Raman spectroscopy was employed to characterize the molecular vibrations within DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding based on LVPVD method (Figure 2). For pure DPO, the characteristic C=C stretching vibration bands of phenyl group appear at 1445, 1478, and 1604 cm⁻¹, and the peak located at 1537 cm⁻¹ can be assigned to the C=N vibration of oxazole group [18]. However, for both of DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding, the C=C vibration bands at 1445 and 1478 cm⁻¹ underwent a high-frequency shift to 1449 cm⁻¹ ( cm⁻¹) and 1482 cm⁻¹ ( cm⁻¹), respectively, indicating that OFN molecules can polarize and delocalize the electronic density of DPO molecules within adjacent layer, which weakened the C=C bond in DPO to some extent, while the C=C vibration band at 1604 cm⁻¹ kept no change. Moreover, the C=N vibration band at 1537 cm⁻¹ experienced an obvious high-frequency shift towards 1545 cm⁻¹ ( cm⁻¹) and 1542 cm⁻¹ ( cm⁻¹), respectively, which was indicative of the relative strong halogen bonding interaction between OFN and N atoms in the oxazole group.

Figure 2: Raman spectra for DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding.

3.2. Surface Morphology and Tunable Fluorescence of DPO-OFN Cocrystal Films

Figure 3(a) shows the SEM images for DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding based on LVPVD method, which show the existence of micro/nanoscale rhabdolith. Importantly, the existence of micro/nanoscale rhabdolith is in agreement with the XRD data in Figure 1, which further demonstrates that DPO-OFN cocrystal has been successfully synthesized by LVPVD method. Figure 3(b) shows the fluorescence images of DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding based on LVPVD method. Both films present blue fluorescence, which does not agree with the report of UV fluorescence by Yan et al. [18].

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Photographs for DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding: (a) SEM images; (b) fluorescence images, 94.5-fold (top) and 63-fold (bottom) magnified.

DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding and DPO-OFN cocrystal film in gaseous phase based on LVPVD method exhibited different fluorescent behaviors from that of DPO-OFN cocrystal by solution process and pristine DPO and OFN. The resulting fluorescence emission spectra were shown in Figure 4. Pure DPO has a maximum emission () at 392 nm (S ₁-S ₀ transition) and two shoulder peaks at 377 nm (0-0 vibronic transition) and 412 nm (0–2 vibronic transition) [31, 32]. In this work, fluorescence emission spectra of pure DPO and OFN show that DPO has two at 378 nm and 391 nm and one shoulder peak at 412 nm, while OFN has one at 353 nm with 270 nm excitation light. Compared with pure DPO, the fluorescence emission spectra of DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding both show a blue shift about 3 nm with at 375 nm and 388 nm, respectively, while the shoulder peak at 412 nm shows no observable shift. In addition, compared with the fluorescence emission spectrum of DPO-OFN cocrystal film before grinding, the one of DPO-OFN cocrystal film after grinding shows no change except for the difference in intensity. Under the same measurement conditions, the emission intensity of DPO-OFN cocrystal film after grinding is lower than the one of the other due to low crystallinity, as shown in Figure 1. Fluorescence emission spectrum of DPO-OFN cocrystal in liquid phase shows that DPO-OFN cocrystal has one at 397 nm with a red shift about 6 nm and one shoulder peak at 412 nm, while at 378 nm of DPO can no longer be observed. Meanwhile, fluorescence emission spectrum of DPO-OFN cocrystal film in gaseous phase shows that the film has one at 374 nm and two shoulder peaks at 390 nm and 412 nm, with a blue shift about 4 nm and 1 nm, respectively. Figure 4(c) shows photographs of DPO-OFN cocrystal film (before grinding) and DPO-OFN cocrystal film in gaseous phase under 254 nm UV. Two films present blue/bluish violet fluorescence.

(a)

(b)

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Figure 4: Fluorescence emission spectra and photographs: (a) fluorescence emission spectra for DPO-OFN cocrystal films before and after grinding and pure DPO and OFN; (b) fluorescence emission spectra for DPO-OFN cocrystal in liquid phase and DPO-OFN cocrystal film in gaseous phase; (c) photographs for DPO-OFN cocrystal film before grinding (top) and DPO-OFN cocrystal film in gaseous phase (bottom) under 254 nm UV.

3.3. Tunable Fluorescence of DPO-OFN Layer Films

DPO-OFN layer films with different thickness and DPO-OFN 10 layers film based on LVPVD method exhibit different fluorescent behaviors from that of pristine DPO and OFN, DPO-OFN cocrystal in liquid phase, and other films. The resulting fluorescence emission spectra are shown in Figure 5(a). Compared with pure DPO, the fluorescence emission spectra of DPO-OFN layer films show a blue shift about 5 nm and 3 nm with at 373 nm and 388 nm, respectively, while the shoulder peak at 412 nm shows no observable shift. Moreover, the shoulder peak at 353 nm of DPO-OFN layer films is due to the noninteracting OFN on such films by LVPVD method. In addition, the fluorescence intensity of DPO-OFN layer film intensifies with the increase of thickness of DPO-OFN layer film due to more chromophores. However, the fluorescence spectra of DPO-OFN layer films with different thickness show no change on peak shape and peak position. In order to improve the intensity of layer film, DPO-OFN 10-layer film (2 μm) was prepared, where each unit contained 100 nm thick DPO film and 100 nm thick OFN film. This structure can isolate the interactions between DPO chromophores, between OFN chromophores, between DPO chromophores and OFN chromophores, and between DPO-OFN cocrystal chromophores, respectively, and thus can suppress the excessive aggregation of chromophores. Significantly, DPO-OFN layer film with excellent fluorescence containing color and intensity can be obtained. The fluorescence emission spectrum of DPO-OFN 10-layer film shows a blue shift about 3 nm and 2 nm with at 375 nm and 389 nm, respectively, while the shoulder peak at 412 nm shows no observable shift. Moreover, the shoulder peak at 353 nm is caused by the noninteracting OFN.

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(b)

Figure 5: Fluorescence emission spectra and photographs: (a) fluorescence emission spectra for DPO-OFN layer films, DPO-OFN 10-layer film, pure DPO, and OFN; (b) photographs for DPO-OFN layer films and DPO-OFN 10-layer film under 254 nm UV.

Interestingly, preparation technology will influence the fluorescence of DPO-OFN films. Figure 5(b) shows the photographs of DPO-OFN layer films with different thickness and DPO-OFN 10-layer film under 254 nm UV. All films exhibit blue fluorescence with different luminance. Moreover, DPO-OFN layer films are slightly dimmer in comparison with DPO-OFN cocrystal film (before grinding) and DPO-OFN 10-layer film due to the difference in thickness. DPO-OFN cocrystal film before grinding is 15 μm, and DPO-OFN 10-layer film is 2 μm, while the thickness of DPO-OFN layer films ranges from 100 nm to 600 nm.

3.4. Structural Study and Surface Morphology of DPO-OFN Layer Films

Considering the fact that 600 nm DPO-OFN layer film has the maximum thickness among all DPO-OFN layer films in this study, it may exhibit best crystal form among all DPO-OFN layer films. Figure 6(a) shows the SEM image of 600 nm DPO-OFN layer film, which exhibits no observable crystals like in Figure 3(a). Figure 6(b) shows the XRD pattern of 600 nm DPO-OFN layer film, where extra peaks are observed, in comparison with the XRD data of DPO-OFN cocrystal reported by Yan et al. [18]. This can be attributed to the noninteracting DPO or OFN on DPO-OFN layer films based on LVPVD method. Figure 6(b) shows worse crystallinity, corresponding to the SEM image. Figure 6(c) shows the XRD pattern of DPO-OFN 10-layer film, where some peaks appear, except the peaks at 6.09° and 13.18°, which have been demonstrated to be the XRD characteristic peaks of DPO or OFN. The peaks at 6.09° and 13.18° have been demonstrated to be two new peaks, which cannot be observed in the XRD pattern of DPO, OFN, or DPO-OFN cocrystal.

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(b)

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Figure 6: SEM image and XRD patterns: ((a) and (b)) SEM image and XRD pattern for DPO-OFN layer film (600 nm); (c) XRD pattern for DPO-OFN 10-layer film with a partial enlarged profile.

4. Conclusion

Two-component DPO-OFN films have been fabricated by LVPVD method. The resulting films exhibit some changed properties, such as molecular vibration and fluorescence. Interestingly, all films show novel fluorescence, containing peak shape and peak position, which is different from the one of DPO-OFN cocrystal by solution process, pristine DPO, and OFN. Moreover, DPO-OFN cocrystals have been obtained by LVPVD method with a blue shift. Significantly, LVPVD method was proven to be a capable way to prepare organic luminescent film materials. It will also be effective and provide more perspectives to synthesize new organic luminescent cocrystal materials. In addition, LVPVD method is also anticipated to be useful for fabricating organic light-emitting film materials and next generation of photofunctional materials, which can be utilized in large-scale flat panel display and soft optical device.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the 973 Program (Grant no. 2014CB932103), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), and the 111 Project (Grant no. B07004).

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