Journal of Nanomaterials
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 3743164, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3743164

Research Article

Precise Study on Size-Dependent Properties of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Ling Chen,¹ Jun Xie,1,2 Haoan Wu,¹ Jianzhong Li,³ Zhiming Wang,¹ Lina Song,⁴ Fengchao Zang,⁵ Ming Ma,¹ Ning Gu,¹ and Yu Zhang¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
²School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
³Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
⁴Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
⁵Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Ning Gu; guning@seu.edu.cn and Yu Zhang; zhangyu@seu.edu.cn

Received 22 February 2018; Revised 24 April 2018; Accepted 14 May 2018; Published 28 May 2018

Academic Editor: Jean M. Greneche

Copyright © 2018 Ling Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Developing a biocompatible contrast agent with high stability and favorable magnetism for sensitive detection of malignant tumors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains a great demand in clinical. Nowadays, the fine control of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (MION) sizes from a few nanometers to dozens of nanometers can be realized through a thermal decomposition method of iron precursors. This progress allows us to research accurately on the size dependence of magnetic properties of MION, involving saturation magnetization (), specific absorption rate (SAR), and relaxivity. Here, we synthesized MION in a size range between 14 and 26 nm and modified them with DSPE-PEG2000 for biomedical use. The magnetic properties of PEGylated MION increased monotonically with MION size, while the nonspecific uptake of MION also enhanced with size through cell experiments. The MION with the size of 22 nm as a T2-weighted contrast agent presented the best contrast-enhancing effect comparing with other sizes in vivo MRI of murine tumor. Therefore, the MION of 22 nm may have potential to serve as an ideal MRI contrast agent for tumor detection.

1. Introduction

Over the past few decades, numerous researches have focused on nanomaterials for biomedical applications, among which magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) have become the most promising candidate owing to their excellent biocompatibility and outstanding magnetic properties. The magnetic nanoparticles have been widely applied to in vivo use, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [1–3], magnetic-induced hyperthermia [4, 5], switching cellular activity [6–8], or magnetically guided drug/gene delivery [9–11]. Among them, MRI is one of the key applications in which magnetic nanoparticles are used as contrast-enhancing agents for improving the sensitivity of MRI. Moreover, several iron oxide nanoparticles including Feridex and Resovist have been approved as contrast agents for T₂-weighted MR imaging in clinical for years. Nevertheless, due to their synthetic method of coprecipitation, the products are polydisperse with low crystallinity, which results in relatively inferior magnetic properties. Benefit from the introduction of a thermal decomposition method, uniform iron oxide nanoparticles with high crystallinity and controlled sizes can be synthesized through adjusting the molar ratios of surfactants used in the reaction [12], which made it possible to do a precise study on properties of iron oxide nanoparticles with different sizes.

Previous reports showed that magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles such as saturation magnetization (), specific absorption rate (SAR), and relaxivity () have a close relationship with their sizes among a large size range from a few nanometers to hundreds of nanometers [2, 13–17]. Tong et al. [16] reported that the of MION increased slightly with size from 6 to 40 nm, and the SAR values increased monotonically with size enlarged (325 kHz, 20.7 kA/m), while SAR was really low for MION below 11 nm. In another study, the SAR values of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles synthesized by coprecipitation with diameters from 7.5 to 416 nm were measured under an external alternating magnetic field (80 kHz, 32.5 kA/m), and the nanoparticles of 46 nm exhibited the highest SAR [13]. Lartigue et al. [15] prepared sugar-coated iron oxide nanoparticles, and the SAR values (168 kHz, 21 kA/m) gradually increased from 4 to 35 nm, meanwhile the values also enlarged from 4 to 18 nm, while the nanoparticles of 35 nm were excluded from use in MRI because of the precipitation problems which may cause risks of thrombosis in clinical. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that the magnetic properties (, SAR, and ) were relatively low for small sizes of the MION below 14 nm. In addition, the interaction between particles enhanced with their size increased, which will result in aggregation and instability in solution. Owing to these reasons, this study will focus on MION with size from 14 to 26 nm for suitable in vivo applications used as MRI contrast agents.

It is noteworthy that understanding and controlling of their properties is extremely important for effective in vivo application of MION. In addition, as MRI contrast-enhancing agents, it is essential for MION to possess good magnetic behavior as well as biocompatible surface. As the products of thermal decomposition need further surface modification to be water-soluble, amphiphilic molecular DSPE-PEG is one of the common choices which can make the MION singly encapsulated in water solution [18]. The PEGylation of MION with DSPE-PEG cannot only provide a stable layer to prevent agglomeration but also dramatically reduce nonspecific uptake by macrophages and improve blood circulation time when in a physiological environment. According to the previous report, the endocytosis of nanoparticles was size-dependent [19], so it is necessary to evaluate the antiphagocytosis ability of the MION with different sizes for in vivo uses.

In this work, we report a precise study on size-dependent properties of MION synthesized by a thermal decomposition method capable of yielding nanoparticles in a size range between 14 and 26 nm as a T₂-weighted contrast agent for MRI. Herein, the synthesized MIONs were first decorated with DSPE-PEG2000 before performance measurements. Our study demonstrated that the properties of MION such as , SAR, and relaxivity were all dependent on size and enhanced monotonically with MION size from 14 to 26 nm. In vitro cell experiments indicated that the nonspecific uptake of MION by macrophages was also in a size-dependent way. The in vivo MRI of murine tumor elucidated the availability of MION as T₂-weighted contrast-enhancing agents, especially for the MION of 22 nm which was proven to present the best imaging effect. As a result, the size of 22 nm may be the most appropriate selection used for in vivo MRI.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

Fe(acac)₃ was bought from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Benzyl ether was obtained from Alfa Aesar (USA). Oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OAm) were purchased from Damas-beta (China). DSPE-PEG2000 was bought from A.V.T. (Shanghai) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (China). Murine breast cells (4T1), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and murine macrophage cells (RAW264.7) were purchased from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (China).

2.2. Synthesis of Size-Controlled Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

The hydrophobic magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@OA) were synthesized by thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)₃ according to literature [12, 20]. The size-controlled MIONs were produced by adjusting the molar ratios of OA to OAm. In synthesis of MION of 14, 18, 22, and 26 nm, a 100 ml three-neck flask was prepared with 2 mmol Fe(acac)₃ and 20 ml benzyl ether inside, 9 mmol OA and 3 mmol OAm, 8 mmol OA and 4 mmol OAm, 7.5 mmol OA and 4.5 mmol OAm, or 6 mmol OA and 6 mmol OAm were added, respectively. Under the protection of N₂ with an appropriate flow, the mixture was first heated to 220°C in 1 h at a heating rate of 3.3°C/min and kept at 220°C for 1 h, then heated to 290°C in 30 min and maintained this temperature for 30 min. After reaction finished, the product was transferred to a beaker of 250 ml and washed 3 times by ethanol on the magnet. Lastly, the synthetic Fe₃O₄@OA were dispersed in chloroform in a conical flask and stored in room temperature.

2.3. PEGylation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Different Sizes

As the oleic acid- (OA-) coated MIONs were hydrophobic, they need further modification with biocompatible material to be bioavailable. Herein, DSPE-PEG2000 which was approved by FDA for clinical application was used to decorate Fe₃O₄@OA according to our previous work with some modifications [20–22]. For PEGylation of MION with different sizes of 14, 18, 22, and 26 nm, DSPE-PEG2000 dissolved in 3 ml chloroform at the concentration of 17, 13, 10, or 8 mg/ml was, respectively, placed in a 25 ml round-bottom flask, mixing with 10 mg (Fe content) Fe₃O₄@OA dissolved in 3 ml chloroform by ultrasonic dissolving. Six milliliters deionized water was then added and mixed with the reactant. The reaction was proceeded (70°C for 10 min) using a rotary evaporator to remove the chloroform completely. Magnetic separation method was then applied to purify the resultant water-soluble MION (Fe₃O₄@PEG) by eliminating the empty lipid micelles simultaneously formed during the course of PEGylation. After purification, Fe₃O₄@PEG of different sizes were stored at 4°C.

2.4. Characterization of Fe₃O₄@OA and Fe₃O₄@PEG

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) was used to identify the morphology of Fe₃O₄@OA and Fe₃O₄@PEG with four sizes. The TEM samples of Fe₃O₄@PEG were prepared by negative staining with 2% phosphotungstic acid to observe the lipid layer outside the iron oxide nanoparticle core. The iron concentration of Fe₃O₄@PEG solution was evaluated using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-3600, Japan) [23]. The hysteresis curve of Fe₃O₄@PEG was investigated by a VSM (Lake Shore Cryotronics, Model 7407, USA) at room temperature; all samples were measured in water solution form. The average size measurement of Fe₃O₄@PEG was conducted using a dynamic light scattering analyzer (Malvern, ZS90, UK). The in vitro MRI and the related T₂ relaxation time of Fe₃O₄@PEG were acquired through a 1.5 T MRI used in clinic (Siemens, Avanto, Germany).

2.5. Heat Induction Property under ACMF

The heating experiments of Fe₃O₄@PEG with four different sizes were measured using a radio frequency heating system (Shuangping SPG-06-II, China). The samples with iron concentration of 1 mg ml⁻¹ in water solution were placed in the vertical copper coil under an alternating current magnetic field (ACMF, 420 kHz, 15 A, 2.25 kA/m). The temperature-time curve was tested by a fiber optic sensor (FISO, Canada). Specific absorption rate (SAR) value was applied to quantify the heating efficiency of MION under ACMF. The value of SAR can be calculated using the following formula: , where is the specific heat capacity of the solution (specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 kJ kg⁻¹ K⁻¹); stands for the initial slope of the temperature versus time curve; s is the mass of the whole solution, and means the mass of the iron in the solution [24].

2.6. Cellular Cytotoxicity and Phagocytosis of Fe₃O₄@PEG

HUVECs and 4T1 cells were cultured in PRMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37°C and 5% CO₂ in a humidified incubator. RAW264.7 macrophages were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37°C and 5% CO₂ in a humidified incubator.

The 4T1 breast cancer cells and HUVECs were used for assessing the cytotoxicity of PEGylated MION of four sizes. These two cell lines were, respectively, seeded in 96-well plates with 10⁴ cells per well () and grew overnight. Subsequently, Fe₃O₄@PEG (14, 18, 22, and 26 nm) were added, respectively, with the final concentration of 0–100 μg ml⁻¹. After 24 h cocultivation at 37°C, CCK8 assay was used to measure the cell viability.

The nonspecific phagocytosis of Fe₃O₄@PEG of four sizes was investigated by RAW264.7 macrophages which were incubated in several 12-well plates. After adherence, the cells were, respectively, incubated with PEGylated MION of four different sizes and MDSA-modified MION (Fe₃O₄@DMSA, 10 nm) at a concentration of 100 μg ml⁻¹ at 37°C. Fe₃O₄@DMSA (2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) was synthesized according to the previous work [23]. After coculture of 4 h or 8 h, the culture solution was removed and the cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Then the iron phagocytized by macrophages was detected by Prussian blue staining.

2.7. Animal Protocol

All animal care and experiments were performed in compliance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Southeast University, Nanjing, China. The tumor models were established by injection of murine breast cancer cells (2 × 10⁶ 4T1 cells in 150 μl cell culture medium) into the right flanks of female BALB/c mice (4–6 weeks old, 18–20 g in weight) which were obtained from the Model Animal Research Center of Southeast University. The mice with tumors underwent MRI after subcutaneous implantation of 8 days when the tumor volume reached about 100 mm³.

2.8. In Vivo MRI of Tumor

In vivo tumor MRI was performed by a 7.0 T micro-MRI scanner (PharmaScan, Brukers, Germany) equipped with a 38 mm circular coil and a respiratory monitoring system. The parameters of T₂-weighted imaging were as follows: TR = 400.0 ms, TE = 8.0 ms, FA = 30.0 deg, slice orient: axial, FOV read = 3.2 cm × 3.2 cm, slices = 15, and slice thickness = 1 mm. Twelve tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into four groups for MRI of Fe₃O₄@PEG of four sizes (). To compare the enhancement effect of signal intensity in the tumor site, MRI was conducted before and 3 h after intravenous injection of Fe₃O₄@PEG with different sizes at a dosage of 10 mg kg⁻¹ by tail vein.

2.9. Histological Examination

After MR imaging experiment, tumors and main organs of mice injected of normal saline and Fe₃O₄@PEG with four different sizes were excised and fixed in 10% neutral formalin, processed into paraffin for analysis of distribution of PEGylated MION and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The tissue slices were then stained by Prussian blue for iron detection and nuclear fast red for cell nucleus.

2.10. Statistical Analysis

The data were expressed as mean ± SE. Statistical differences were conducted using Student’s -test. The situation of was considered to have significant difference. The symbol of represented and represented .

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of Fe₃O₄@OA and Fe₃O₄@PEG

The Fe₃O₄@OA with four different sizes were prepared by a thermal decomposition method, and the morphology was characterized by TEM. Figure S1 showed that the MIONs of 14, 18, and 22 nm were uniform while the size of 26 nm was not so homogeneous. During the preparation of MION, it was found that the synthesis of uniform nanoparticles becomes difficult when the size is larger than 22 nm using this method. As the products of the thermal decomposition method were hydrophobic, biocompatible DSPE-PEG2000 was used for surface modification. As shown in Figure 1, all the nanoparticles of four different sizes were successfully modified without apparent agglomeration, where a thin layer of DSPE-PEG2000 was visible. The DLS data showed that the hydrodynamic diameters of the as-synthesized MION with different TEM sizes (14, 18, 22, and 26 nm) were 24, 28, 33, and 38 nm, respectively (Figure 2(a)). What is more, Fe₃O₄@PEG of the four sizes all exhibited excellent stability in aqueous solution during a long period of time about 5 months (Figure 2(b)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: TEM images of Fe₃O₄@PEG of (a) 14 nm, (b) 18 nm, (c) 22 nm, and (d) 26 nm.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 2: (a) DLS data of Fe₃O₄@PEG with different sizes in water. (b) The stability assessment by monitoring average hydrodynamic diameters of Fe₃O₄@PEG in water during 5 months. The data of (b) is shown as mean ± SE (). (c) Hysteresis loops of Fe₃O₄@PEG with different sizes. (d) Temperature-time curves of Fe₃O₄@PEG in an aqueous phase (1 mg Fe/ml) under ACMF (420 kHz, 15 A, 2.25 kA/m). (e) Relaxation rate and (f) T₂-weighted MR images of Fe₃O₄@PEG with different sizes upon iron concentration measured by a 1.5 T MR scanner.

In addition to colloidal stability, the magnetic property of MION is another crucial factor for in vivo biomedical applications. The saturation magnetization () of Fe₃O₄@PEG increased with size, and the hysteresis loop exhibited superparamagnetic behavior (Figure 2(c)). The of the four sizes (14, 18, 22, and 26 nm) was 78, 88, 92, and 97 emu g⁻¹ Fe at room temperature (300 K), respectively. It was worth mentioning that the tended to have impact on magnetic heating and MRI contrast effect of MION [25–27]. In order to assess the magnetically induced heating efficiency under ACMF, SAR value was used as an evaluation criterion. As expected, the measured SAR values (167, 306, 425, and 625 W g⁻¹ Fe) increased monotonically with MION size (14, 18, 22, and 26 nm) (Figure 2(d)), which was accord with the previous literature [16]. The high SAR value indicated that the MIONs have potential as magnetic fluid hyperthermia agents for magnetic hyperthermia of tumors, which makes it possible to realize diagnosis and treatment simultaneously. Moreover, the contrast enhancement capability of MION was measured in vitro. As shown in Figure 2(f), the MR signal intensity was attenuated as the concentration and size of MION increased. Their corresponding relaxivity coefficient () values were, respectively, calculated as 262, 398, 549, and 615 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹ (Figure 2(e)), which was much larger than Feridex (133 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) in the previous report [28]. The high values ensured the effectiveness of contrast enhancement in MR imaging at a relatively low dosage of Fe₃O₄@PEG.

3.2. Cellular Cytotoxicity and Macrophage Phagocytosis of Fe₃O₄@PEG

As an MRI contrast agent, it was necessary to evaluate the toxicity of Fe₃O₄@PEG for further applications in the living body. CCK8 assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of Fe₃O₄@PEG with four sizes against 4T1 cells and HUVECs in response to a series of concentrations of iron from 0 to 100 μg ml⁻¹. As shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b), the treatment of 4T1 cells and HUVECs with Fe₃O₄@PEG for 24 h did not cause appreciable toxicity even at the concentration as high as 100 μg ml⁻¹. These results suggested that the PEGylation of MION with FDA-approved DSPE-PEG make them safe to be applied as a T₂-weighted MRI contrast agent.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3: In vitro cytotoxicity test of Fe₃O₄@PEG with different sizes against (a) 4T1 cells and (b) HUVECs. The cellular viability was measured by CCK8 assay after cocultivation with various concentrations of Fe for 24 h (). (c) Phagocytosis testing with Prussian blue and nuclear fast red double staining images (200x) of macrophages RAW 264.7 after 4 h and 8 h treatment with Fe₃O₄@PEG of different sizes and Fe₃O₄@DMSA at the concentrations of 100 μg Fe/ml.

RAW 264.7 macrophage phagocytosis experiments were conducted to assess the capability of Fe₃O₄@PEG with four different sizes to escape the nonspecific uptake by a reticuloendothelial system (RES). As it was easy to be phagocytosed by macrophages, DMSA-modified MION was generally used for positive comparison [29, 30]. After incubation with Fe₃O₄@PEG or Fe₃O₄@DMSA for 4 and 8 h, the MIONs phagocytosed by macrophages were qualitatively determined by Prussian blue staining (blue marking). It can be observed in Figure 3(c) that most of the macrophages incubated with Fe₃O₄@DMSA for both 4 h and 8 h were stained blue, indicating that DMSA modification could not avoid nonspecific uptake. Nevertheless, Fe₃O₄@PEG were phagocytosed both in time-dependent and size-dependent ways. For 4 h incubation, there was no blue marking detected in the Fe₃O₄@PEG group of 14, 18, and 22 nm except 26 nm. However, after 8 h cocultivation, the phagocytosis of macrophages increased monotonically with MION size. These results indicated that PEGylation of MION could dramatically enhance the ability to escape nonspecific uptake of macrophages, but this effect became limited when the size of MION was as large as 26 nm.

3.3. In Vivo T₂-Weighted MRI Using Fe₃O₄@PEG with Different Sizes

Although the magnetic property of MION described as , SAR, and values was measured in vitro, MR imaging of the living body should be conducted to further assess the application potentials of Fe₃O₄@PEG with four sizes as an MRI contrast agent. BABL/c mice bearing 4T1 tumors were intravenously injected with Fe₃O₄@PEG of 14, 18, 22, and 26 nm, respectively. The T₂-weighted MR images of tumor region were recorded before and 3 h postinjection of the contrast agent at a dosage of 10 mg Fe per kilogram body weight. As shown in Figure 4(a), there was distinct decrease of the signal intensity in the tumor area of mice, respectively, treated with Fe₃O₄@PEG of four sizes. To quantitatively assess the contrast imaging effect resulted from Fe₃O₄@PEG, the enhancement degree of tumor tissue on MR images was analyzed as TNR (tumor/normal tissue signal ratio) values between the tumor and the adjacent normal muscle [20]. It means that small TNR values represented favorable imaging effect. After quantitative analysis, it was observed that although Fe₃O₄@PEG of all the four sizes had imaging function, the contrast enhancement effect was different. It has been shown in Figure 4(b) that the MION of 22 nm displayed the best contrast effect followed by that of 14 nm, while the MION of 26 nm exhibited the worst.

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Figure 4: (a) T₂-weighted MR images of mouse tumors obtained before and 3 h after injection of Fe₃O₄@PEG with different sizes (10 mg Fe/kg body weight) by a 7 T MR scanner. The red dotted line represented the tumor site. (b) TNR (tumor/normal tissue signal ratio) value measured from MR images acquired 3 h postinjection of Fe₃O₄@PEG with different sizes. The data of (b) is shown as mean ± SE (). The asterisk indicated statistical significance (, ).

In combination with the previous results involving characterization and phagocytosis test, as the enlargement of MION size, the magnetic property improved while the capacity of antiphagocytosis decreased. Collectively, there should be optimal mediation between the performance and antiphagocytosis of MION for in vivo MR imaging as a contrast agent. The enhanced MRI contrast of the MION of 22 nm in the tumor may be a combined result of the size-dependent property and captured by macrophages. Therefore, the size of 22 nm might be more suitable for imaging, as well as holds a great potential for tumor hyperthermia in consideration of the relatively high heating efficiency under ACMF.

3.4. In Vivo Distribution of Fe₃O₄@PEG

In order to verify the in vivo distribution of Fe₃O₄@PEG, the tumors and main organs were harvested 24 h postinjection of normal saline or Fe₃O₄@PEG of four different sizes followed by Prussian blue and nuclear fast red double staining. Figure 5 showed that the distribution of Fe₃O₄@PEG was similar for four different sizes, and the MION mainly distributed in tumor and organs in the liver and spleen. On the account of the low dosage of injection, there was a small quantity of blue spots observed in the abovementioned tissues. Furthermore, H&E staining displayed no obvious damage of main organs (Figure S2), which further verified the safety of Fe₃O₄@PEG as a contrast agent applied in the living body.

Figure 5: Nuclear fast red and Prussian blue double staining images (400x) of mouse organs and tumors 24 h postinjection of normal saline and Fe₃O₄@PEG of different sizes. The black bar represented 20 μm.

4. Conclusion

In conclusion, we have synthesized MION with four different sizes by a thermal decomposition method and presented a precise study on size-dependent properties of the MION for further in vivo MR imaging. Through measurement of magnetic properties, these MION exhibited favorable performance depending on size. In vitro cell experiments confirmed the biocompatibility of these MIONs and the capacity of antiphagocytosis except the MION with the size of 26 nm. After in vivo imaging, the MION of 22 nm was identified to be the optimal size applied as a contrast agent for T₂-weighted MR imaging. We also concluded that, for size selection of magnetic nanoparticles in in vivo applications, it is important to consider the balance between the magnetic properties and antiphagocytosis capability.

Data Availability

The underlying data related to this article are available upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (no. 2017YFA0205502), National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 81571806, 81671820, and 81301870), the Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu Province (no. BE2017763), the Jiangsu Provincial Special Program of Medical Science (no. BL2013029), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary 1. Figure S1 is the TEM images of the hydrophobic magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@OA) of four different sizes. (A) 14 nm, (B) 18 nm, (C) 22 nm, and (D) 26 nm.

Supplementary 2. Figure S2 is HE staining images of mouse main organs after intravenous injection of normal saline (control) and PEGylated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@PEG) of four different sizes for 24 h.

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