Fabrication and Investigation of 26 NCA Films Exhibiting Tunable Blue Fluorescence Based on LVPVDM

The development of metallic fluorescent materials, π-conjugated molecular systems with high-efficiency generation of blue light, and new ways to fabricate metallic/organic luminescent materials plays an important role in the fields of large-scale flat panel displays and soft optical devices. Herein, different fluorescent films have been fabricated by low vacuum physical vapor deposition method (LVPVDM), including single/two-component films. Compared with raw materials, all films show novel fluorescent behaviors, which means potential application in the fields of multicolor luminescence and thickness-optical response sensors. Meanwhile, the speculation is demonstrated in many ways that the maximum emission (λem ) at 406 nm and 426 nm of pristine 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (26NCA) is caused by the crystal structure, while the shoulder peak at 445 nm is caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule. Significantly, this speculation may afford new insight into the relationship between not only crystal structure and luminescence, but also molecular self-structure and luminescence, which means a new strategy to tune the fluorescent behaviors based on molecular self-structure by LVPVDM. Therefore, this work provides a facile way to fabricate single/multicomponentmetallic/organic filmmaterials with tunable blue luminescence properties, which have potential application in the fields of next generation of photofunctional materials.


Introduction
Organic solid-state photoactive chromophores have received increasing attention during the past 20 years due to their unique optical properties and promising optoelectronic applications in the fields of lasers [1,2], sensors [3][4][5][6][7], and biological imaging [8][9][10].Meanwhile, more and more research attention has been paid to molecule-based micro/nanomaterials in chemistry, materials science, and pharmaceutics/medicine [11][12][13][14], since micro/nanomaterials exhibit unique properties superior to those of their bulk counterparts [15,16], owing to their surface effect, quantum size effect [17,18], and so on.In addition, inorganic micro/nanomaterials have been most widely investigated from the very beginning of the rise of nanoscience [19].However, little attention has been focused on the fluorescence of nanoscale metal, especially, tunable fluorescence of lowmolecular-weight materials by fabricating organic/metallic composite/layer films.Significantly, key scientific and technologic problems must be resolved before these photoactive molecular materials can be employed in practical optoelectronic devices, including relatively low crystallinity to low-molecular-weight crystals, and lower melting temperature and poorer mechanical properties to micro/nanoscale organic molecular materials.There are fewer routes for fabricating small organic compounds into nanostructures.The top-down strategy for producing inorganic nanostructures, especially, is difficult to apply to organic materials.Size-dependent optical and electronic properties are not anticipated in organic nanomaterials because, unlike the case of Wannier excitons in inorganic semiconductor and metal crystals, the optoelectronic properties of organic crystals are determined by charge transfer excitons and Frenkel excitons with smaller radius [19][20][21][22][23]. Thus, setting up effective ways to tune and control the photophysical properties of organic materials and metallic materials is a prerequisite for developing new generation multicolor luminescent devices, flexible and soft optical devices, and large-scale flat panel display devices [24][25][26][27][28][29][30].
Recent developments in solid-state supramolecular chemistry (crystal engineering) have significantly enhanced our understanding on molecular recognition and intermolecular interactions based on low-molecular-weight building blocks [31][32][33][34], where bottom-up self-organization of different molecular units offers the opportunity to develop new types of micro/nanostructured crystalline molecular solids.In addition, multicomponent strategies based on molecular recognition and self-assembly have emerged as a new direction for the design and fabrication of molecule-based micro/nanomaterials with tunable composition, crystal structures, solid-state morphologies, and properties.Significantly, this has also shed new light on the structure-performance relationships for molecular solids at the micro/nanometer scale [35][36][37].Inorganic nanomaterials have been widely studied by researchers all over the world, including the preparation, shape control, and size-dependent properties.Therefore, the fabrication and investigation of micro/nanostructured film can be achieved by physical or chemical method, including single-component metallic and organic films and multicomponent organic/metallic and organic/organic composite/layer films.
Compared with the development of green/red lightemitting materials, the high-efficiency generation of UV and blue light in molecular systems continues to be a challenge, although UV/blue luminescence has great potential uses in light-emitting diodes for full-color displays and information storage devices [38][39][40].2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (26NCA) is a well-known blue fluorescent molecule.In addition, In is mainly used in the production of ITO target materials due to its strong light permeability and electric conductivity.However, little attention has been focused on the tunable fluorescence of micro/nanostructured single/twocomponent metallic/organic fluorescent films, which are expected to be used in large-scale flat panel display [29].Octafluoronaphthalene (OFN) crystal has one maximum emission ( em max ) at 353 nm, which is different from the one of 26NCA; thus 26NCA/OFN layer film is expected to present multicolor luminescence and even be used in soft optical device [29,41].
Up to now, while most studies about the preparation of luminescent materials were focusing on solution process, materials' growth by gaseous phase process had gained little attention, although the latter possessed several advantages, including green environmental protection, shorter growth period, simpler synthetic process, and more accurate control over the thickness of films in comparison with solution process.Moreover, it can solve the problem that low solubility will not be beneficial to the material's growth by solution process, such as 26NCA, and it provides a way to prepare light-emitting film materials which can be utilized in largescale flat panel display and soft optical device [29] by selecting appropriate substrate and photoactive materials.The work, herein, is based on LVPVDM to prepare singlecomponent metallic In film and organic 26NCA film and two-component films of 26NCA/In and 26NCA/OFN and study the fluorescence properties.

Preparation of
In, 26NCA, 26NCA/In, and 26NCA/OFN Films.Microscope slides were cleaned by ultrasound for 10 minutes in anhydrous ethanol, acetone, and deionized water, respectively.In, 26NCA, 26NCA/In, and 26NCA/OFN films were prepared by LVPVDM at high temperature (melting point), 157 ∘ C, 313 ∘ C, and 87 ∘ C, respectively, while the environmental pressure was 5 pascals and growth time was 1 minute to 20 minutes with a DH2010 Multifunctional Vacuum Experimental Instrument.In and 26NCA films were prepared by heating pristine In and 26NCA, respectively.26NCA/In layer films were prepared by heating pristine 26NCA and In successively, which means that 26NCA was heated at first, and then In would be heated.26NCA/OFN layer films were prepared by heating pristine 26NCA and OFN successively.26NCA 10 layers film (750 nm) was prepared by repeating ten times for the preparation of 75 nm 26NCA film.26NCA/OFN 10-layer film (1200 nm) was prepared by repeating ten times for the preparation of 60 nm/60 nm 26NCA/OFN layer film.26NCA/In layer films especially (26NCA film: 300 nm; In films: 1000 nm, 2000 nm, and 3000 nm, resp.) were prepared, where every In film unit was 1000 nm, which meant 2000 nm and 3000 nm In films were prepared by repeating two and three times, respectively, for the preparation of 1000 nm In film in Figure 4(c).60 nm/1800 nm 26NCA/OFN film was fabricated, where the film was prepared by heating the mixture including 26NCA and OFN with suitable stoichiometric ratio in Figure 5(e).

2.3.
Characterization.X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded using a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer under the following conditions: 40 kV, 40 mA, Cu K radiation (0.154184 nm) with a scanning rate of 10 ∘ /min, and a 2 angle ranging from 5 ∘ to 31 ∘ for In film and 26NCA films and 60 nm/900 nm 26NCA/OFN layer film, 1 ∘ to 28 ∘ for 60 nm/600 nm 26NCA/In layer film and 26NCA/OFN 10-layer film, and 5 ∘ to 60 ∘ for pristine 26NCA and OFN.Surface morphology was recorded on a Hitachi S-4700 field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM).Solid-state fluorescence spectra were recorded on a Hitachi F-7000 FL Spectrophotometer with 600 V photomultiplier voltage.The excitation slit and emission slit were both set to be 10.0 nm with 260 nm excitation light for In film.The excitation slit and emission slit were both set to be 5.0 nm with 270 nm excitation light for 26NCA films.The excitation slit and emission slit were set to be 10.0/10.0nm, 10.0/5.0 nm, and 5.0/5.0 nm with 270 nm excitation light for 26NCA/In layer films.The excitation slit and emission slit were set to be 20.0/20.0 nm and 10.0/5.0 nm with 240 nm or 270 nm excitation light for 26NCA/OFN layer films and 60 nm/1800 nm 26NCA/OFN film.The excitation slit and emission slit were both set to be 5.0 nm with 270 nm excitation light for 26NCA 10-layer film.The excitation slit and emission slit were both set to be 5.0 nm with 270 nm excitation light for 26NCA/OFN 10-layer film.The excitation slit and emission slit were both set to be 2.5 nm with 270 nm excitation light for raw pristine 26NCA.
The excitation slit and emission slit were set to be 2.5/1.0 nm with 270 nm excitation light for pristine OFN.

Results and Discussion
Metal In (mp: 157 ∘ C), which is mainly used in the manufacture of displayers, such as liquid crystal displayer and flat screen, and OFN (mp: 87 ∘ C) with excellent planarity, which is a representative fluorine-containing compound (Figure 1), are chosen as the conformers for 26NCA (mp: 313 ∘ C) to prepare tunable blue fluorescence composite films.Meanwhile, the luminescence of single-component metallic In and organic 26NCA was also investigated by preparing single-component film based on LVPVDM.

Fluorescence, Structural Study, and Surface Morphology of
Single-Component Metallic In Film.400 nm In film prepared by LVPVDM shows obvious well-defined ultraviolet and blue fluorescence, while block metal In lacks visible solidstate fluorescence, and the resulting fluorescence emission spectrum is shown in Figure 2, where 400 nm In film has two  em max at 359 nm and 464 nm.XRD pattern can offer some structure information of materials, and Figure S1 in Supplementary Materials shows the XRD pattern of 400 nm In film, where 400 nm In film shows no crystal XRD peak, which means 400 nm In film presents noncrystal aggregation.Moreover, Figure S2 shows the SEM image of 400 nm In film without obvious crystal materials, corresponding to the XRD pattern.Significantly, the novel fluorescent behavior of In film may be caused by the noncrystal aggregation.426 nm are no longer observed.Moreover, the fluorescence of all 26NCA films shows no difference in peak shape and peak position except intensity, where the fluorescence emission intensity of 26NCA film intensifies with the increase of 26NCA film's thickness due to the increase of the number of chromophores.In order to improve the fluorescence emission intensity of 26NCA film, 26NCA 10-layer film was designed and prepared, which was 750 nm, where every unit contained 75 nm 26NCA film.This structure can isolate the interaction between 26NCA molecules to some extent; thus 26NCA crystal will not be fabricated due to the excessive aggregation of 26NCA molecules.Under the same test conditions, 26NCA 10-layer film (750 nm) shows larger fluorescence emission intensity than the one of 750 nm 26NCA film due to the different preparation technology.26NCA layer film with excellent fluorescence containing color and intensity can be obtained.The fluorescence emission spectrum of 26NCA 10-layer film shows a red shift about 4 nm with  em max at 449 nm for the one of pristine 26NCA at 445 nm, while the two  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm are no longer observed.In addition, the fluorescence emission peak of 26NCA 10layer film slightly broadens.The disappearance of the two  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm of 26NCA may be caused by the structural change, which means that transition process changes due to the corresponding energy level structural change.

Tunable Fluorescence, Structural Study, and Surface Morphology of Single-Component
Figure 3(b) shows the photographs of 26NCA films with different thickness and 26NCA 10-layer film under 254 nm UV, where all films present blue or cyan fluorescence with different luminance.In addition, the luminescent luminance of 26NCA film intensifies with the increase of 26NCA film's thickness due to the increase of the number of chromophores.Significantly, 26NCA 10-layer film exhibits different fluorescent behavior from that of 750 nm 26NCA film, where 26NCA 10-layer film presents purplish blue fluorescence, while the 750 nm 26NCA film presents cyan fluorescence.Moreover, 26NCA 10-layer film shows higher fluorescent emission intensity than the one of 750 nm 26NCA film in Figure 3(a).26NCA 10-layer film (750 nm) was prepared by repeating ten times for the preparation of 75 nm 26NCA film, while 750 nm 26NCA film was prepared by heating pristine 26NCA all at once, which means preparation technology would influence the fluorescence of 26NCA film.
Figure S3 shows the resulting XRD pattern of 26NCA films with different thickness.The two peaks at 15.6 ∘ and 27.0 ∘ have been demonstrated to be the XRD peaks of pristine 26NCA.XRD pattern of 26NCA films is different from the one of pristine 26NCA, where the former shows noncrystal structure, while the latter presents crystal structure.Thus,  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm of 26NCA may be caused by the crystal structure of 26NCA, while the shoulder peak at 445 nm may be caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule.This speculation will be demonstrated in many ways below.Figure S4 shows the SEM images of 26NCA films (50 nm and 1500 nm), which have micro/nanoscale rhabdolith for 50 and 1500 nm 26NCA films, where the latter is stacked by sheet structure, corresponding to the XRD pattern.5000 nm respectively) show tunable multicolor fluorescence.In Figure 4(a), the fluorescence emission spectra show a red shift about 8 nm with  em max at 453 nm for the one of 26NCA at 445 nm; moreover, 26NCA/In layer films (26NCA film: 300 nm; In films: 2000 nm, 3000 nm, 4000 nm, and 5000 nm, resp.)show one  em max at 353 nm, two  em max at 315 nm and 343 nm, two  em max at 334 nm and 360 nm, and two  em max at 342 nm and 360 nm, respectively, while the two  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm are no longer observed.In addition, the fluorescence emission intensity at 453 nm intensifies with the increase of In film's thickness, which may be caused by the acceleration from In film.Figure 4(b) shows the change in emission wavelength.For 26NCA/In layer films (26NCA film: 300 nm; In films: 2000 nm, 3000 nm, 4000 nm, and 5000 nm resp.), the fluorescence emission peaks change with the increase of In film's thickness, including the number of emission peak and emission wavelength, which means potential application in the fields of multicolor luminescence and thickness-optical response sensors.In order to avoid the excessive aggregation of In atoms, 26NCA/In layer films (26NCA film: 300 nm; In films: 1000 nm, 2000 nm, and 3000 nm, resp.) were designed and prepared, where every In film unit was 1000 nm, which meant 2000 nm and 3000 nm In films were prepared by repeating two and three times, respectively, for the preparation of 1000 nm In film.This structure can isolate the interaction between In atoms to some extent; thus In crystal will not be fabricated due to the excessive aggregation of In atoms.In Figure 4(c), compared with pristine 26NCA, the fluorescence emission spectra show a red shift about 4 nm with  em max at 449 nm for 26NCA/In layer films (26NCA film: 300 nm; In films: 2000 nm and 3000 nm) and a red shift about 14 nm with  em max at 459 nm for 26NCA/In layer film (300 nm/1000 nm), while the two  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm are no longer observed.Moreover, the fluorescence emission intensity of 26NCA/In layer film intensifies with the increase of In film's thickness too.The thickness of 26NCA film and In film changes together to tune the fluorescence of 26NCA/In layer film in Figure 4(d).

Tunable Fluorescence, Structural Study, and Surface
The fluorescence emission spectra show a red shift about 6 nm with  em max at 451 nm for the one of 26NCA at 445 nm.Moreover, the fluorescence emission intensity of 26NCA/In layer films (26NCA/In: 150 nm/1000 nm, 300 nm/2000 nm, and 600 nm/4000 nm) intensifies with the increase of 26NCA and In film's thickness due to the increase of the number of chromophores and possible acceleration from In film.In order to achieve tunable multicolor fluorescence, 26NCA/In layer films (26NCA/In: 30 nm/300 nm and 60 nm/600 nm) were designed and fabricated.Significantly, in Figure 4(e), 30 nm/300 nm and 60 nm/600 nm 26NCA/In layer films both present two-color emission, where the former shows a red shift about 8 nm with  em max at 453 nm for the one of 26NCA at 445 nm and a weaker  em max at 363 nm, while the latter shows a red shift about 8 nm with  em max at 453 nm and a weaker  em max at 358 nm.Although the fluorescence emission spectra are different for all 26NCA/In layer films in this paper,  em max of 26NCA at 445 nm can always be observed, whatever the redshift, which further demonstrates that the shoulder peak at 445 nm of 26NCA is caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule.Moreover, Figure 4(f) shows the photograph of 60/600 nm 26NCA/In film under 254 nm UV, presenting blue fluorescence.
In two two-color emission films, 60 nm/600 nm 26NCA/In film may show better crystal form due to bigger thickness, where the intensity of  em max at 358 nm is similar to the one at 453 nm, just 6.3 folds, for 60 nm/600 nm 26NCA/In layer film, while the intensity of  em max at 363 nm is similar to the one at 453 nm, just 4.6 folds, for 30 nm/300 nm 26NCA/In layer film.Figure S5 shows the XRD pattern of 60 nm/600 nm 26NCA/In layer film, which exhibits noncrystal due to the thin 26NCA film and In film. em max at 445 nm of 26NCA/In layer film is caused by noncrystal 26NCA instead of In, which further demonstrates that the shoulder peak at 445 nm is caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule.
Figure S6 shows SEM image of 60 nm/600 nm 26NCA/In layer film, which have no obvious crystal materials, just stack of 26NCA or In, corresponding to the XRD pattern, exhibiting low crystallinity.Significantly, the SEM image and XRD pattern of 60 nm/600 nm 26NCA/In layer film further demonstrate that  em max at 445 nm of 26NCA films and 26NCA/In layer films is caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule instead of the crystal structure of 26NCA.

Tunable Fluorescence, Structural Study, and Surface
Morphology of Two-Component 26NCA/OFN Films.26NCA/ OFN films with different thickness exhibit different fluorescent behaviors from that of pristine 26NCA, OFN, and 26NCA films, and the resulting emission spectra are shown in Figure 5. 26NCA/OFN layer films (26NCA film: 60 nm; OFN films: 1800 nm, 2700 nm, and 3600 nm, resp.)show tunable multicolor fluorescence.In Figure 5(a), the fluorescence emission spectra show a red shift about 15 nm with  em max at 460 nm for 60 nm/1800 nm 26NCA/OFN layer film and a red shift about 9 nm with  em max at 454 nm both for 60 nm/2700 nm and for 60 nm/3600 nm 26NCA/OFN layer films for the one of 26NCA at 445 nm.Moreover, in Figure 5(a), the insert is the partial enlarged pattern; 26NCA/OFN layer films (26NCA film: 60 nm; OFN films: 1800 nm, 2700 nm, and 3600 nm, resp.)show two  em max at 310 nm and 353 nm, one  em max at 341 nm, and two  em max at 301 nm and 358 nm, respectively, under 240 nm excitation light, while the two  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm are no longer observed.In addition, the fluorescence emission intensity intensifies with the increase of OFN film's thickness, which may be caused by the acceleration from OFN film.Figure 5(b) shows the change in emission wavelength.The fluorescence emission peaks change with the increase of OFN film's thickness, including the number of emission peak and emission wavelength.Significantly, the switch among three spectra in Figure 5(b) may mean a thickness-optical response, which means two potential applications in multicolor luminescent device and thickness-optical response sensor.In order to avoid the excessive aggregation of OFN molecules, 26NCA/OFN layer films (26NCA film: 60 nm; OFN films: 60 nm, 600 nm, 900 nm, and 1200 nm, resp.) were prepared.This structure can isolate the interaction between OFN molecules to some extent due to the fewer OFN molecules; thus OFN crystal will not be fabricated due to the excessive aggregation of OFN molecules.In Figure 5(c), compared with pristine 26NCA, the fluorescence emission spectra show a red shift about 9 nm with  em max at 454 nm for 60 nm/1200 nm 26NCA/OFN layer film and a red shift about 7 nm with  em max at 452 nm for 26NCA/OFN layer films (26NCA film: 60 nm; OFN films: 60 nm, 600 nm, and 900 nm, resp.), while the two  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm are no longer observed.In addition, the fluorescence emission intensity of 26NCA/OFN layer film intensifies with the increase of OFN film's thickness too due to the possible acceleration from OFN film.The thickness of 26NCA film and OFN film changes together to tune the fluorescence of 26NCA/OFN layer film in Figure 5(d).The fluorescence emission spectra show a red shift about 7 nm with  em max at 452 nm for the one of 26NCA at 445 nm; moreover, the fluorescence emission intensity of 26NCA/OFN layer film decreases with the increase of 26NCA and OFN film's thickness.In order to achieve tunable multicolor fluorescence, 60 nm/1800 nm 26NCA/OFN film was fabricated, where the film was prepared by heating the mixture including 26NCA and OFN with suitable stoichiometric ratio.Significantly, in Figure 5(e), the spectrum presents two fluorescence emission peaks including a red shift about 6 nm with  em max at 451 nm for the one of 26NCA at 445 nm and a weaker  em max at 353 nm, where the intensity of  em max at 445 nm is similar to the one at 353 nm, just 2.2 folds, which will promote the development of new generation multicolor luminescent devices.In view of the planarity of 26NCA and OFN molecules, especially for OFN molecule, 26NCA/OFN 10-layer film was fabricated.In Figure 5(f), compared with pristine 26NCA, the fluorescence emission spectra show a red shift about 2 nm with  em max at 447 nm and a shoulder peak at 398 nm, which means a potential application in layered materials.Figures 5(g) and 5(h) show the photographs of 60 nm/900 nm 26NCA/OFN layer film and 26NCA/OFN 10layer film under 254 nm UV, where the two films present blue fluorescence, which is similar to the one of 26NCA 10 layers film, due to the similar preparation technology.
Figure S7 shows the resulting XRD pattern of 60 nm/900 nm 26NCA/OFN layer film.The peak at 15.6 ∘ has been demonstrated to be the XRD peak of pristine 26NCA.XRD patterns of 60 nm/900 nm 26NCA/OFN layer film are completely different from the one of 26NCA and OFN, where the former show noncrystal structure not only due to the thin film but also due to the process, lacking enough time to crystallize, while the latter present crystal structure (Figure S8).Significantly, the speculation further demonstrated that  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm of 26NCA is caused by the crystal structure of 26NCA, while the shoulder peak at 445 nm is caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule.
Figure S9 shows the SEM image of 60 nm/900 nm 26NCA/OFN layer film, which have no obvious crystal materials, just stack of 26NCA or OFN molecule, corresponding to the XRD pattern, exhibiting low crystallinity.Significantly, the SEM image further demonstrates that  em max at 445 nm of 26NCA/OFN layer films is caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule instead of the crystal structure of 26NCA, which means that  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm of 26NCA is caused by the crystal structure of 26NCA, while the shoulder peak at 445 nm of 26NCA is caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule.
Figure S10 shows the resulting XRD pattern of 26NCA/OFN 10-layer film without any X-ray diffraction peak.The film shows noncrystal structure not only due to the thin film but also due to the process, lacking enough time to crystallize.Significantly, the speculation further demonstrated that  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm of 26NCA is caused by the crystal structure of 26NCA, while the shoulder peak at 445 nm is caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule.
Figure S11 shows the SEM image of 26NCA  instead of the crystal structure of 26NCA, which means that  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm of 26NCA is caused by the crystal structure of 26NCA, while the shoulder peak at 445 nm of 26NCA is caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule.

Conclusion
Single-component metallic In film and organic 26NCA film and two-component films of 26NCA/In and 26NCA/OFN have been fabricated by LVPVDM with some changed properties, such as material structure and fluorescence.Interestingly, fluorescence can be obtained for In film, while the bulk In shows no fluorescent behavior at all.In addition, compared with pristine bulk In, 26NCA, and OFN, 26NCA films, 26NCA/In films, and 26NCA/OFN films show novel fluorescence, including not only changes in shape and intensity of fluorescence emission spectra, but also changes in fluorescent response, which means potential application in the fields of multicolor luminescent devices, thicknessoptical response sensors, flexible and soft optical devices, and even large-scale flat display devices.Meanwhile, the speculation is demonstrated in many ways that  em max at 406 nm and 426 nm of 26NCA may be caused by the crystal structure of 26NCA, while the shoulder peak at 445 nm may be caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule.Importantly, LVPVDM is proved to be a capable way to prepare single/multicomponent metallic/organic luminescent film materials.Moreover, LVPVDM is also anticipated to prepare single/multicomponent metallic/organic lightemitting materials, which can be utilized in large-scale flat panel display and soft optical device, such as film materials and next generation of photofunctional materials.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Fluorescence emission spectrum of 400 nm In film.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: (a), (c), (d), and (e) Fluorescence emission spectra of 26NCA/In layer films with different thickness and pristine 26NCA.Insert in a) shows the partial enlarged profile.(b) The change in emission wavelength.(f) Photograph of 60/600 nm 26NCA/In film under 254 nm UV.
/OFN 10-layer film, which has no obvious crystal materials, just stack of 26NCA or OFN molecule, corresponding to the XRD pattern, exhibiting low crystallinity.Significantly, the SEM image further demonstrates that  em max at 445 nm of 26NCA/OFN layer films is caused by the self-structure of 26NCA molecule