Journal of Ophthalmology

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 536985, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/536985

Clinical Study

Clinical Characteristics of Alternaria Keratitis

Ching-Hsi Hsiao,1,2 Lung-Kun Yeh,1,2 Hung-Chi Chen,1,2 Hsin-Chiung Lin,1,2 Phil Y. F. Chen,1,2 David H. K. Ma,1,2 and Hsin-Yuan Tan1,2

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5 Fu-Hsin Road, Kweishan 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan

²College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

Received 3 October 2013; Revised 5 February 2014; Accepted 18 February 2014; Published 20 March 2014

Academic Editor: Terri L. Young

Copyright © 2014 Ching-Hsi Hsiao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Purpose. Alternaria spp. are an uncommon cause of mycotic keratitis. Previous studies on Alternaria keratitis have generally been limited to case reports. We examined the clinical characteristics of Alternaria keratitis in this study. Methods. The characteristics and outcomes of 7 patients with culture-proven Alternaria keratitis treated in our hospital were compared with 25 previously reported cases. Results. The risk factors for Alternaria keratitis were trauma in 5 patients and soft contact lenses in 1 patient. Six patients with early diagnosis (<2 weeks) were cured with medical antimicrobial treatment; a patch graft was required in 1 patient with perforation. When incorporated with previous reports on Alternaria keratitis , 14 (44%) infections followed trauma, 10 (31%) were associated with preexisting corneal disease or previous ocular surgery, and 5 (16%) occurred in soft contact lens wearers. Successful medical treatment was achieved in 23 (72%) patients, including 10 out of 21 eyes (48%) treated with natamycin and/or amphotericin B. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty was performed in 9 (28%) cases. Conclusions. Alternaria keratitis is generally associated with specific risk factors and responds to medical treatment when early diagnosis is performed and prompt antifungal treatment is initiated.

1. Introduction

Alternaria is a filamentous fungus from the dematiaceous family, a group of darkly pigmented molds that are ubiquitous in soil, plants, food, and indoor air environments [1]. This fungus can cause opportunistic human infections, including cutaneous and subcutaneous infections (74.3%), oculomycosis (9.5%), invasive and noninvasive rhinosinusitis (8.1%), and onychomycosis (8.1%) [1]. Oculomycosis caused by Alternaria is primarily keratitis in patients with immunocompromised ocular surface, previous surgery, and trauma [2–23]. Previous experience with Alternaria keratitis has ranged variably from penetrating keratoplasty to medical cure, but with a variable response to a variety of topical and systemic antifungals [2–23]. Literature concerning corneal ulcers caused by Alternaria consists primarily of case reports [2–23]. We performed a 10-year retrospective review of patients with culture-proven Alternaria keratitis in our hospital to study the clinical characteristics of Alternaria keratitis and compared our experience with previously reported cases.

2. Materials and Methods

This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Board at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan (IRB102-4073B). We searched the computer database of the microbiology laboratory in our hospital and reviewed the corresponding medical records to identify patients with culture-proven Alternaria keratitis, who were treated between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2012. Both inpatients and outpatients were included. The data collected included demographic information, medical and ocular history, signs and symptoms, predisposing factors, presenting and final visual acuity, treatment, and length of follow-up. Smears and cultures from corneal scrapings for bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi were performed in all patients. With standard microbiological culture techniques, the scrapings were inoculated directly onto blood, chocolate, a modified Sabouraud agar, a Lowenstein-Jensen agar slant, and a thioglycollate broth. Microbial cultures were considered to be significant as growth of the same organism on two or more culture media or as growth on one medium of organisms seen on stained smears of corneal scrapings. Fungal identification was based on morphology.

Medical treatment was considered successful if corneal infection was resolved during antifungal therapy and did not recur after topical agents were discontinued. Previously reported cases of Alternaria keratitis were identified by searching the MEDLINE database and then restricting the search to corneal infections that had laboratory evidence and outcome details written in English. Demographic data, risk factors, and management information were extracted and tabulated. Characteristics of previously reported cases were compared with the current series by using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables and the Fisher exact test for categorical variables. A value under 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 20 (IBM SPSS Statistics, New York, NY, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Clinical Features

Alternaria spp. were isolated from 7 patients (3.4%) with fungal keratitis in our hospital during the 10-year period. Table 1 summarizes the clinical data.

Table 1: Clinical data of patients with Alternaria keratitis.

Patient
Risk factors
Location and size
Medical treatment
Surgery
Initial VA
Final VA
F/U (months)
Others

1
Trauma
C,  mm
Natamycin + Amphotericin B

CF
20/200
2

2
Trauma
C,  mm
Amphotericin B

20/200
20/100
10

3
Unknown, DM
C,  mm
Natamycin + amikacin + ciprofloxacin
Superficial keratectomy
20/200
20/70
16
(i) Cataract operation 1 month ago

(ii) A farmer

(iii) Coinfection with M.chelonae

4
Trauma
C,  mm
Natamycin
Superficial keratectomy, patch graft
CF
20/200
15
PKP + ECCE + IOL 5

months later

5
Trauma
C,  mm
Natamycin

CF
20/100
29

6
Trauma
C,  mm
Natamycin + amphotericin B

20/400
20/100
4

7
SCL
P,  mm
Cefazolin + amikacin

20/25
20/20
2

DM: diabetes mellitus, SCL: soft contact lens, C: central, P: peripheral, CF: counting fingers, F/U: follow-up, PKP: penetrating keratoplasty, ECCE: extracapsular cataract extraction, and IOL: intraocular lens.

The median age was 62 years (range 17–76 years). The mean follow-up time was 11 months (range 2–29 months). The patients included 3 women and 4 men. Two ulcers developed in the right eye and 5 in the left eye. Predisposing factors for keratitis were identified for 6 patients; 5 infections followed corneal trauma and one was associated with soft contact lenses. One diabetic farmer (Patient 3), who underwent cataract surgery in his left eye 1 month before presentation, reported no precipitating factors. Whether Patient 4 had used corticosteroids was unclear, but the other 6 patients had no such history. All of the patients displayed similar manifestations of pain and redness in the eyes. The duration between onset of symptoms and diagnosis ranged from 4 to 10 days in 6 patients; Patient 4 was previously treated elsewhere approximately 4 months and referred to us for diagnosis. Six patients had centrally located and medium-sized (2–6 mm at its greatest dimension) corneal infiltrate with a feathery margin (Figure 1), and Patient 7 had a peripheral 1 × 1 mm ulcer.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Alternaria keratitis presenting as a central corneal infiltrate with feathery margin. (a) Patient 3, coinfected with Mycobacterium chelonae. (b) Patient 5.

None had a hypopyon. Topical antifungal agents, occasionally used in combination, included natamycin 5% suspension and amphotericin B 0.15% for 6 patients. The culture result of the corneal scrapings from Patient 3 revealed Mycobacterium chelonae in addition to Alternaria spp.; therefore, amikacin (25 mg/cc) and ciprofloxacin 0.3% were added later. Patient 7 exhibited a small peripheral soft contact lens-related corneal ulcer, which healed completely after treatment with amikacin (25 mg/cc) and cefazolin sodium (25 mg/cc) for 3 days. Thus, she did not receive antifungal treatment even though the culture result later revealed Alternaria spp. No patients received systemic antifungal therapy. All of the patients, except Patient 4, responded well to medical antimicrobial treatment. Two patients (Patients 3 and 4) underwent superficial keratectomy for debridement and promotion of the penetration of antimicrobial medication. Patient 4 eventually developed a perforated ulcer; thus a patch graft with a glycerol-preserved cornea was performed and no recrudescent infection developed. All of the patients preserved useful vision (≥20/200); the limited visual rehabilitation was primarily caused by central corneal scarring and cataracts if existed.

3.2. Literature Review

Twenty-five previously reported cases of Alternaria keratitis presented surgical or other outcome information (Table 2) [2–23]. These 17 men and 8 women ranged from 26 to 72 years of age.

Table 2: Previously reported cases of Alternaria keratitis.

Reference, report year
Age/sex
Risk factor
Antifungal medication
Surgery
Others

Azar et al., 1975 [2]
53/M
HSV keratitis
Topical natamycin
PKP

Ando and Takatori, 1987 [3]
53/F
PKP
Topical thimerosal, pimaricin, flucytosine

Chang et al., 1994 [4]
55/M
Trauma
Topical miconazole, fluconazole
PKP
Combined endophthalmitis

Arrese et al., 1996 [5]
46/M
Systemic steroids
Itraconazole
PKP

Daniel et al., 1997 [6]
45/M
Trauma
Topical ketoconazole

Koc et al., 1997 [7]
82/M
ECCE
Topical fluconazole

Ferrer et al., 2002 [8]
50/M
Trauma

Systemic steroids
Topical amphotericin B, fluconazole
PKP

Zahra et al., 2002 [9]
55/M
Trauma, DM
Topical amphotericin B

Ferrer et al., 2003 [10]
66/M
Trauma
Topical amphotericin B, fluconazole

Combined with endophthalmitis

Verma et al., 2005 [11]
29/F
LASIK
—
PKP
Diagnosis after PKP

Ozbek et al., 2006 [12]
69/M
Trauma
Topical natamycin, amphoterin B → topical and oral voriconazole

Barnes et al., 2007 [13]
59/M
KPro
Topical amphotericin B

Bunya et al., 2007 [14]
69/M

Topical amphotericin B, natamycin → topical and oral voriconazole

Kocaturk et al., 2007 [15]
46/F
LASIK
Topical amphotericin B + natamycin + oral itraconazole
PKP
PKP after resolution of infection

Tu, 2009 [16]
39/M
SCL
Topical voriconazole → oral voriconazole + topical natamycin → intrastromal injection of voriconazole + topical caspofungin

Tu, 2009 [16]
45/M
Trauma
Topical natamycin + oral itraconazole → topical fluconazole

Tu, 2009 [16]
70/M
COAG

DM
Topical fluconazole

Usui et al., 2009 [17]
55/M
Glaucoma
Topical fluconazole + miconazole → topical amphotericin B

Shen et al., 2010 [18]
62/F
Trauma
Topical natamycin + oral ketoconazole → intracameral voriconazole

Combined endophthalmitis

Ursea et al., 2010 [19]
72/F
RGP lens

Old PKP
Topical natamycin and amphotericin B
PKP

Yildiz et al., 2010 [20]
41/F
SCL
Topical natamycin → topical and oral voriconazole

Yildiz et al., 2010 [20]
26/F
SCL
Topical natamycin → topical voriconazole

Martone et al., 2011 [21]
68/M
Trauma
Topical + oral voriconazole

Neoh et al., 2011 [22]
67/M
Bullous keratopathy
Topical and intrastromal voriconazole + caspofungin
PKP

Konidaris et al., 2013 [23]
66/F
PKP
Topical and oral voriconazole + topical amphotericin B
PKP

M: male, F: female, HSV: herpes simplex virus, PKP: penetrating keratoplasty, ECCE: extracapsular cataract extraction, DM: diabetes mellitus, LASIK: laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, Kpro: keratoprosthesis, SCL: soft contact lens, COAG: chronic open angle glaucoma, and RGP: rigid gas permeable lens.

Risk factors for infections are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3: Clinical features of Alternaria keratitis.

Characteristics
Previous cases ()
Current cases ()
value

Age, median year (range)
56 (26 to 72)
62 (17 to 76)
0.21

Gender, number of males (%)
17 (68%)
4 (57%)
0.32

Risk factor, number (%)

    Trauma
9 (36%)
5 (72%)
0.06

    Preexisting corneal disease or surgery
10 (40%)
0
<0.001

    Contact lens
4 (16%)
1 (14%)
0.46

    Others
1 (4%)
1 (14%)
0.26

Corticosteroid use*
14 (56%)
0
<0.001

Medical treatment success with natamycin

and/or amphotericin B, number (%)
5 (33%)
5 (83%)
0.02

Therapeutic surgery, number (%)
8 (32%)
1 (17%)
0.16

Only the patients with definite history of corticosteroid use were included.

Topical natamycin +/− amphotericin B was used to treat 15 eyes among previous cases and 6 eyes in current series.

Nine out of twenty-five (36%) infections followed corneal trauma; 10 (40%) occurred in the eyes with prior corneal disease or surgery and 4 (16%) were associated with contact lenses. Fourteen (56%) had a definite history of corticosteroid usage before diagnosis of fungal keratitis. Topical antifungal agents, occasionally administered in combination, included natamycin, amphotericin B, miconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole, flucytosine, fluconazole, and capofungin. Some patients also received systemic antifungal therapy, including oral itraconazole and voriconazole. Two patients received an intracameral or intrastromal injection of voriconazole. Seventeen (68%) patients were cured with medical treatment, but only 5 out of 15 patients, who received natamycin or amphotericin B, achieved successful medical treatment. Therapeutic keratoplasty was performed on 8 patients (32%) (Table 3).

When incorporated with our cases of Alternaria keratitis (), 14 (44%) infections followed trauma, 10 (31%) were associated with preexisting corneal disease or previous ocular surgery, and 5 (16%) occurred in soft contact lens wearers. A definite history of corticosteroid use was observed in 14 (44%) patients. Successful medical treatment was achieved in 23 (72%) patients, including 10 out of 21 eyes (48%) treated with natamycin and/or amphotericin B. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty was performed in 9 (28%) cases.

4. Discussion

First recognized in 1975 [2], Alternaria spp. are an uncommon cause of corneal infection and account for 3.3% to 8.7% of mycotic keratitis [24–28]. Alternaria spp. were responsible for 3.4% of mycotic keratitis over the 10-year interval observed in our hospital. Previous studies of Alternaria keratitis have generally been limited to case reports; therefore, this may be the greatest number of cases of Alternaria keratitis reported at one institution. Our findings indicate that Alternaria keratitis was generally associated with specific risk factors, including trauma and contact lens usage, and responded well to conventional antifungal drugs.

The most common risk factors for Alternaria keratitis is trauma (Table 3), considering that 5 out of 7 patients had a history of trauma in our study. Surgery and preexisting corneal diseases are also commonly associated with Alternaria keratitis (Table 3), but none of our 6 patients with identified risk factors had such a history. The difference was possibly caused by differences in geographic regions and study populations. Soft contact lens-related fungal keratitis has increased in frequency over the past few years. An outbreak of Fusarium keratitis associated with the use of ReNu with MoistureLoc (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) solution occurred [29]. Brooks et al. reported that Alternaria spp. possessed the ability to penetrate the matrix of soft contact lenses, but it was not sufficiently common to cause a contact lens-related keratitis [30]. However, recent studies have reported several cases of contact lens-related Alternaria keratitis [16, 19, 20], and a contact lens wearer also participated in our study. Whether contact lens-related keratitis caused by Alternaria increases and the relationship between Alternaria and various contact lens brands and disinfection solutions warrant further study.

In the present study, 5 out of 7 patients responded well to conventional topical antifungal medication such as natamycin and amphotericin B, but previous case reports on Alternaria keratitis have indicated variable responses to a variety of topical and systemic antifungals. Surgical interventions have occasionally been necessary (Tables 2 and 3). Limited information concerning the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Alternaria spp. is available [1, 16, 26, 31]. In general, amphotericin B showed variable in vitro activity; the triazoles, including itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole, presented low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs); Alternaria spp. seemed to be susceptible to terbinafine and caspofungin in vitro [1, 16, 26, 31]. However, in vitro drug susceptibility based on serum standards may not be accurate because high antimicrobial concentrations achieved with topical instillation may overcome the resistance as determined by the MICs of serum concentrations. Recently, using voriconazole for the treatment of fungal keratitis has become a trend [14]. Voriconazole possesses excellent bioavailability, and therapeutic aqueous and vitreous levels are achieved after topical and oral administration of voriconazole. Successful management of Alternaria keratitis clinically resistant to natamycin and amphotericin B with oral and topical voriconazole has recently been reported [12, 14, 18, 20, 21, 23]. Voriconazole appears to be a promising agent for Alternaria keratitis.

The infections resolved without using any antifungal medication in Patient 7, who was a contact lens wearer. A study on the outbreak of Fusarium keratitis associated with soft contact lenses also reported that infections in 11 eyes (16.2%), treated with topical fortified cefazolin and gentamicin, were resolved without requiring antifungal therapy [29]. All of these cases were diagnosed at an early stage, presented with small, superficial, paracentral, or peripheral lesions, similar to our case. Host immunoresponsiveness, a decrease in organism loading after corneal scrapings, and the possible antifungal effects of certain antibiotics [32] are likely associated with the solution of infection in these cases.

Two of our patients (Patients 3 and 4) underwent superficial keratectomy. Superficial keratectomy may aid in the medical management of fungal keratitis by increasing drug penetration, removing infected corneal tissue, and subsequently reducing the microbial load. However, the increase of corneal perforation after early keratectomy is concerning. Lin et al. studied treatment outcome, cost of care, and long-term complications in patients with moderate Fusarium keratitis who received early keratectomy compared with those treated medically and observed that the early keratectomy group had a shorter hospital stay, shorter disease duration, lower hospitalization costs, and lower rates of corneal perforation than the medical therapy group did [33]. Topical natamycin solution was prescribed for our Patient 4, having received chronic keratitis treatment elsewhere for 4 months, and superficial keratectomy was performed on the day after admission, based on a presumed diagnosis of fungal keratitis. Unfortunately, perforation occurred 5 days later; thus, a patch graft with a glycerol-preserved cornea was performed. The progressive and perforated ulcer in this patient was partially caused by inadequate medical treatment, because previous reports indicated that Alternaria spp. appeared to be largely resistant to natamycin clinically [12, 16]; however, in our study, 2 other patients responded well to natamycin solely. Superficial keratectomy might be at least partially responsible for perforation in this case. How to judge which cases with Alternaria keratitis would benefit from early superficial keratectomy is critical and requires further investigation.

Our patients appeared to respond well to medical treatment and presented more favorable outcomes when compared with previous case reports. Although some reporting bias may exist, early diagnosis (<2 weeks) and prompt instillation of antifungals may have helped to halt the infection, because most of our patients had a typical history and clinical manifestations of fungal keratitis. In addition, most of our patients did not previously use corticosteroids that may promote fungal infection.

This study is limited by its retrospective character and relatively small sample size. Variations in the treatment protocol among the various physicians were observed. In addition, isolates were not identified at the species level and no drug susceptibility was available. Moreover, the patient selection criteria may have influenced the data interpretation because our patients came from a referral-based, tertiary-care institution. Therefore, the results should be generalized with caution.

5. Conclusions

Alternaria spp. are a relatively uncommon cause of corneal infection, and this study showed that Alternaria keratitis was generally associated with specific risk factors and responded well to medical treatment. Accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment may preserve ocular integrity and visual acuity.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests and financial support regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

The authors thank Ms. Wen-Hsuan Chen for her technical support.

References

F. J. Pastor and J. Guarro, “Alternaria infections: laboratory diagnosis and relevant clinical features,” Clinical Microbiology & Infection, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 734–746, 2008.

P. Azar, J. V. Aquavella, and R. S. Smith, “Keratomycosis due to an Alternaria species,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 881–882, 1975.

N. Ando and K. Takatori, “Keramycosis due to Alternaria alternata corneal transplant infection,” Mycopathologia, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 1987.

S.-W. Chang, M.-W. Tsai, and F.-R. Hu, “Deep Alternaria keratomycosis with intraocular extension,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 544–545, 1994.

J. E. Arrese, C. Pierard-Franchimont, and G. E. Piérard, “Onychomycosis and keratomycosis caused by Alternaria sp.: a bipolar opportunistic infection in a wood-pulp worker on chronic steroid therapy,” American Journal of Dermatopathology, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 611–613, 1996.

E. Daniel, M. S. Matthews, and S. Chacko, “Alternaria keratomycosis in a lepromatous leprosy patient,” International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 492–494, 1997.

A. N. Koc, K. Erkilic, N. Evrensel, and A. Coskun, “A case of Alternaria keratitis treated with fluconazole,” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 322–323, 1997.

C. Ferrer, G. Munoz, J. L. Alio, J. L. Abad, and F. Colom, “Polymerase chain reaction diagnosis in fungal keratitis caused by Alternaria alternata,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 398–399, 2002.

L. V. Zahra, D. Mallia, J. G. Hardie, A. Bezzina, and T. Fenech, “Case report. Keratomycosis due to Alternaria alternata in a diabetic patient,” Mycoses, vol. 45, no. 11-12, pp. 512–514, 2002.

C. Ferrer, J. Montero, J. L. Alio, J. L. Abad, J. M. Ruiz-Moreno, and F. Colom, “Rapid molecular diagnosis of posttraumatic keratitis and endophthalmitis caused by Alternaria infectoria,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 3358–3360, 2003.

K. Verma, R. B. Vajpayee, J. S. Titiyal, N. Sharma, and N. Nayak, “Post-LASIK infectious crystalline keratopathy caused by Alternaria,” Cornea, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1018–1020, 2005.

Z. Ozbek, S. Kang, J. Sivalingam, C. J. Rapuano, E. J. Cohen, and K. M. Hammersmith, “Voriconazole in the management of Alternaria keratitis,” Cornea, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 242–244, 2006.

S. D. Barnes, C. H. Dohlman, and M. L. Durand, “Fungal colonization and infection in Boston keratoprosthesis,” Cornea, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 9–15, 2007.

V. Y. Bunya, K. M. Hammersmith, C. J. Rapuano, B. D. Ayres, and E. J. Cohen, “Topical and oral voriconazole in the treatment of fungal keratitis,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 151–153, 2007.

T. Kocaturk, R. Pineda II, L. K. Green, and D. T. Azar, “Post-LASIK epithelial dendritic defect associated with Alternaria,” Cornea, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1144–1146, 2007.

E. Y. Tu, “Alternaria keratitis: clinical presentation and resolution with topical fluconazole or intrastromal voriconazole and topical caspofungin,” Cornea, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 116–119, 2009.

T. Usui, Y. Misawa, N. Honda, A. Tomidokoro, S. Yamagami, and S. Amano, “Nontraumatic keratomycosis caused by Alternaria in a glaucoma patient,” International Ophthalmology, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 529–531, 2009.

Y.-C. Shen, C.-Y. Wang, H.-Y. Tsai, and H.-N. Lee, “Intracameral voriconazole injection in the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis resulting from keratitis,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 149, no. 6, pp. 916–921, 2010.

R. Ursea, L. A. Tavares, M. T. Feng, A. Z. McColgin, R. W. Snyder, and D. M. Wolk, “Non-traumatic Alternaria keratomycosis in a rigid gas-permeable contact lens patient,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 389–390, 2010.

E. H. Yildiz, H. Ailani, K. M. Hammersmith, R. C. Eagle Jr., C. J. Rapuano, and E. J. Cohen, “Alternaria and paecilomyces keratitis associated with soft contact lens wear,” Cornea, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 564–568, 2010.

G. Martone, P. Pichierri, R. Franceschini et al., “In vivo confocal microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography in a case of Alternaria keratitis,” Cornea, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 449–453, 2011.

C. F. Neoh, L. Leung, R. B. Vajpayee, K. Stewart, and D. C. Kong, “Treatment of Alternaria keratitis with intrastromal and topical caspofungin in combination with intrastromal, topical, and oral voriconazole,” Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol. 45, no. 5, article e24, 2011.

V. Konidaris, A. Mersinoglou, T. A. Vyzantiadis, D. Papadopoulou, K. G. Boboridis, and P. Ekonomidis, “Corneal transplant infection due to Alternaria alternata: a case report,” Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 589620, 3 pages, 2013.

J. Chander and A. Sharma, “Prevalence of fungal corneal ulcers in Northern India,” Infection, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 207–209, 1994.

M. A. Tanure, E. J. Cohen, S. Sudesh, C. J. Rapuano, and P. R. Laibson, “Spectrum of fungal keratitis at Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,” Cornea, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 307–312, 2000.

W.-Y. Qiu, Y.-F. Yao, Y.-F. Zhu et al., “Fungal spectrum identified by a new slide culture and in vitro drug susceptibility using Etest in fungal keratitis,” Current Eye Research, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1113–1120, 2005.

U. Jurkunas, I. Behlau, and K. Colby, “Fungal keratitis: changing pathogens and risk factors,” Cornea, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 638–643, 2009.

L. Wang, S. Sun, Y. Jing, L. Han, H. Zhang, and J. Yue, “Spectrum of fungal keratitis in central China,” Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 763–771, 2009.

W.-B. Khor, T. Aung, S.-M. Saw et al., “An outbreak of Fusarium keratitis associated with contact lens wear in Singapore,” The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 295, no. 24, pp. 2867–2873, 2006.

A. M. Brooks, M. G. Lazarus, and J. M. Weiner, “Soft contact lens contamination by Alternaria alternata,” The Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 140, no. 8, pp. 490–491, 1984.

I. Pujol, C. Aguilar, J. Gene, and J. Guarro, “In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Alternaria spp. and Ulocladium spp.,” The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 337–338, 2000.

S. Day, P. Lalitha, S. Haug et al., “Activity of antibiotics against Fusarium and Aspergillus,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 116–119, 2009.

H. C. Lin, J. L. Lin, D. T. Lin-Tan, H. K. Ma, and H. C. Chen, “Early keratectomy in the treatment of moderate Fusarium Keratitis,” PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, Article ID e42126, 2012.