Although clinical diagnosis of advanced keratoconus (KC) is relatively easy with biomicroscopic and keratometric data, it is rather complicated to rule out subclinical KC before refractive surgery. Corneal topography provided a better means of evaluating the morphologic change in patients with early KC [
With the introduction of rotating Scheimpflug devices for corneal tomography, many indices have been proposed for discriminating corneas with subclinical KC from normal corneas including curvature, pachymetric, elevation, and, most recently, biomechanical indices [
The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between the manually calculated (I‐S) value and the automatically calculated index of height decentration (IHD) by Pentacam software and proposed deduced regression formulae linking the two indices.
This is a retrospective study that included 128 eyes; 82 of these eyes had normal corneas, 24 of them were diagnosed as forme fruste KC (FFKC) (a cornea that has no abnormal finding by clinical examination, curvature, elevation, and pachymetry parameters with evident KC in the fellow eye) [
Every eye was scanned at least thrice by a rotating Scheimpflug camera (Allegro Oculyzer II equivalent to Pentacam HR, WaveLight, Erlangen, Germany) software version 1.17r119. Each scan included 25 Scheimpflug images. Data were collected from only one scan which had the largest analyzed area, the highest percent of valid data, and good alignment.
The investigated indices included the following: Inferior minus superior value (I‐S value) [ Index of height decentration (IHD) [
(I‐S) value calculated astride the horizontal meridian.
A validation sample of 78 eyes (52 normal, 10 FFKC, and 16 KC) was then collected prospectively from patients coming for screening or follow up. The right eyes only were chosen except in FFKC due to the paucity of these cases.
Data were collected, and statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc Statistics 12.5.0.0 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). Mean, standard deviation (SD), Mann–Whitney test, area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) calculation and comparison by DeLong et al. method, and Pearson correlation coefficient were calculated. Logistic regression using the enter technique was used to deduce formulae linking the two most correlated indices.
Regarding the validation sample, the AUROC, median, and the 2.5 to 97.5% confidence interval of the absolute difference between the actual and the deduced IHD were calculated.
The study adhered to the Tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and to the local ethics committee (Watany Research Development Center (WRDC)) standards.
The mean (±SD) age of the patients was 28.5 ± 7.5 years; 41 eyes of males and 87 of females; 65 were right eyes and 63 left eyes.
The mean (I‐S) value in normal, FFKC, and KC eyes were 0.30 ± 0.93, 0.11 ± 2.03, and 4.62 ± 3.89, respectively, and those of IHD were 0.008 ± 0.004, 0.011 ± 0.005, and 0.066 ± 0.067, respectively.
When differentiating normal from abnormal corneas (KC and FFKC collectively), the two indices gave accurate results (Mann–Whitney,
The AUROC of decentration indices.
Index | Normal versus KC + FFKC | Normal versus FFKC | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AUROC | AUROC compared to that of IHD ( |
AUROC | AUROC compared to that of IHD ( |
|||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
(I‐S) value | 0.768 | 0.048 | 0.092 | 0.582 | 0.071 | 0.135 |
IHD | 0.840 | 0.039 | — | 0.700 | 0.061 | — |
KC = keratoconus; FFKC = forme fruste keratoconus; AUROC = area under the receiver operating characteristic; SD = standard deviation; (I‐S) value = inferior minus superior value; IHD = index of height decentration.
The two indices were highly correlated (
The deduced regression formula linking the two indices (Figure
The regression formula deducing the IHD from the (I‐S) value with the 95% prediction lines.
The reverse formula (Figure
The regression formula deducing the (I‐S) value from the IHD with the 95% prediction lines.
By applying the formula with the inferior half steeper than superior, (I‐S) value of 0.5, 1, and 1.4 correspond to IHD of 0.010, 0.014, and 0.017, taking into consideration that IHD values >0.014 are considered abnormal and IHD values >0.016 are considered pathological [
The corresponding values of IHD.
(I‐S) value | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.4 |
IHD | 0.010 | 0.014 | 0.017 |
(I‐S) value = inferior minus superior value; IHD = index of height decentration.
Regarding the validation sample, the IHD, (I‐S) value, and the deduced IHD from the abovementioned formula are represented in Table
Validation sample data.
Median | 2.5–97% confidence interval | |
---|---|---|
IHD | 0.017 | 0.003–0.151 |
(I‐S) value | 1.01 | 0.061–6.475 |
Deduced IHD | 0.014 | 0.008–0.074 |
The AUROC of IHD and (I‐S) value were not statistically significantly different from each other (Table
Validation sample AUROC.
Index | Normal versus KC + FFKC | Normal versus FFKC | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AUROC | AUROC compared to that of IHD ( |
AUROC | AUROC compared to that of IHD ( |
|||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
(I‐S) value | 0.858 | 0.050 | 0.710 | 0.709 | 0.104 | 0.648 |
IHD | 0.868 | 0.048 | — | 0.735 | 0.100 | — |
The absolute difference between the actual and the deduced IHD is presented in Table
The absolute difference between the actual and the deduced IHD.
Number of eyes | Median of the actual IHD | Median of the absolute difference between actual and deduced IHD | 2.5–97.5% confidence interval of the absolute difference between actual and deduced IHD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
All eyes | 78 | 0.017 | 0.004 | 0.003–0.007 |
Normal eyes | 52 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.002–0.005 |
FFKC | 10 | 0.024 | 0.007 | 0.001–0.015 |
KC | 16 | 0.074 | 0.032 | 0.012–0.063 |
Corneal topography has been found to be sensitive for detecting subtle changes on the anterior corneal surface due to corneal ectatic disorders before the appearance of clinical signs [
Although elevation-based tomography is adding knowledge about the elevation and pachymetry indices of the cornea, still the curvature analysis is very important as the topographic abnormalities are very important evaluated criteria in post-LASIK ectasia and are involved in the ectasia risk score system [
Moreover, it is one of the four components involved in KISA% used in KC identification which demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 100%, respectively, in terms of keratoconus diagnosis [
One of the currently used elevation-based tomography devices is the Pentacam HR; it provides analysis of topometric indices including the automatically calculated decentration IHD index. IHD is not only an index to detect corneal asymmetry, and consequently important in KC detection, but also it was reported as one of the most sensitive and specific criteria for follow up of KC [
Our study revealed a high correlation between the (I‐S) value and the IHD.
As the Pentacam software does not include the (I‐S) value, and there is a high correlation between the (I‐S) value and IHD, we deduced regression formulae between them to be able to calculate one from the other with reasonable accuracy. This could enable calculating the Randleman ectasia risk score system directly from Pentacam display, which is currently not possible. We listed the (I‐S) value in normal and KC suspect with the corresponding IHD values as an example.
This regression formula was validated with a small absolute difference between the actual and the deduced IHD. It was higher in KC eyes, mostly due to relative higher vertical asymmetry in these eyes. Therefore, the difference was unlikely to change the diagnosis.
To our knowledge, the current study is the first study to evaluate the correlation between these asymmetric decentration indices and to deduce the formulae linking them.
The two decentration asymmetric indices are highly correlated, and they can be deduced from each other.
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included within the article.
Maged M. Roshdy received travel support from Alcon Laboratories, Orchidia Pharma, and Bayer. Ramy. R. Fikry received travel support from Novartis. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Instruments used in the study belong to Al Watany Eye Hospital and Watany Research Development Center (WRDC), Cairo, Egypt.