Journal of Optimization

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 964262, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/964262

Research Article

A Hybrid PSO-Fuzzy Model for Determining the Category of 85th Speed

Abbas Mahmoudabadi¹ and Ali Ghazizadeh²

¹Department of Industrial Engineering, Payame Noor University (PNU), Shahnaz Alley, Nourian Street, North Dibagi Avenue, Tehran, Iran

²Technical and Engineering Department, Payame Noor University (PNU), Firouzbakhsh Street, Movahed Danesh Avenue, Aqdasieh, Tehran, Iran

Received 22 March 2013; Accepted 21 May 2013

Academic Editor: Ling Wang

Copyright © 2013 Abbas Mahmoudabadi and Ali Ghazizadeh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The 85th speed of vehicles is one of the traffic engineering parameters used by road safety equipment designers. It is usually used for maintenance activities and designing of warning signs and road equipments. High measuring costs of speed data collection lead decision makers to define a methodology for determining the category of 85th speed using indirect parameters. In this research work, focusing on undivided intercity roads, a hybrid particle-swarm-optimization- (PSO-) fuzzy model has been developed to determine the category of 85th speed. In this model, geometric design parameters including roads' width and length characteristics and roadside land use are considered as input variables whereas the category of the 85th speed is output variable. A set of experimental data is used for evaluating the performance of the proposed model comparing to a well-known model of exponential regression. It is shown that the developed PSO-fuzzy model is capable of determining the category of 85th speed with an accuracy of 96%, while exponential regression can estimate that with up to 84% accuracy. Variable effectiveness procedure shows that the lane width has more direct effect on 85th speed than shoulder width and the number of access points. The percentage of forbidden overtaking is also found to have indirect effect on 85th speed.

1. Introduction

The 85th speed is one of the most important traffic engineering parameters. By definition, the 85th speed is the maximum speed that eighty-five percent (%85) of drivers prefer to drive with a speed less than that. The importance of this parameter is that the majority of drivers drive within their safe considered speed, so the 85th speed is the maximum speed considered as safe speed by most of drivers [1]. The 85th speed is being used in some technical applications such as designing of road safety infrastructure, planning road maintenance programs, and setting warning signs, while construction workers are working on the road in order to provide the traffic with safe passage. Many parameters affect on 85th speed including authorized speed, traffic volume, land topography, and roadside land use condensations [1]. Traditionally, 85th speed is calculated using vehicle’s speed on a certain road. Many techniques have been utilized for estimating vehicles’ speed, mainly need for electronic devices and infrastructures. Image processing technique [2], combination of fuzzy logic and image processing [3], traffic counting and occupancy data [4], vehicle tracking [5], optical sensors [6], RF-based vehicle detection [7], the field of mechanical engineering by kinematics relationship of measured signals [8], and traffic survey [1] are the well-known techniques on speed data collection. Expensive devices are needed for utilizing either of the previously mentioned techniques. Therefore, developing a low-cost procedure to estimate the category of 85th speed is quite interesting.

Although 85th speed is a measurable parameter, its exact quantity does not play significant role in real applications. So, in the literature, researchers utilized linguistic variables for this kind of parameters. For example, traffic volume is measured precisely; however, it is usually expressed by linguistic words such as heavy, normal, or low traffic [9, 10]. Therefore, it is considerable to utilize fuzzy variables in order to represent traffic parameters corresponding to the 85th speed.

Fuzzy approaches capture the senses of experts about input parameters and convert them to fuzzy outputs using specified fuzzy relationships between input and output variables. The process of developing a fuzzy model has three stages. The first is to define membership functions corresponding to input and output variables, the second is to define rules, and the third is to adjust input-output relationship [11].

For this advantage of fuzzy approaches, they are utilized in many fields of studies such as energy [12, 13], road safety evaluation programs [14], and road control system [15]. In the field of traffic and transportation engineering, many research works have been found in the literature [16]. For example fuzzy approaches have been utilized for developing signal detection theory in order to perceive workers’ hazards on subway operations [17], developing fuzzy model to set traffic light timing [18], proposing an expert fuzzy system to predict object collision [19], and assessment of traffic parameters [20]. Fuzzy approaches have also been used to estimate traffic parameters such as traffic jam [10] and passenger car unit [9].

The combinations of fuzzy and heuristic methods have also been used for fuzzy clustering [21], forecasting [22], job scheduling [23], and time series planning [24]. Another application is a combination of fuzzy logic and particle swarm optimization to achieve the best performance of setting fuzzy parameters and improving definition of fuzzy logic relations. For example, a combination of PSO and GA is used in the process of decision making [25], a balanced fuzzy PSO for distinguishing differences between positive and negative information of membership functions [26], an encoding fuzzy model utilized to achieve the structures and parameters [27]. An improved method of optimization using fuzzy logic to integrate the results of particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm for parameter tuning [28] is also found in this area.

In this research work, a combination of particle swarm optimization and fuzzy approach is used to develop a PSO-fuzzy model to determine the category of 85th speed in intercity roads. The ability of fuzzy approach on defining linguistic variables and PSO ability for parameter tuning are combined in the proposed model, which is capable of determining the category of the 85th speed by experts' points of view and low cost measures. The main contribution in this paper is developing a model to estimate the category of 85th speed of vehicles using a few measurable factors. This concept can be applied in undivided roads, in which there is no enough electronic devices or equipments to collect reliable data particularly corresponding to speed and traffic volume. After introduction, Section 2 presents a very short description on particle swarm optimization technique. Input and output variables corresponding to the model are defined in Section 3, followed by model development in Section 4. Comparison of the results using the experimental data with a well-known exponential regression method of prediction as well as summary and conclusion will be explained at the next on Sections 5 and 6, respectively.

2. Particle Swarm Optimization

One of the well-known evolutionary algorithms used in optimization problems is particle swarm optimization (PSO). Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a heuristic technique, developed based on bird flocking or fish schooling by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995 [29]. It is a population-based technique the same as Genetic Algorithms (GA). Although, PSO’s theoretical foundation is rather weak, but its application has been proved to be effective [30]. In PSO, feasible solutions, called particles (individuals), are generated by moving particles towards the current optimum particles. The best solution in the current population is called Pbest and in the whole generation is called Gbest [29]. The main idea in this process is to generate new populations by changing the velocity of each particle towards its Pbest and Gbest locations. Running stages continue until stopping criteria are met. At final stage, Gbest is considered as the best solution. Figure 1 illustrates the overall view of particle swarm optimization.

Figure 1: Overall view of particle swarm optimization.

In PSO, a particle is composed of three vectors of , , and , which represent the current location, location of the best solution, and a gradient for moving particles, respectively. It also includes two fitness values: -Fitness records the fitness of the -vector and -Fitness records the fitness of -vector. Moving each particle is done by simply adding -vector to the -vector, while -vector must have been adjusted by random generated rates [31]. In each iteration, the positions of particles are updated by using (1), while -vector (velocity) is adjusted by (2)

where, is the position of particle, is dimension, is moving rate, is location of the best solution in iteration , and is the location of global best solution. Different amounts of and identify the types of PSO including full model (), cognition only (), social only (), and selfless ( and ) [31].

There are two well-known techniques of controlling velocities called inertia factor and constriction coefficient. When inertia factor is used, (2) is changed to (3) and when constriction coefficient is used (2) is changed to (4) [32]

where

Swarm topology is another concern in PSO. In general, a fully connected neighborhood topology named Gbest, in which every particle is a neighbor of every other particle, is used for attracting particles to the best solution. However, each particle has access to the information corresponding to its neighborhood according to a certain swarm topology called local neighbor models (Lbest) [33]. The two most common topologies are ring topology, in which each particle is connected with two neighbors, and wheel topology, in which the individuals are isolated from one to another, and all information is communicated to a focal individual [33].

If there is no centralized concept of a global Gbest, particles select each others as informants and swarm topology is highly dependent on the threshold , which is constant for all particles in the swarm [33]. Particles are chosen if random value is less than and Gbest is selected among the chosen particles. The mentioned process of choosing particles is called stochastic star of swarm topology. Finally at the end of PSO, two methods are used for updating particles: synchronous method, in which newly discovered solutions are used more quickly and asynchronous method in which all solutions have equal chance to be selected and updated [30].

3. Input and Output Variables of the Model

In a certain research, done by Iranian transport research center, the 85th speed and its affecting parameters have been collected for 194 locations [1], so available data lead us to develop a model to determine the previously mentioned parameter using indirect measures. In this research work, new definitions have been introduced to represent the proper variables affecting the 85th speed, which is a part of our novelty in this paper. Input parameters which are three variables are defined corresponding to width, length, and road side condition. Each of them is defined as an integration of its corresponding factors. The 85th speed has also been categorized into 5 domains based on experimental applications. The suggested process is explained in four stages as follow.

3.1. Defining Integrated Factors and Parameters

As mentioned before, input variables have been categorized into three main integrated factors including width, length, and roadside land use, while each integrated factor consists of a weighted sum of the corresponding parameters as follows:

(i)width parameters:

(a)pavement width,(b)shoulder width,

(ii)length parameters:

(a)percentage of forbidden overtaking,(b)number of access points,

(iii)roadside land use parameters:

(a)type of land use (none, residential, industrial, agricultural),(b)condensation (poor, medium, condensed).

Some of the previous parameters are measurable or quantitative and some are not. For example, the amount of pavement width is measureable and the amount of road side facilities is not. We need to convert all of the input parameters to fuzzy variables. Some of parameters such as pavement width have a proportional effect on 85th speed that increase maneuverability and speed. On the contrary, other parameters, such as number of access points, have inverse effect on 85th speed which reduce the maneuverability and speed. The previously-mentioned integrated factors, the related parameters, and their effects are shown in Table 1 in which the corresponding symbols and their effects are indicated.

Table 1: The integrated factors and corresponding parameters, types (crisp or fuzzy), symbols, and type of effect on the 85th speed value.

Integrated factor
Parameter
C/F*
Symbol
Effect

Width
Pavement width
C
PW
Direct

Shoulder width
C
SW
Direct

Length
Overtaking
C
OV
Indirect

Access point
C
AP
Indirect

Roadside
Type
F
TF
Direct

Land use
Condensation
F
CF
Direct

C: crisp, F: fuzzy.

3.2. Defining Fuzzy Variables

For different types and condensations of roadside land use (LU), a number is associated as shown in Table 2. Variable LU represents a combination of both type and condensation of land use in order to be used as input variable. The boundary of each combination has been considered as variable in representation of the fuzzy variable in Table 2, so if a combination of more types of land use or condensation needs to be considered, a simple calculation is proposed to outline the final amount of variable. For example, if roadside land use consists of 20 percent industrial and 80 percent agricultural and condensation is medium, thus variable is calculated by .

Table 2: Rules for defining the fuzzy variable of roadside facilities.

Type
Condensation
LU

Without
—
5

Residential
Poor
4

Residential
Medium
3

Residential
Condensed
2

Industrial
Poor
4

Industrial
Medium
3

Industrial
Condensed
2

Agricultural
Poor
5

Agricultural
Medium
4

Agricultural
Condensed
3

3.3. Converting Parameters to Fuzzy Input Variables

Integrated variables, which represent land use, width, and length including their parameters, are defined according to (6), (7), and (8), respectively. New variables of , , and with closed interval of are considered as inputs to the fuzzy model

weighting factors are considered to be used by the process of particle swarm optimization. New variables , and , shown in Table 3, are defined as uniformed fuzzy variables when they have been converted to the fuzzy norms. The formulation of PSO provides an ability to meet the previous constraints, while the feasible solutions are kept while parameters are restricted to closed interval .

Table 3: Normalized variables of factors by fuzzy sets.

State
Bound
Land use (V1)
Width (V2)
Length (V3)

0
0–0.25
Condensed
Narrow
Low maneuverable

0.5
0.25–0.75
Medium
Medium
Medium maneuverable

1
0.75–1
Poor
Vast
High maneuverable

3.4. Setting Output Variable

The 85th speed is categorized according to instruction manuals, which are being used for road maintenance and road construction building [34]. In this manual, 85th speed is defined in six domains started from 0 ended to 110 km/h; however, in this research work the range of speed was considered from 50 to 110 km/h, and the scope of 85th speed is limited to five classes as shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Categories (Domains) of 85th speed.

State
Fuzzy definition
Lower bound (Km/h)
Upper bound (Km/h)

1
Very low
51
60

2
Low
61
75

3
Medium
76
90

4
High
91
100

5
Very high
101
110

4. Developing PSO-Fuzzy Model

4.1. Main Structure

The proposed PSO-fuzzy model includes two main parts that are PSO and fuzzy parts. The fuzzy model estimates 85th speed based on input variables , , and while PSO generates input variables based on weighting factors and compares estimated results with corresponding experimental data. The process is an iteration-based one. It means that parameters are updated in each sequence of running the model by checking stopping criteria. The stopping criterion is a constant number of iterations.

A PSO-fuzzy model is required to go through the following steps:

(1)initialization of weighting parameters ();(2)converting crisp variables to fuzzy ones using (6), (7), and   (8);(3)running the fuzzy part of the model;(4)checking stopping criteria;(5)if stopping criteria are met, go to step (7) and show results;(6)update weighting parameters according to PSO velocity and movement, and then go to step (2);(7)check and compare results with another method.

4.2. Defining Membership Functions and Fuzzy Model

The first step of developing the fuzzy model is to define membership functions corresponding to input and output variables. Input variables are defined by one-interval domain, so a triangular membership function is appropriate to define input variables. Output variable is defined into five categories, so a trapezoidal membership function is used to define output variable. For each of the three input variables, a triangular membership functions is defined [11]. Figure 2 shows a sample of membership function utilized for input variables. A trapezoidal membership function is used for output variable as shown in Figure 3. The overall view of fuzzy model is also shown in Figure 4.

Figure 2: Membership functions corresponding to input variables.

Figure 3: Membership function corresponding to 85th speed.

Figure 4: Overall view of fuzzy model.

4.3. Rule Definition

For this fuzzy model, the corresponding rules are defined according to the traffic experts’ points of view which explain the relationships between input and output variables [11]. Since the road width, road length, and land use have three different states, a maximum number of rules can be used to define the relationship between input and output variables. The corresponding states of the rules are shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Rule definition for 85th speed fuzzy model.

Rule
Land use
Width
Length
Speed

1
0
0
0
1

2
0
0
0.5
1

3
0
0
1
2

4
0
0.5
0
1

5
0
0.5
0.5
2

6
0
0.5
1
3

7
0
1
0
2

8
0
1
0.5
2

9
0
1
1
3

10
0.5
0
0
2

11
0.5
0
0.5
2

12
0.5
0
1
3

13
0.5
0.5
0
2

14
0.5
0.5
0.5
2

15
0.5
0.5
1
3

16
0.5
1
0
3

17
0.5
1
0.5
4

18
0.5
1
1
4

19
1
0
0
3

20
1
0
0.5
4

21
1
0
1
4

22
1
0.5
0
4

23
1
0.5
0.5
5

24
1
0.5
1
5

25
1
1
0
4

26
1
1
0.5
5

27
1
1
1
5

4.4. Model Presentation

Minimizing the number of incorrect assignment for defined categories of 85th speed is the main objective function in the proposed PSO-fuzzy model. Assume that is the number of samples assigned to the th category by model and is the observed one; then objective function would be defined according to the following equation:

Where, new variables defined by (6) to (8) will calculate the normalized variables which are assigned to the 85th speed categories:

And model constraints are as follows:

Rule function in (10) is the result of fuzzy function derived by Table 5. In the proposed model are PSO parameters which should be estimated and are restricted in closed interval . Closed interval should be met in order to keep feasibility solutions. Other parameters are defined in Table 1. Iterative procedure of PSO calculates the amount of each parameter in iterations and converge them to the best solution. A full model of PSO () has been developed because Gbest (global optimum) and Pbest (population optimum) are required to be involved in velocity calculation.

Because the convergence speed in the particle swarm optimization algorithm with the constriction coefficient (convergence agent) is much quicker than inertia factor [30], constriction coefficient by a different structure from conventional one is used to control velocities via (15) and (16):

where,

A fully connected neighborhood topology has been used as swarm topology in the model; therefore all particles have been connected to each other. All particles are updated in each iteration using synchronous method of updating.

5. Running PSO-Fuzzy Model

5.1. Parameter Calculation and Discussion

A set of 101 experimental data has been used to adjust the PSO-fuzzy model. Data have been practically gathered for speed zone determination in another research work [1], but they are available for checking the proposed algorithm. Although a lot of variables have been gathered in the above research work, the related attributes are used to check the performance of proposed algorithm. The objective function is the accuracy of the model and the percentage of correct assignment of the speed values to the whole observations is defined as accuracy of the model. The error corresponding to the input set of data has been reduced by changing the weighing factors as optimization variables. The number of iterations and population size are two main parameters affecting the improvement of the model. They have significant roles in finding the best values for weighing factors. For each population size and iteration number, the means of the results corresponding to five times of running are shown in Table 6. This table shows that the population size of 100 and the iteration number of 200 to 500 are sufficient for an accuracy of 96%. No more improvement has been observed when the numbers of iteration and population size are increased. Results also revealed that the population size and iteration number dramatically change the parameters, and accuracy. It means that using PSO may be a good technique for parameter tuning in these kinds of objective functions.

Table 6: Results of running PSO-fuzzy model of 85th speed.

Population size
Iteration number
Parameters
Accuracy (percent)

W1
W2
W3
W4
W5

100
0.623
0.725
0.302
0.498
0.423
91

20
200
0.615
0.749
0.294
0.514
0.427
93

500
0.684
0.771
0.286
0.519
0.408
94

100
0.649
0.789
0.246
0.515
0.424
93

50
200
0.632
0.779
0.244
0.512
0.418
94

500
0.682
0.808
0.254
0.567
0.434
95

100
0.598
0.805
0.213
0.532
0.402
95

100
200
0.610
0.817
0.204
0.543
0.398
96

500
0.622
0.844
0.212
0.569
0.389
96

5.2. Comparison with Exponential Model

In order to compare the accuracy of results, a conventional method of exponential regression model for parameter estimation has been used. In this model, if the effects of independent variables on dependent variable are power based, the model is called exponential regression. Parameters are calculated based on the minimum of mean or total square errors between observations and model outputs [35]. In this model, independent variables and dependent variable are estimated by the following equation:

In this equation, coefficients , and are estimated through minimization of mean or total square errors between observations and model outputs [36]. Parameters have been estimated for experimental data using solver option in Microsoft Excel and model has been formulated as (19):

The accuracy of exponential model was 84%, while that of proposed PSO-fuzzy model was 96% which reveals that PSO-fuzzy model is a more accurate model to estimate 85th speed of vehicles in intercity roads. There are two main reasons to achieve better accuracy. The first is using new variables defined as , , and in Section 3.3 and the second is developing a nonlinear structures which are utilized in other techniques such as neural network approved in other studies [37].

6. Summary and Conclusion

In this paper, a PSO-fuzzy model has been developed and utilized to determine the category of the 85th speed of vehicles in undivided intercity roads. Roadside facilities (land use), width, and length characteristics of roads are considered as input variables and the category of 85th speed as output variable to the fuzzy model, respectively. New definitions of input variables for fuzzy model have been proposed to combine crisp and fuzzy variables in the model. Input variables were converted to normalized format using weighting factors, which are estimated by particle swarm optimization technique. Fully neighborhood particles are considered as topology, while constriction coefficient is used for velocity limitation in synchronous method of updating particles.

A set of 101 experimental data has been used for tunning the weighting factors (PSO parameters). Results show that the algorithm of combining PSO and Fuzzy as well as and new definition of input variables integrating with the crisp and fuzzy variables is capable of estimating the category of 85th speed of the road passing vehicles. The developed model is capable of estimating the 85th speed with a high accuracy of 96%, while conventional method of exponential regression estimates speed categories corresponding to the experimental data with an accuracy of 84%.

Results also reveal that the model is sensitive to population size and iteration number which are basically used by PSO algorithm. As population size and iteration number became larger, better results are achieved. Land use parameter and pavement width represented by weighting factor and , respectively, have significant effect on 85th speed. The percentage of forbidden overtaking represented by has indirect effect on 85th speed. However, its effect is not as large as the effects of the land use and pavement width. Shoulder width and number of access points, represented by and , respectively, have less effect on 85th speed. It also shows that pavement width is more important to drivers’ speed than shoulder width as well as the number of access points plays a less significant role on 85th speed.

For future researches, it is recommended to develop a more complicated fuzzy model in order to apply more input variables such as awareness campaigns and enforcement activities. In addition, the developed fuzzy model may be utilized for all types of the roads particularly for divided roads and freeways.

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