Journal of Pathogens

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 838329, 11 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/838329

Research Article

Effect of Commercial Cyanobacteria Products on the Growth and Antagonistic Ability of Some Bioagents under Laboratory Conditions

Nehal S. El-Mougy and Mokhtar M. Abdel-Kader

Plant Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoose Street, Dokki, Giza 12662, Egypt

Received 23 February 2013; Revised 19 August 2013; Accepted 10 September 2013

Academic Editor: Teresa A. Coutinho

Copyright © 2013 Nehal S. El-Mougy and Mokhtar M. Abdel-Kader. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Evaluation of the efficacy of blue-green algal compounds against the growth of either pathogenic or antagonistic microorganisms as well as their effect on the antagonistic ability of bioagents was studied under in vitro conditions. The present study was undertaken to explore the inhibitory effect of commercial algal compounds, Weed-Max and Oligo-Mix, against some soil-borne pathogens. In growth medium supplemented with these algal compounds, the linear growth of pathogenic fungi decreased by increasing tested concentrations of the two algal compounds. Complete reduction in pathogenic fungal growth was observed at 2% of both Weed-Max and Oligo-Mix. Gradual significant reduction in the pathogenic fungal growth was caused by the two bioagents and by increasing the concentrations of algal compounds Weed-Max and Oligo-Mix. The present work showed that commercial algal compounds, Weed-Max and Oligo-Mix, have potential for the suppression of soil-borne fungi and enhance the antagonistic ability of fungal, bacterial, and yeast bio-agents.

1. Introduction

Several commercially available products have shown significant disease reduction through various mechanisms to reduce pathogen development and disease. Different approaches may be used to prevent, mitigate, or control plant diseases. Beyond good agronomic and horticultural practices, growers often rely heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Such inputs to agriculture have contributed significantly to the spectacular improvements in crop productivity and quality over the past 100 years. However, the environmental pollution caused by excessive use and misuse of agrochemicals, as well as fear-mongering by some opponents of pesticides, has led to considerable changes in people’s attitudes towards the use of pesticides in agriculture. Application of biological control using antagonistic microorganisms has proved to be successful for controlling various plant diseases [1]. However, it is still not easy and costly in application. It can serve as the best control measure under green-house conditions. The concern of pesticide use with respect to human health and environment has brought increasing interest in alternatives by avoiding negative effects on the environment. Today, there are strict regulations on chemical pesticide use, and there is political pressure to remove the most hazardous chemicals from the market. Recently algal are one of the chief biological agents that have been studied for the control of plant pathogenic fungi, particularly soil-borne disease [2]. For example, cyanobacteria (blue-green algal) and eukaryotic algal produce biologically active compounds that have antifungal activity [3, 4] and antibiotic and toxic activity [5, 6] against plant pathogens. Anabaena spp. [7, 8], Scytonema spp. [9], and Nostoc spp. [10] were shown to be efficient in the control of damping-off as well as the growth of the soil fungus Cunninghamella blakesleeana. In particular, culture filtrates or cell extracts from cyanobacteria and algal applied to seeds protect them from damping-off fungi such as Fusarium sp., Pythium sp., and Rhizoctonia solani [3]. The present research focuses on finding compounds that are safe to humans and the environment, for example, algal as well as biocontrol agents which may provide an alternative control of many soil and seed-borne pathogens. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of algal compounds against the growth of pathogenic fungi as well as bioagents and their antagonistic ability as well.

2. Materials and Methods

Evaluation an integrated treatments using bioagents and algal compounds against cucumber, tomato and pepper root rot pathogens as well as disease incidence was carried out under laboratory, greenhouse, and plastic house conditions.

2.1. Tested Materials

(a) Root Rot Pathogens. Root rot fungal pathogens are Alternaria solani, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerosium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and S. minor. These seven pathogens were isolated from various root rotted vegetables grown under commercial plastic houses located at different areas at Egypt [11].

(b) Antagonistic Microorganisms. The bioagents fungal antagonists, that is, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, and T. hamatum, as well as bacterial antagonists, that is, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, obtained from the Culture Collection Unit of,  Plant Pathology Deptartment, National Research Centre, Egypt were used in present work. These bioagents proved their high antagonistic effect against a wide spectrum of plant pathogens in many previous works at the same department.

(c) Commercial Algal Compounds. Purchased commercial algal compounds, that is, Weed-Max (cyanobacteria extracts in powder phase) produced by Inc. Trade S.A.E. Company, Naser City, Egypt, and Oligo-X algal (blue-green algal extracts in liquid phase) produced by the Arabian Group for Agricultural Service, 114 King Fesal Street, Giza, Egypt, were used in the present study.

2.2. Laboratory Tests

The inhibitory effect of Weed-Max and Oligo-X (cyanobacteria extracts) against the growth of the root pathogenic fungi, fungal, bacterial, and yeast antagonists as well as antagonistic ability of the bioagents (fungi-bacteria) was evaluated in vitro using the culture technique [12]. In vitro studies of tested microorganisms were performed on PDA medium in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes.

The tested soil-borne pathogenic fungi were Alternaria solani, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and S. minor. Meanwhile, the tested antagonistic microorganisms (fungi-bacteria-yeast) were Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. hamatum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

2.2.1. Effect on Fungal and Bacterial Growth

Tested algal extracts were added to conical flasks containing sterilized PDA medium before its solidifying to obtain the proposed concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% and rotated gently to ensure equal distribution of added algal extracts. A separate PDA flask free of tested algal extracts was used as control treatment. The supplemented media were poured into sterilized Petri dishes (9 cm Ø) approximately 20 mL each. Mycelial discs (5 mm Ø) taken from the periphery of an actively growing PDA culture of each tested fungus were placed at the centre of the prepared Petri dishes then incubated for seven days at 25 ± 2°C. Five replicates were used for each treatment. The average linear growth diameter of colonies was measured, and reduction in fungal growth was calculated relative to the controls. All tests were repeated three times. The bacterial bioagents, that is, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were grown on nutrient broth medium, while yeast was grown on NYDB medium [13]. All tested bacteria and yeast were incubated in a rotary shaker at 200 rpm for 24 h at28   ±  2°C. The bacterial and yeast cells were harvested by centrifugation at 6,000 rpm for 10 min, washed twice with 0.05 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, and resuspended in distilled water. The concentrations of bacterial and yeast cells in the suspensions were adjusted to 1 × 10⁴ cells per milliliter (colony forming unit/mL) with the aid of a haemocytometer slide in order to determine cells counts. The inhibitory effect of tested algal extracts on colony formed by antagonistic bacterial and yeast isolates was assayed in nutrient broth media using a modified method described earlier [14]. Aliquots of 100 μL of the bacterial cells suspension (1 × 10⁴) were transferred to glass tubes (180 × 16 mm) containing 10 mL sterilized distilled water; then the tested materials were added individually to each tube to achieve the proposed concentration. All tubes were left for 12 h then shaked well using Vortex for 5 min. One mL of each test tube was dispensed into Petri dishes, and about 20 mL of semisolidifying sterilized agar medium (nutrient or NYPD) was poured into the inoculated dishes and rotated gently to ensure equal distribution of the bacterial inocula. Controls were the bacteria or yeast cells suspension free from tested algal extracts. All inoculated and controls dishes were incubated for 72 h at 28 ± 2°C and then examined. Percent of bacterial and yeast isolates formed colonies was calculated by comparing them with their counts in controls. All treatments consisted of five replicates, and experiments were repeated three times.

2.2.2. Effect on the Antagonistic Ability of Biocontrol Agents

The effect of algal extracts on the antagonistic ability of the fungal, bacterial, and yeast antagonistic agents against the linear growth of the root pathogenic fungi was evaluated under in vitro conditions.

Antagonistic studies of biocontrol microorganisms against pathogenic fungi were performed on PDA medium in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes. Abundant fungal, bacterial, and yeast growth was prepared. For bacterial and yeast inoculum, ten mL of each individual bacterial and yeast isolate was grown for 48 h on nutrient or NYPD broth media and poured into flasks containing sterilized PDA medium. Before solidifying, each flask was rotated gently to ensure equal distribution of bacterial or yeast growth and then poured into 9 cm diameter Petri dishes. Inoculated plates were incubated for 48 h at 28 ± 2°C. A 5 mm disk of each bacterial or yeast growth was used for antagonism test. For fungal growth, 5 mm disk of each tested fungus was transferred to the centre of a PDA dish and then incubated at 28 ± 1°C. The incubation period was 5 and 7 days for antagonistic and pathogenic fungi, respectively. In vitro, antagonistic studies of biocontrol microorganisms (all lower case) and pathogenic fungi were performed on PDA medium in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes supplemented with different concentrations of the tested materials. A 5 mm disk of each antagonistic fungal, bacterial, or yeast growth culture was placed onto the PDA, 10 mm from the edge of the Petri dish. Another disk of the same diameter of each pathogenic fungal growth culture was placed on one side of the dish at the same distance and used for general control. The control treatment was inoculated with a culture disk of either pathogenic or antagonistic culture alone at the same conditions in medium free of algal compounds. Both experimental and control dishes were assigned to a completely randomized design, with five replicates per treatment. The antagonistic effect measurements were carried out when the pathogenic fungal growth filled all Petri dishes in general control. All inoculated Petri dishes were incubated at 28 ± 2°C, and the fungal growth diameter away from and towards the antagonist agent was measured after the pathogenic fungal growth in the control treatment had reached the edge of the Petri dish [15]. This test was repeated three times, and the inhibition was calculated as the percentage reduction in colony diameter of pathogenic fungal growth compared with its growth in control for each particular tested bioagent. All in vitro adjustment of supplemented media with different concentration of tested chemicals as well as fungal inoculation, incubation conditions, and growth measurements and calculations were followed as stated before.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

All experiments were set up in a complete randomized design. ANOVA was used to analyze differences between antagonistic inhibitor effect and linear growth of pathogenic fungi in vitro. A general linear model option of the analysis system SAS [16] was used to perform the ANOVA. The MSTAT-C program (V2.1) was used to perform the analysis of variance. The Tukey test for multiple comparisons among means was utilized [17].

3. Results and Discussion

Many strategies to control the fungal pathogens have been investigated in the field [18, 19]. Currently, the most effective method in preventing soil-borne diseases is to apply chemical fungicides which could be harmful to other living organisms and reduce useful soil microorganisms [20, 21]. Therefore, public concern is focused on alternative methods of pest control, which can play a role in integrated pest management systems to reduce dependence on chemical pesticides [22].

3.1. Effect on Fungal and Bacterial Growth

The effect of algal compounds on the growth of either pathogenic or antagonistic bioagents is presented in Tables 1 and 2. Presented data in Table 1 reveal that all tested fungi were affected positively with the two algal compounds. Also, it was observed that the inhibitory effect on fungal growth increased as the concentrations of algal compounds are also increased. The highest reduction in pathogenic fungal growth, at treatment of 2% Weed-Max, was recorded as a range between 50.0 and 64.4%, meanwhile, a range of 13.3–20.0% was recorded for fungal antagonists. On the other hand, treatment of 2% Oligo-X caused the highest reduction in pathogenic fungal growth and ranged between 54.4–63.3% and 12.2–17.7% for antagonistic fungi. As for determination of different concentrations of either Weed-Max or Oligo-X on the viability of antagonistic bacteria and yeast, the obtained results are presented in Table 2. Presented data showed similar effect of algal compounds on the viability of both bacteria and yeast. Data revealed that bacteria and yeast viability started significantly to be affected with both algal compounds at their concentrations of 1 or 2%. The highest reduction in bacterial viability was recorded as 15.5, 17.5 and 17.4, 20.3% for B. subtilis and P. fluorescens, at 3% of Weed-Max and Oligo-X treatments, respectively. Meanwhile, 10.5 and 13.3% was recorded as the highest reduction in S. cerevisiae viability at the same concentration of both algal compounds, in respective order.

Table 1: Effect of algal compounds on the growth of some antagonistic and pathogenic soil-borne fungi in vitro.

Tested fungi
Control
Weed-Max
Oligo-X

0.0
0.5%
1.0%
2.0%
0.5%
1.0%
2.0%

(mm)
%
(mm)
%
(mm)
%
(mm)
%
(mm)
%
(mm)
%
(mm)
%

A. solani
90a
0
62c
31.1
53d
41.1
45e
50.0
65c
27.7
55d
38.8
45e
50.0

F. solani
90a
0
50d
44.4
47e
47.7
40e
55.5
58d
35.5
51d
43.3
43e
52.2

F. oxysporum
90a
0
58d
35.5
45e
50.0
35f
61.1
63c
30.0
55d
38.8
41e
54.4

R. solani
90a
0
50d
44.4
44e
51.1
40e
55.5
57d
36.6
55d
38.8
45e
50.0

S. rolfsii
90a
0
53d
41.1
46e
48.8
33f
63.3
56d
37.7
53d
41.1
42e
53.3

S. sclerotiorum
90a
0
49e
45.5
40e
55.5
35f
61.1
46e
48.8
40e
55.5
35f
61.1

S. minor
90a
0
43e
52.2
39f
56.6
32f
64.4
48e
46.6
42e
53.3
33f
63.3

T. harzianum
90a
0
90a
0
86a
4.4
78b
13.3
90a
0
85a
5.5
79b
12.2

T. viride
90a
0
90a
0
83a
7.7
74b
17.7
90a
0
82a
8.8
78b
13.3

T. hamatum
90a
0
90a
0
80a
11.1
72b
20.0
90a
0
81a
10.0
74b
17.7

Mean values within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different ().

: linear fungal growth (mm).

: reduction in fungal growth calculated relatively to fungal growth in control (free of algal compounds).

Table 2: Effect of algal compounds on the viability of some antagonistic bacteria and yeast in vitro.

Algal compounds
Concentrations (%)
Antagonistic bacteria and yeast

B. subtilis
P. fluorescens
S. cerevisiae

CFU
(%)
CFU
(%)
CFU
(%)

Control
0.0

0.0**
157*a
0.0
142*a
0.0

Weed-Max
0.5
148a
0.0
157a
0.0
142a
0.0

1.0
137b
7.4
139b
11.4
135b
4.9

2.0
125c
15.5
128c
17.4
127c
10.5

Oligo-X
0.5
148a
0.0
157a
0.0
142a
0.0

1.0
134b
9.4
136b
13.3
137b
3.5

2.0
122c
17.5
125c
20.3
123c
13.3

Mean values within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different ().

*CFU: no. of colony formed unit (/mL).

** : reduction in fungal growth calculated relatively to bacterial and yeast growth in control (free of algal extracts).

3.2. Effect on the Antagonistic Ability of Biocontrol Agents

Evaluation of the efficacy of tested commercial algal products on the antagonistic ability of some bioagents in vitro is presented in Table 3 and Figures 1 and 2. Data in Table 3 show that in the presence of the antagonists (Trichoderma spp.) the linear growth of pathogenic fungi reduced gradually by increasing concentrations of either Weed-Max or Oligo-Mix. Complete inhibition of pathogenic fungal growth was recorded at the highest concentration using 2% of both algal compounds. Also, the antagonistic ability of Trichoderma spp. was enhanced by the addition of algal compounds to the growth medium. In general, it was observed that the measured linear growth of pathogenic fungi fluctuated against the tested Trichoderma spp. T. hamatum seems to be  more effective against the pathogenic fungal growth followed by T. viride and T. harzianum, respectively.

Table 3: Effect of Weed-Max and Oligo-X concentrations on the antagonistic ability of fungi against some soil-borne pathogenic fungi in vitro.

Pathogenic fungi
Antagonistic fungi

T. harzianum
T. viride
T. hamatum

Weed-Max concentration (%)

0.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
2.0

A. solani

53e
45d
0a
53e
46d
32c
0a
54e
45d
30bc
0a

F. solani
50e
47d
40d
0a
50e
44d
39c
0a
50e
41d
36c
0a

F. oxysporum
58e
45d
35c
0a
51e
43d
40d
0a
52e
40d
32c
0a

R. solani
50e
44d
40d
0a
48d
42d
33c
0a
46d
37c
29b
0a

S. rolfsii
53e
46d
33c
0a
57e
55e
45d
0a
51e
43d
31c
0a

S. sclerotiorum
49d
40d
35c
0a
46d
40d
35c
0a
47d
38c
28b
0a

S. minor
43d
39c
32c
0a
57e
55e
45d
0a
44d
37c
30bc
0a

Bio-Mix concentration (%)

A. solani

55e
45d
0a
50e
47d
40d
0a
55e
45d
34c
0a

F. solani
50e
51e
43d
0a
53e
46d
33c
0a
50e
41d
32c
0a

F. oxysporum
58e
55e
41d
0a
50e
44d
40d
0a
51e
38c
30c
0a

R. solani
50e
55e
45d
0a
56e
45d
35c
0a
48d
37c
28b
0a

S. rolfsii
53e
53e
42d
0a
47d
40d
35c
0a
51e
42d
31c
0a

S. sclerotiorum
49d
40d
35c
0a
43d
39c
32c
0a
47d
39c
29b
0a

S. minor
43d
42d
33c
0a
49d
40d
35c
0a
46d
38c
30c
0a

Mean values within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different ().

*Linear fungal growth (mm).

Figure 1: Reduction (%) in pathogenic fungal growth against Trichoderma spp. in medium supplemented with Weed-Max at different concentrations in vitro.

Figure 2: Reduction (%) in pathogenic fungal growth against Trichoderma spp. in medium supplemented with Oligo-X at different concentrations in vitro.

Moreover, the average linear growth of pathogenic fungi against T. harzianum ranged between 43 and 62 mm and against T. viride was 46–53 mm while against T. hamatum was 44–54 mm. This range reduced to be 32–45, 32–45, and 28–36 mm at the concentration of 1% of Weed-Max as well as 33–45, 32–40, and 28–34 mm at concentration 1% of Oligo-Mix, in respective order.

On the other hand, the illustrated data in Figures 1 and 2 show a parallel reduction in the growth of pathogenic fungi against the antagonistic fungi Trichoderma spp. in correlation with the increase of used concentrations of both algal compounds. Gradual significant reduction in the pathogenic fungal growth was caused by the two bioagents and increasing the concentrations of algal compounds Weed-Max and Oligo-Mix. Complete reduction in pathogenic fungal growth was observed at 2% concentration of both algal compounds. The present work showed that commercial algal compounds, Weed-Max and Oligo-Mix, have a potential for the suppression of soil-borne fungi and enhance the antagonistic ability of fungal, bacterial, and yeast bioagents.

The presented data in Table 4 reveal the enhancing effect of tested commercial algal compounds on the antagonistic ability of bioagents, bacteria and yeast in vitro. The antagonistic effect of B. subtilis, P. fluorescence, and S. cerevisiae against the growth of pathogenic fungi increased gradually by increasing added concentrations of either Weed-Max or Oligo-Mix in the growth medium. The data also show that the average linear growth of pathogenic fungi against B. subtilis ranged between 64 and 73 mm and against P. fluorescence was 64–73 mm while against S. cerevisiae was 16–70 mm. This range was reduced to be 20–48, 35–53, and 16–33 mm at concentration 1% of Weed-Max as well as 0–48, 15–47, and 33–47 mm at a concentration of 1% of Oligo-Mix, in respective order. These averages revealed that Oligo-Mix has more enhancing effect on the antagonistic ability of tested bacterial and yeast bioagents comparing with Weed-Max. Moreover, the yeast S. cerevisiae had superior antagonistic effect against pathogenic fungal growth followed by B. subtilis and P. fluorescence, respectively. On the other hand, the illustrated data in Figures 3 and 4 showed that the reduction (%) in pathogenic fungal growth was correlated to the gradual increase in concentrations of algal compounds in the growth medium. Data also show that complete inhibition of fungal growth fluctuated between high concentrations of either Weed-Max or Oligo-Mix. Concerning fungal growth reduction, complete inhibition (100%) was recorded at 2% of Weed-Max for all tested pathogenic fungi when tested against the antagonists B. subtilis, P. fluorescence, and S. serevisiae.

Table 4: Effect of Weed-Max and Oligo-X on the antagonistic ability of bacteria and yeast against some soil-borne pathogenic fungi in vitro.

Pathogenic fungi
Antagonistic bacteria and yeast

B. subtilis
P. fluorescence
S. cerevisiae

Weed-Max concentrations (%)

0.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
2.0

A. solani
73a
55c
48d
32e
73a
60b
53c
30e
67b
48d
27f
0h

F. solani
64b
45d
31e
0h
64b
52c
47d
0h
62b
51c
32e
0h

F. oxysporum
68b
48d
29f
0h
68b
59c
50c
0h
65b
50c
33e
0h

R. solani
69b
42d
32e
0h
69b
51c
48d
0h
69b
47d
26f
0h

S. rolfsii
68b
47d
38e
0h
68b
50c
45d
0h
64b
38e
18g
0h

S. sclerotiorum
70a
33e
25f
0h
70a
45d
39e
0h
63b
42d
16g
0h

S. minor
66b
29f
20f
0h
66b
44d
35e
0h
70b
36e
20f
0h

Oligo-X concentrations (%)

A. solani

58c
48d
35e
73a
59c
47d
34e
67b
48d
42d
0h

F. solani
64b
25f
20f
0h
64b
35e
32e
0h
62b
46d
36e
0h

F. oxysporum
68b
35e
30e
25f
68b
48d
41d
30e
65b
45d
44d
0h

R. solani
69b
48d
39e
0h
69b
45d
40d
29f
69b
50d
47d
17g

S. rolfsii
68b
25f
16g
15g
68b
35e
24f
20f
64b
49d
37e
15g

S. sclerotiorum
70a
15g
0h
0h
70a
25f
15g
0h
63b
41d
35e
18g

S. minor
66b
61b
0h
0h
66b
33e
22f
0h
70b
40d
33e
22f

Mean values within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different ().

*Linear fungal growth (mm).

Figure 3: Reduction (%) in pathogenic fungal growth against bacteria and yeast in medium supplemented with Weed-Max at different concentrations in vitro.

Figure 4: Reduction (%) in pathogenic fungal growth against bacteria and yeast in medium supplemented with Oligo-Mix at different concentrations in vitro.

In this regard, only the fungus A. solani showed  an exception of this observation that its growth was reduced by the same concentration (2%).   A similar observation was also recorded concerning the algal compound Oligo-Mix. Complete inhibition in pathogenic fungal growth was recorded at concentration of 2% for the pathogenic fungi F. solani and R. solani when grown  against B. subtilis, meanwhile the superior effect of Oligo-Mix at 1% concentration caused 100% growth reduction of S. sclerotiorum and S. minor against the same antagonist B. subtilis. Furthermore, at a concentration of 2% of Oligo-Mix complete inhibition (100%) in the pathogenic fungal growth was recorded only for growth of F. solani, S. sclerotiorum, and S. minor when grown against P. fluorescens, meanwhile at the same concentration 100% of growth inhibition of A. solani, F. solani, and F. oxysporum was observed when grown against S. serevisiae.

Similar results were previously recorded [23]. Laboratory experiments were carried out in vitro; the first was to evaluate the effect of culture filtrates of nine algal strains (Anabaena flosaquae, Anabaena oryzae, Chlorella vulgaris, Nostoc muscorum, Nostoc humifusum, Oscillatoria sp., Phormidium fragile, Spirulina platensis, and Wollea saccata) at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, and 40% on mycelium growth and spore production of Cercospora beticola causing leaf spot disease in sugar beet [23]. Generally, they found that all the algal culture filtrates reduced the fungal mycelium growth, but the best results were obtained by Spirulina platensis, Oscillatoria sp. and Nostoc muscorum; the highest fungal mycelium growth inhibition percentage was achieved by the concentrations of 30% (100, 100, and 82%, resp.) and at 40% (100, 100, and 100%, resp.). Fungal spore production (number of spores) was completely inhibited by the previous three algal cultural filtrates particularly at the concentration of 40%. They conclude that the antifungal activity of the algal culture filtrates has been attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds, that is, total phenolic compounds, total saponins, and alkaloids in the algal culture filtrates. Also, several workers reported that the extracts of Nostoc muscorum significantly inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [24–27]. Moreover, Nostoc muscorum was effective on the growth of some plant pathogens [28]. Also it was reported that cyanobacteria filtrates strongly inhibited the phytopathogenic fungi isolated from leaves, stems, and roots of Faba bean [29]. Moreover, mycelia growth of several phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Verticillium alboatrum was inhibited by the methanol extracts of the cyanobacterium Nostoc strain ATCC 53789 [18]. It was reported that the growth of R. solani on PDA was significantly inhibited by using Nostoc muscorum extract [3]. Also, Nostoc muscorum filtrates were found to have potential for the suppression of phytopathogenic fungi such as the sugar beet pathogens Fusarium verticillioides, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium rolfsii [30]. The in vitro and in vivo growth, sporulation, and sclerotial production were significantly inhibited with Nostoc muscorum [30]. Furthermore, many works concerning the antimicrobial bioactive algal compounds were reported. In this regards, marine algal or seaweeds are rich and varied source of bioactive natural products so it has been studied as potential biocidal and pharmaceutical agents [31]. There have been a number of reports of antibacterial activity from marine plants [32, 33], and special attention has been reported for antibacterial and/or antifungal activities related to marine algal against several pathogens [34]. Also, seaweeds are considered as a source of bioactive compounds as they are able to produce a great variety of secondary metabolites characterized by a broad spectrum of biological activities [35] with antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities [36] which act as potential bioactive compounds of interest for pharmaceutical applications [37]. Most of these bioactive substances isolated from marine algal are chemically classified as brominated, aromatics, nitrogen-heterocyclic, nitro sulphuric-heterocyclic, sterols, dibutanoids, proteins, peptides and sulphated polysaccharides [34]. The antibacterial activity of seaweeds is generally assayed using extracts in various organic solvents, for example, acetone, methanol-toluene, ether, and chloroform-methanol [38]. Using of organic solvents always provides a higher efficiency in extracting compounds for antimicrobial activity [39]. Several extractable compounds, such as cyclic poly-sulfides and halogenated compounds, are toxic to microorganisms and, therefore, responsible for the antibiotic activity of some seaweeds [40]. Moreover, the extraction of antimicrobials from the different species of seaweeds was solvent dependen. Methanol was a good solvent for extraction of antimicrobials from brown seaweeds, whereas acetone was better for red and green species [35].

In conclusion, the present in vitro experiments revealed the sensitivity of pathogenic fungi to algal compounds as well as the enhancing effect on the antagonistic ability of fungal, bacterial, and yeast bioagents. Algae and consequently their extracts can be the treasure trove of biologically active compounds. Their beneficial properties for humans, animals, and plants were recognized in the past and are appreciated nowadays in the development of new biotechnological products. Moreover, application of the algal extracts as the components of pharmaceuticals, feeds for animals, and fertilizers was recorded [41].

The present results lead to the suggestion that algal compounds and bioagent could be considered as promising seed or soil treatment against plant pathogenic fungi causing root diseases. These applicable treatments characterized as clean, cheep, and fungicide alternative and as being not hazardous to environment could be used against such soil-borne plant diseases.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they do not have a direct financial relation with the two mentioned companies “Inc. Trade S.A.E. Company, Naser City, Egypt, and Arabian Group for Agricultural Service, 114 King Fesal Street, Giza, Egypt,” that might lead to a conflict of interests.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported financially by the National Research Centre Fund (NRC), Egypt, Grant no. 9050204.

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