Journal of Parasitology Research
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 1946283, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1946283

Research Article

Neobenedenia melleni Parasite of Red Snapper, Lutjanus erythropterus, with Regression Statistical Analysis between Fish Length, Temperature, and Parasitic Intensity in Infected Fish, Cultured at Jerejak Island, Penang, Malaysia

Rajiv Ravi and Zary Shariman Yahaya

School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800 Penang, Malaysia

Received 15 January 2016; Revised 4 March 2016; Accepted 15 March 2016

Academic Editor: Bernard Marchand

Copyright © 2016 Rajiv Ravi and Zary Shariman Yahaya. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The fish parasites collected from Lutjanus erythropterus fish species showed a correlation with parasitic intensity, fish size, and temperature, and statistical model summary was produced using SPSS version 20, statistical software. Statistical model summary concluded that among the variables which significantly predict the prevalence of Neobenedenia melleni parasites are fish length and water temperature, both significant at 1% and 5%. Furthermore, the increase in one unit of fish length, holding other variables constant, increases the prevalence of parasite by approximately 1 (0.7≈1) unit. Also, increasing the temperature from 32°C to 33°C will positively increase the number of parasites by approximately 0.32 units, holding other variables constant. The model can be summarized as estimated number of Neobenedenia melleni parasites = 8.2 + 0.7 (fish length) + 0.32 (water temperature). Next, this study has also shown the DNA sequence and parasitic morphology of Neobenedenia melleni. Nucleotide sequence for 18s ribosomal gene RNA in this study showed 99% similarity with N. melleni EU707804.1 from GenBank. Finally, all the sequence of Neobenedenia melleni in this study was deposited in GenBank with accession numbers of KU843501, KU843502, KU843503, and KU843504.

1. Introduction

Information and quantitative data on cultured fishes are limited in Southeast Asia. However, the existing data explains closely that similar species of fishes are cultured throughout the Southeast Asian region and the dominant parasites found infecting each species of these cultured marine fishes are similar [1–5]. Numerous studies on the parasitic fauna of marine fishes have indicated that the dominant parasites in each fish species are the same regardless of the wild or cultured [3, 6]. The main difference between the wild and cultured, diseased marine fishes is that the number and variety of parasites in both groups of cultured fishes greatly exceed those found in the wild fishes [7].

Monogenean parasites have been recognized as serious pathogens of fish in sea cage aquaculture [8–10]. Monogenea parasites have no intermediate host, predominantly parasitise the external surfaces of fish, and display two distinctive diets that traditionally divide them into two subclasses, the blood feeding polyopisthocotylea and the epithelial feeding monopisthocotylea [11]. These are sometimes named Heteronchoinea and Polyonchoinea, respectively [12]. These subclasses are united by various morphological synapomorphic larvae with three ciliated zones, adults, and larvae with two pairs of pigmented eyes, one pair of ventral anchors (hamuli), and one egg filament [13]. Inference about the Monogenea parasite is monophyletic, which has been ubiquitous for decades [13–18]. Neobenedenia melleni (MacCallum, 1927) Yamaguti, 1963, a capsalid monogenean of the subfamily Benedenia sp., is disreputable as a widespread pathogen of many teleost species in aquaculture [19]. This parasite feeds on epithelial cells mucus of host fish, which gives increased effects towards irritation and mucus hyperproduction of their hosts [20]. Like most of other monogenean groups, benedenids have traditionally been identified to species on the basis of morphological characters such as the shape of posterior hamuli, the type of anterior attachment organ, and the length of uterus, vitelline reservoir, and the type and relative size of testes [21]. Though it has been argued for a long time that morphological characters based identification of parasite can be affected, to a large extent, by extrinsic factors such as the age of parasite, environmental temperature, and even artifacts caused by various dealings for specimen processing, as discussed by Li et al. [22], most monogeneans could be appropriately distinguished because of their high level of host specification. However, Neobenedenia melleni does not obey the rule because it has been reported from more than 100 teleost fish species belonging to more than 30 families with worldwide distributions [23].

To date, there is no reference yet that has been done on the correlations of Neobenedenia melleni parasite infestations to the fish size, temperature, and salinity factors in Malaysia. This is an important aspect of research as it will benefit fish farmers for aquaculture industry to predict any fish parasite infestation in their farm and to take initiatives to prevent parasitic infections. Thus, the objective of this study is to show the prevalence and statistical analysis of Neobenedenia melleni parasite to the fish size and water temperature in Lutjanus erythropterus fish species sampled from cage culture Jerejak Island, Penang, Peninsular Malaysia. Furthermore, we have successfully identified the parasite species using morphology and molecular approach.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sampling Locality and Parasite Collection

The experiment was carried out with 400 fish specimens of cultured Lutjanus erythropterus fish species from Jerejak Island, Penang, Peninsular Malaysia (5.320097 longitude, 100.3189185 latitude). The length (cm) of each fish was measured prior to parasite examination. Fresh water medium was used as anesthetics to reduce the stress as well as for easy handling. After the fish has been anaesthetized, presence of ectoparasite was examined via external fish body examination and direct observation under light microscope [24]. The site specificity of parasite was obtained from head, body, and both sides of inner operculum.

First morphological identification of parasite was done by first staining the parasite with a few drops of lactophenol solutions (200 mL lactic acid, 200 g/L phenol, 400 mL glycerol, and 200 mL deionized water). Upon staining, slides were observed under the compound microscope (Leica, USA). Parasite found was taken out carefully from the infected area, and then the number of parasites obtained from each fish was recorded, preserved with 70% ethanol solution in universal bottle for further examination. After the pictures of parasites had been taken, identification of parasites collected was done by morphological observation using identification keys as suggested by Kua et al. [25, 26].

2.2. Morphological Method Using Scanning Electron Microscope

Second morphological identification was done using the Supra 50vp ultra high resolution LEO analytical Fesem, scanning electron microscope. Electron microscopic sample preparation was done as suggested by protocol of Supra 50vp ultra high resolution LEO analytical Fesem, scanning electron microscope guide manual. Firstly, suspended samples in ethanol were put into serial dilution of 90%, 80%, and 70% ethanol. Then, a droplet of the suspension was placed on a carbon film coated 400-mesh copper grid for 1–3 minutes. The droplet is then dried using pieces of filter paper. The grid was then placed in a filter paper lined Petri dish for preservation in desiccator. Finally, imaging would be carried out after 3 days of preservation.

2.3. Molecular Method Using DNA Identification

The genomic DNA extraction and purification of the parasite was performed using the procedures provided by Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA, USA). Purified genomic DNA was eluted by adding 100 μL of buffer AE to the same spin column in a new Eppendorf tube and centrifuged at 5200 g for 1 min. The centrifuge step was repeated again for a total of 200 μL sample volume. DNA sample was stored at −20°C and concentration measured with ACT-Gene NanoDrop spectrophotometer (ASP 2680, Taiwan).

Ribosomal RNA 18s partial sequences were amplified from purified genomic DNA using the specific primers 18sF (5′-GCG CGA GAG GTG AAA TTC AT-3′) as forward primer and 18sR (5′-AGT TTA CCC AGC CCT TTC GA-3′) as reverse primer, as discussed by Dang et al. [27] synthesized by MyTACG Bioscience (Malaysia). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using a total volume of 25 μL master mix solutions (14 μL of ddH₂O, 2.5 μL of Promega PCR buffer, 3 μL of Promega MgCl₂ solutions, 1 μL of Promega dNTP, 1 μL of each forward primer and reverse primer, 2 μL of DNA template, and 0.5 μL of Promega Go Taq DNA polymerase). Standard cycle conditions for PCR were set accordingly by initial denaturation for 10 min at 95°C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 50°C, 60 s at 72°C, and final elongation of 7 minutes at 72°C. The whole PCR was carried out in MyCycler thermal cycler Bio-Rad PCR systems (USA). Purification of PCR product was performed using the procedure and materials provided in a QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Inc.). Amplification products were sequenced in both directions by MyTACG Bioscience Company (Malaysia).

2.4. DNA Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis

Alignment analysis of nucleic acid sequences was performed using ClustalW2 MEGA 5. Distance-based tree approach to species identification was conducted using MEGA 5 software. A BLAST search was conducted with DNA sequence that was amplified. Using MEGA 5, as discussed by Tamura et al. [28], a distance-based tree approach to species identification was carried out by neighbour-joining the 18s sequences of recorded species from the BLAST search and those analyzed in this study. Pairwise distance calculation is done using MEGA 5 analysis tools and the Kimura 2-parameter [29]; method serves as the substitution model. In addition, the bootstrap method was deployed as test of phylogeny using 1000 bootstrap replications. Finally, all the sequences were submitted in GenBank according to submission protocols.

2.5. Statistical Analysis and Water Parameters Records

Statistical analysis in this study was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software, SPSS version 20. The multiple regression analysis was employed and in all cases, the significance level is set at 5% as discussed by Field [30]. The water parameters were measured in sea cage using Saltwater Master Test Kit, Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Index (API), USA. The procedure for each test was done according to manufacturer’s instructions.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Morphological Analysis of Neobenedenia melleni

Using morphological key as described by Lawler [31] and Bullard et al. [32, 33]. In revising the generic diagnosis for Neobenedenia, Whittington and Horton [23] noted a variety of forms, which were more than 80 specimens attributed to Neobenedenia melleni from various host species. We are able to identify the parasite collected as Neobenedenia melleni according to Figures 1–6, AS: accessory sclerite, 40 μm; T: testis organs; AO: anterior attachment organ; P: pigmented eye; MA: male accessory gland reservoir; G: gland of Goto; V: vitelline reservoir; A: anterior hamulus, 150 μm; P: posterior hamulus, 40 μm. Total length of a sample specimen, Neobenedenia melleni, in this study, was recorded as 1050 μm. The width length is recorded as 700 μm.

Figure 1: Ventral view of whole in SEM, Neobenedenia melleni.

Figure 2: Ventral view of Neobenedenia melleni in SEM; AS: accessory sclerite; 40 µm.

Figure 3: Ventral view of Neobenedenia melleni in SEM; T = testis organs.

Figure 4: Ventral view of whole Neobenedenia melleni in compound microscope.

Figure 5: Ventral view of Neobenedenia melleni in compound microscope; AO: anterior attachment organ; P: pigmented eye; MA; male accessory gland reservoir; G: gland of Goto; V: vitelline reservoir.

Figure 6: Ventral view of Neobenedenia melleni in compound microscope; A: anterior hamulus 150 µm; P: posterior hamulus 40 µm.

3.2. DNA and Phylogenetic Analysis

Based on the results obtained upon gel electrophoresis analysis of the DNA template and PCR product, clearly visible bands were detected around 700 bp sequence, whereby this analysis was referred to Lucigen 1 kb DNA marker (USA) (Figure 7). Besides that, the optical density (OD) ratio of DNA was 2.0 with concentration of 135 (ng/μL) for genomic DNA. The DNA sequence was further analyzed using Clustal W, Bioedit Software. The 18s sequence was successfully analyzed, recovered from all Neobenedenia melleni individuals. Nucleotide BLAST sequence for 18s ribosomal RNA gene from this study has shown 99% similarity with N. melleni EU707804.1 from GenBank dataset, as shown in Figure 8. Meanwhile, Figure 9 shows the constructed phylogenetic tree which shows two closely related clades between species.

Figure 7: Gel electrophoresis of PCR 18s ribosomal RNA gene.

Figure 8: Nucleotide BLAST sequence for PCR product.

Figure 9: Constructed phylogenetic tree for Neobenedenia melleni.

Figure 10: Histogram of the residuals data shows that the histogram has a bell shaped curve indicating that the residuals are normally distributed.

Figure 11: P-P plot shows that the points which represent the residuals lie along the diagonal line showing that the residuals are normally distributed.

Figure 12: The figure shows that the points are randomly and evenly dispersed and do not have any specific pattern indicating that there is homoscedasticity or homogeneity of variance and linearity assumption is met.

All the individuals of Neobenedenia melleni recorded in this study showed a close relationship between species that was recorded from NCBI, Neobenedenia melleni EU707804.1, as 96% bootstrap value, followed by 76% of similarity between Allobenedenia epinepheli EU707800.1. The least similarity was recorded with Encotyllabe chironemi AJ228774.1, Benedenia epinepheli EU707802.1, and Neobenedenia girellae AY551326. Finally, all the sequence of Neobenedenia melleni in this study was deposited in GenBank with accession numbers KU843501, KU843502, KU843503, and KU843504. All this sequence is available as public database in GenBank.

3.3. Statistical Modeling for Neobenedenia melleni

A total of all 379 fishes were infected by Neobenedenia melleni parasite out of 400 examined fishes in natural sea culture cage environment. Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics of dependent variable and predictor variables involved in this study. The average number of the Neobenedenia melleni parasite found in examination of fishes is approximately 25 with a standard deviation of 2.8. The mean value of fish length is 24.3 cm with a standard deviation of 3.7. Meanwhile, the binary coded variables, water temperature (0 = 32°C, 1 = 33°C) and salinity (0 = 32 ppt, 1 = 33 ppt), both have a higher percentage of low temperature (54.4%) and salinity (59.4%) compared to its counterpart.

Table 1: The table shows the descriptive statistics of dependent and predictor variables.

Characteristics
Frequency,
Prevalence (%)
Mean
SD

Dependent variables

    Neobenedenia melleni
379
94.8
25.24
2.8

Predictor variables

    Fish length
375
93.8
24.3
3.7

Categorical variables

    Water temperature

        32.0
154
54.4

        33.0
129
45.6

    Water salinity

        32.0
168
59.4

        33.0
115
40.6

Note. Total percentage is not 100% due to missing values; SD: standard deviation.

Table 2 shows that the variables are positively correlated with one another and are significant at 1%. A large correlation of 0.92 is observed between fish length and prevalence of Neobenedenia melleni (increase in fish length will increase the prevalence of Neobenedenia melleni parasite) and 0.437 between water salinity and prevalence of Neobenedenia melleni parasite (increase in water salinity increases the prevalence of Neobenedenia melleni parasite). Finally, a moderate correlation of 0.3 is observed between water temperature and prevalence of Neobenedenia melleni parasite [30].

Table 2: Correlations between variables using bivariate analysis.

Variables
Prevalence of Neobenedenia melleni
Fish length
Water temperature
Water salinity

Prevalence of Neobenedenia melleni
1

Fish length
0.917
1

Water temperature
0.298
0.270
1

Water salinity
0.437
0.428
0.384
1

Note: significant at 1%.

According to Table 3, the variance inflation factor (VIF) values are less than 10.0 or 2.0 and the tolerance statistics are above 0.2 [30]. The tolerance statistics is the reciprocal of VIF or 1/VIF. Multicollinearity issues are negated because the values met more than the requirement of VIF, variance inflation factor, and tolerance statistics.

Table 3: Variance inflation factor values of predictor variables.

Variables
Tolerance statistics
Variance inflation factor (VIF)

Fish length
0.751
1.332

Temperature
0.778
1.286

Salinity
0.659
1.518

Table 4 shows the multiple correlation coefficients , the correlation among all the independent variables (temperature, fish length, and salinity), and the dependent variable which is at value 0.912. The -Square value shows that all the predictors account for 84.5% of variation in the prevalence of parasite. The adjusted -Square value (0.843) is similar to that of -Square indicating that if these data were collected from the population rather than a sample it would have a similar result. Therefore, the result from this sample is generalized to the entire population of Neobenedenia melleni parasite infesting in fishes, as discussed in Field [30].

Table 4: The model summary.

Multiple correlation coefficient,
-Square
Adjusted -Square
Standard error of the estimate

0.912
0.845
0.843
1.124

Table 5 shows that the model is a significant fit to the data, at less than 5%. Thus, the model is significantly improved to the ability to predict the dependent variable, prevalence of Neobenedenia melleni parasite infesting in fishes [34].

Table 5: The model fit values.

Sum of squares
df
Mean square
-statistics
value

Regression
1829.444
4
457.361
361.868
0.000

Residual
334.930
265
1.264

Total
2164.374
269

Table 6 shows the parameter estimates of multiple regression modeling. Among the variables that significantly predict the prevalence of Neobenedenia melleni parasite are fish length and water temperature, both significant at 1% and 5%; however salinity is not a significant predictor of Neobenedenia melleni in this analysis. Furthermore, the increase in one unit of fish length, holding other variables constant, increases the prevalence of parasite by approximately 1 (0.7≈1) unit. Also, increasing the temperature from 32 to 33 degrees Celsius increases the number of parasite by approximately 0.32 units, holding other variables constant. The 95% confidence interval (CI) conforms to the results obtained by observing the parameter estimate for fish length and temperature within the confidence interval and within a positive confidence interval bound.

Table 6: Fitted values of the predictor variables via multiple regression analysis.

Variables
Parameter estimates, β
Standard error, (SE)
95% Confidence interval (CI)

Lower bound
Upper bound

Constant
8.244
0.465
7.329
9.159

Fish length
0.669
0.021
0.628
0.710

Temperature
0.319
0.156
0.013
0.625

Salinity
0.124
0.172
−0.214
0.462

Note. Significant at 1% and 5% significance level.

The model can be rewritten as

Figure 10 shows the histogram of the residuals data which has a bell shaped curve indicating that the residuals are normally distributed. This is further verified by visualizing the normal P-P plot in Figure 11 which also shows that the points lie along a diagonal line indicating that the residuals are normally distributed. Figure 12 shows that the points are randomly and evenly dispersed throughout the plot and concur with the assumptions of linearity and homoscedasticity of the residuals has been met as discussed in Field [30].

In this study, we have deployed multiple regression analysis method to observe biotic and abiotic factors that have influenced the miscellany of parasites in hosts, like fish length, water temperature, parasites count, and salinity [9]. These multiple variables are predicted to influence cultured fish and to come across rates with parasites and with the number of parasites that can endure in populations. A positive relationship is predicted among fish length, temperature, salinity, and parasite diversity because larger fish represent larger infection surface area for parasitic colonization [34, 35]. Besides that, temperature is mainly important as an environmental factor which merely controls the development period of parasitic copepods. Parasites, growth rates, egg production, survival rate, and conscription are reported to be high at higher water temperatures [21, 23]. The multiple regression analysis is integrated with the objective to produce a model that would best predict the optimal number of parasitic infestation based on observed values of three independent variables which were the length of fish, mean temperature, and salinity.

Several monogenean species exhibit short life cycles in warm temperatures [9, 23]. Accelerated parasitic life cycles will increase the metabolic and development rate associated with warm conditions [8, 14, 15]. Presently, the reason for the unpredictable and irregular nature of Neobenedenia melleni infection is unknown. Steps that can be implemented in reducing this rapid parasitic infestations are to have more attentive, frequent fish stock monitoring during warm, high temperature water conditions [36]. The major role of this temperature factors has been previously described by studies of life cycle of Neobenedenia melleni. Ogawa and Yokoyama [10] explained that Neobenedenia melleni took only 10 days to complete at 30°C as opposed to 20 days at 20°C in seawater.

Accordingly to Grau et al. [8], the hatching survival rate of Neobenedenia melleni eggs was less than 12% when incubated at salinity less than 18 ppt for 4 days.

4. Conclusion

In summary, this study has established an overview with statistical analysis for correlations of fish length and temperature that influences the number of fish parasites present in Lutjanus erythropterus fish species. Furthermore, morphology and DNA sequence identification were shown for Neobenedenia melleni parasite found in this cultured fish from Jerejak Island, Penang, Malaysia.

Competing Interests

All the authors declare that there are no competing interests in this paper.

Acknowledgments

Funding for the study was provided by Universiti Sains Malaysia Research University Grant (1001/PBIOLOGI/811259). The authors acknowledged GST group of companies for allowing them to perform these experiments at their fish farm. Furthermore, Malaysian MyBrain, MyPhD Scholarship Program is acknowledged. Mr. Johari at the SEM Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, is acknowledged for assisting with the photography sessions and Ms. Azirah Akbhar Ali, Ms. Yanie Zain, and Ms. Fatynn Amirah Firuz are acknowledged for assisting in fish sampling works.

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