Journal of Sensors
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 353095, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/353095

Research Article

Measuring Conductance of Phenylenediamine as a Molecular Sensor

Taekyeong Kim¹ and Tae Hyun Kim²

¹Department of Physics, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Republic of Korea
²Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea

Received 24 March 2015; Revised 4 May 2015; Accepted 4 May 2015

Academic Editor: Xiao-Miao Feng

Copyright © 2015 Taekyeong Kim and Tae Hyun Kim. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We report experimental measurements of molecular conductance as a single molecular sensor by using scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction (STM-BJ) technique. The gap was created after Au atomic point contact was ruptured, and the target molecule was inserted and bonded to the top and bottom electrodes. We successfully measured the conductance for a series of amine-terminated oligophenyl molecules by forming the molecular junctions with Au electrodes. The measured conductance decays exponentially with molecular backbone length, enabling us to detect the type of molecules as a molecular sensor. Furthermore, we demonstrated reversible binary switching in a molecular junction by mechanical control of the gap between the electrodes. Since our method allows us to measure the conductance of a single molecule in ambient conditions, it should open up various practical molecular sensing applications.

1. Introduction

Detecting electrical properties of various molecules is crucial to the development of practical molecular sensors as well as nanoscale organic-based devices. Over the past decade, extensive efforts have been devoted to measuring the conductance of a few molecules or even a single molecule. For example, the graphene or nanotube-based molecular sensors have been used to detect the target molecules by changing the surface electrical potential of the devices with the molecules [1–6]. However, it is very difficult to functionalize the pristine graphene surface with the chemical or biological molecules due to the perfect structures of graphene. Another example is the conducting atomic force microscope (AFM) which can also be used to investigate the electrical properties of self-assembled molecules on Au substrate. However, this method involves several delicate assembly processes and it is not able to calculate the accurate number of the molecules on the Au-coated AFM probe and the substrate [7, 8]. The scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction (STM-BJ) technique is one of the most versatile techniques to create a single metal-molecule junction and detect the electrical conductance as a molecular sensor under ambient conditions [9–14]. The STM-BJ is easy to load the sample and very fast to measure the molecular conductance formed with the metal electrodes. Therefore, we can do the statistical analysis based on a lot of data sets for measurements of the molecular conductance by using the STM-BJ technique. The STM-BJ can be also combined with the AFM to demonstrate simultaneous force and conductance measurements on metal-molecule-metal junctions [15]. Furthermore, recently the molecular diode as well as switch in a single molecule level has been generated by the STM-BJ technique [16, 17]. On the other hand, this technique can be used for understanding the optical and thermal properties in a single molecule junction and investigating their influence on electronic transport in individual molecular devices [18, 19]. In most papers of previous works, molecular sensor system needs a number of molecules to detect and characterize them; however the STM-BJ can measure the conductance of a single molecule and investigate the electrical properties in a single molecule level [20–22]. Furthermore, this technique is reliable and stable in an ambient condition, which enables us to make a molecular sensor with the high resolution and the reproducibility.

In this study, we have used the STM-BJ technique to detect the target molecule which is a series of amine-terminated oligophenyl derivatives and measured the electrical conductance of the molecules in ambient conditions. After the metal point contact of Au top and bottom electrodes is ruptured, the molecule can be inserted in the gap and bind onto the electrodes using an amine (NH₂) linker group. We found that the measured conductance by forming the molecule-metal junctions decreases exponentially with molecular backbone length, resulting in the detection of target molecules as a molecule sensor. We also presented the on-off binary switching in a molecular junction by mechanical control of the gap between the electrodes.

2. Experimental

We used a freshly cut Au wire tip (Alfa-Aesar, 99.9985% purity, diameter 0.25 mm) and Au-coated mica substrate as the top and bottom electrodes with an STM-BJ setup which operates in ambient conditions at room temperature as previously described in detail [10]. We drop the 1 mM solution of the target molecules in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene solution (Sigma-Aldrich 99% Aldrich) by using the syringe on the Au-coated mica substrate for the measurements. A series of amine-terminated oligophenyl derivatives as the target molecules were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and were used without further purification. The conductance of the molecular junction formed with the Au electrode was measured by repeatedly forming and breaking Au point contacts with an STM-BJ setup. Each conductance measurement starts by moving the tip into the substrate to create a metal point contact. It enables us to create a new electrode structure for each measurement. The tip is then retracted from the substrate at a speed of ~50 nm/s, while the current is recorded at a fixed applied bias voltage of 30 mV at a 40 kHz data acquisition rate, enabling us to measure a conductance (current/voltage) versus displacement trace. Thousands of curves were collected for the detailed statistical analysis under the STM-BJ system. We can measure thousands of the single molecular conductance trace in ambient conditions with a short time, which is innovative in the molecular electronics. Furthermore, we have used the Au as the electrodes, because Pt is more expensive than Au, and Ag is easily oxidized in ambient condition [23, 24].

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 1(a) shows the illustration of an experimental setup for the conductance measurement of the target molecules in solution. The Au tip as the top electrode was connected electrically with the Au-coated mica substrate as the bottom electrode. The target molecule in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene solution was dropped onto Au-coated mica substrate by using syringe. We controlled the gap between top and bottom Au electrodes by moving a piezo in -axis, and the target molecule can be bridged with the electrodes, resulting in detection of the electrical conductance of the target molecules. Figure 1(b) shows the structures of a series of amine-terminated oligophenyl derivatives as the target molecules with –3 benzene groups.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: (a) Illustration of an STM-BJ setup for the conductance measurement of the target molecules in solution. (b) Structures of a series of amine-terminated oligophenyls as the target molecule with –3 benzene groups.

Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the contact and retraction steps of the top and bottom Au electrodes which have the target molecule solution on the substrate, by moving the piezo under the STM-BJ system. The black arrow indicates the piezo movement in -axis. Initially, the Au tip is approached and contacted onto the Au substrate, resulting in a conductance of at least (i to iii), where (the quantum conductance). By retraction of Au tip, the Au atomic channels are formed and decreased in the number of the channels due to the elastic relaxation of the Au atoms (iv and v). Finally the single-atomic channel (v) is ruptured in Au junction part during stretching of atomic-sized contacts, resulting in the gap of the Au electrode. Since the gap distance (less than 0.6 nm) [17, 25] for Au is smaller than that of the molecular length, the molecule can be inserted in this small gap, and the metal-molecule-metal junction is formed (vi). The bonding mechanism between Au and the NH₂ is a simple delocalization of the lone-pair of electrons from the amine nitrogen (N) to coordinatively unsaturated surface Au atoms [11, 26, 27]. Finally, we can measure the conductance of the target molecule in the solution. The amine linker group forms the most stable molecular binding structures with the Au electrodes compared to other linkers such as thiol, methylsulfide, and isonitrile. For example, for thiols (S) on Au, the bonding force for the Au-S bond is larger than that for the individual Au atomic bond, leading to grain migration, pitting of Au electrodes, and metal island formation that complicate the investigation of single molecule conductance measurements [28].

Figure 2: Schematic diagram for the contact and retraction steps of the top and bottom Au electrodes by using a piezo movement under the STM-BJ system. The final stage (vi) indicates the molecular junction formed with the Au electrodes in solution, resulting in the detection of the target molecule.

Figure 3(a) shows the measured conductance traces of the target molecules, (red), (blue), (green), and no molecule (yellow) by using STM-BJ technique. We observed a clear plateau at a specific conductance in the range of ~–, which decays exponentially with molecular backbone length. It is well known that the amine-terminated molecules conduct through the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Furthermore, the HOMO resonance energy is close to the Au Fermi energy with increasing the molecular backbone. However, the short molecule is better couple to the Au electrodes, resulting in a higher conductance compared to the long molecules [29, 30]. We also found that the plateau length of the molecule increases with the number of benzene rings. To probe the reproducibility of the detection of molecular conductance, we repeated the measurements with thousands of molecular junctions through the STM-BJ technique in the same manner. A two-dimensional (2D) conductance-displacement histogram for the 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl molecule () is generated in order to show all the traces at a glance in Figure 3(b) [31, 32]. We overlay all measured conductance traces after aligning them along the positive displacement (-axis) at a conductance of because the conductance plateau occurs in random locations along the displacement axis. Logarithmic bins are used for the conductance axis and linear bins for the displacement axis. The 2D conductance-displacement histogram (with over 2,000 traces) and the conductance fitting profile (black dashed line) in the left panel show that the molecular conductance peak extends to approximately 0.3 nm along the -axis. The arrow points to a fully extended molecular junction before breaking the bond between the molecule and the Au atomic electrodes. The right panel in Figure 3(b) shows the logarithmically binned conductance histogram generated without data selection for the molecule using a linear bin size of . The black dashed curve is the Gaussian fit for the conductance peak of the target molecule. The most probable molecular conductance is of ~ for the molecular junctions, as indicated by the arrow obtained from Gaussian fitting. This indicates that the NH₂ end group of the molecule is well bonded to the Au metal atoms, resulting in a stable formation of a molecular junction as a molecular sensor.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: (a) Measured conductance trace of the target molecules, (red), (blue), (green), and no molecule (yellow). (b) Two-dimensional conductance-displacement histogram for target molecule (). The dashed line in left panel is the fitting profile which means the extended molecular length as indicated by the arrow. Histogram of the conductance (blue) is shown in left panel with a Gaussian fitting (black dashed curve). The arrow indicates the conductance peak value.

As a proof of concept, we successfully demonstrated the reversible conductance switching of the molecular junctions by controlling the piezo. We detect the target molecule between the Au tip and the Au substrate while applying two types of ramps to the piezoelectric actuator that modulates the substrate position. Figure 4(a) is the sample switching conductance traces which clearly show the “on” and “off” states of the molecular junction (4,4′-diaminobiphenyl, ) according to the piezo position with ~0.3 nm amplitude as indicated by the arrows in upper panel. The “on” state is for the molecular junction (blue in shadow box) which has the conductance of ~, and the “off” state is for the noise level (yellow) which means no molecule between the electrodes. Figure 4(b) shows the conductance histogram generated from the average value of the conductance for each “on” state. The blue dashed curve is the Gaussian fit to the distribution. The conductance peak value from the fit is which is consistent with the normal measurement results in Figure 3(b). It confirms that we can make on-off binary switching in a molecular junction by mechanical control of the gap between the electrodes.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: (a) Sample switching conductance traces with “on” and “off” states. The upper panel shows the molecular junction structures according to the piezo movements indicated by the arrow. (b) Conductance histogram generated from the average value of the conductance for each “on” state. The blue dashed curve is the Gaussian fit to the distribution.

4. Conclusion

We detected the target molecule by bridging it to the Au electrodes through the STM-BJ technique in ambient conditions at room temperature. We successfully measured the conductance of a series of amine-terminated oligophenyl derivatives and observed that the conductance decays exponentially with the molecular backbone length. We also found that the plateau length of molecules increases with the number of benzene rings, which enables us to discriminate each other as a molecule sensor. Furthermore, we demonstrated the reversible binary molecular switching by controlling the gap of the Au electrodes. Our works may open a new path to the stable molecular sensors which are operated in ambient conditions and can be used for measuring the conductance in a single molecule level.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2014R1A1A2053848 and NRF-2013R1A1A2012434). This work (Grant no. C0221297) was supported by Business for Academic-Industrial Cooperative Establishments funded by Korea Small and Medium Business Administration in 2014.

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