Journal of Spectroscopy

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 470427, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/470427

Research Article

Effect of Counterion on the Solvatochromic Properties of Heteroleptic Chelate Copper(II) Complexes

Hamid Golchoubian and Hakimeh Fazilati

Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 47416-95447, Iran

Received 24 June 2012; Revised 26 July 2012; Accepted 4 August 2012

Academic Editor: K.S.V. Krishna Rao

Copyright © 2013 Hamid Golchoubian and Hakimeh Fazilati. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A series of heteroleptic chelate copper(II) complexes of the type [Cu(L)(acac)]X where acac = acetylacetonate; L = N,N′-1,6-bis(2-fluorophenyl)-2,5-diazahexane; , , , and have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies, and molar conductance measurements. The prepared complexes are fairly soluble in a large number of organic solvents and show positive solvatochromism. Among the complexes [Cu(L)(acac)]ClO₄, it is demonstrated the most solvatochromism. A multiparametric equation has been utilized to explain the solvent effect on the d-d transition of the complexes using SPSS/PC software. To explore the mechanism of interaction between solvent molecules and the complexes, different solvent parameters such as DN, AN, α, (30), , and β using stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) method were employed. The results demonstrated that the donor power of the solvent plays the most important role in the solvatochromism of the compounds.

1. Introduction

Solvatochromism behavior of inorganic complexes has been reviewed during the past four decades [1–3]. The phenomenon of solvatochromism which refers to changes in electronic absorption spectra with solvent is one of the important topics in solution chemistry. There exist a number of examples of solvatochromic metal complexes, and origins of the color changes are quite diverse. Solvatochromism of metal complexes can be divided into two types [4, 5], the first type comprises the case where the color changes are brought about by the direct attachment of solvent molecules onto metal center, and the second type is due to the attachment of solvent molecules onto ligands. Among the former whose color changes are due to those of d-d transitions, copper(II) complexes with a strong John-Teller effect can be anticipated to show simple and regular changes in their electronic spectra according to the strength of interactions with solvent molecules at the axial sites. This behavior in the heteroleptic chelate copper(II) complexes has received more interest because they may be used as a Lewis acid-base color indicator [6, 7] and also utilizes to develop optical sensor materials to monitor pollutant levels in the environment [8, 9]. In this regard, extensive studies have been concentrated on the heteroleptic chelate complexes of copper(II) with acac and diamine derivatives (acac stands for acetylacetonate ion) [10–16].

Recently, we prepared a series of heteroleptic chelate copper(II) complexes that are soluble almost in a large number of solvents and show solvatochromic property [18–26]. Our study demonstrated that the counterion is bound weakly above and below of the chelate plane in solution, and the perchlorate ions are driven out by solvent molecules leading to their solvatochromism [27, 28]. In continuation of our study, we wish to report the syntheses and the solvatochromic behaviour of some of the heteroleptic chelate copper(II) complexes: shown in Figure 1, with different counterions , , , and in order to explore the role of the counter ions on the solvatochromism behavior and also to determine the relative donor power of these anions in the complexes.

Figure 1: The complexes under study.

2. Materials and Methods

The diamine compound and its heteroleptic chelate copper(II) complex with counterion of perchlorate was prepared according to published procedure [29]. All solvents were spectral grade, and all other reagents were used as received. All the samples were dried to constant weight under a high vacuum prior to analysis. Caution: perchlorate salts are potentially explosive and should be handled with appropriate care.

Conductance measurements were made at 25°C with a Jenway 400 conductance meter on 1.00 × 10⁻³ M samples. Infrared spectra (potassium bromide disk) were recorded using a Bruker FT-IR instrument. The electronic absorption spectra were measured using a Braic2100 model UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Elemental analyses were performed on a LECO 600 CHN elemental analyzer. Absolute metal percentages were determined by a Varian-spectra A-30/40 atomic absorption-flame spectrometer.

2.1. General Procedure for Preparation of Copper Complexes

Tetraphenylborate complexes: the perchlorate mixed-chelate copper complexes (1 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (10 mL) and heated (about 50°C) until dissolution occurred. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium tetraphenylborate (4 mmol) in water was then added. The crystal precipitated out almost immediately. The reaction mixture was let to stand overnight and was then filtered (pore size 10–16 m), and the precipitate was washed with water several times. The yield was 65%.

Hexafluorophosphate complexes: these complexes were prepared with the same procedure as tetraphenylborate complexes except that NH₄PF₆ was used instead of sodium tetraphenylborate. The yield was 43%.

Tetrafluoroborate complexes: these complexes were prepared with the similar procedure as tetraphenylborate complexes except that NH₄BF₄ was used in place of sodium tetraphenylborate. The yield was 57%.

2.2. Data analysis

All the absorption maxima reported were taken from experimental curves of the d-d transition of the complexes. Multivariate statistical methods have been used in the classification and selection of solvents. The empirical parameters of the solvent polarity were used as basic data sets. These parameters can be obtained directly from the literature [30]. The extraction of the chemical information contained in such a data set can be carried out by statistical method of multiple linear regression analysis (MLR). Multiple linear regression of a dependent variable , with a series of explanatory variables , , , and so forth., in (1) is a well-established model. The variable is the solvent-dependent property ( in this study) in a given solvent, Y₀ is the statistical quantity representing the value of the property in the reference solvent (dichloromethane), , , , and so forth. (explanatory variable) represent independent but complementary solvent parameters, which account for the solute-solvent interaction mechanism, and , , , and so forth are the regression coefficients describing the sensitivity of property to the different solute-solvent interaction mechanism. That is, suitable selection of bulk and molecular properties of solvents constitute linear or multiple regression analysis model equations

The solvent properties investigated are Dimroth and Reichardt’s (30), Kamlet and Taft’s α, β, π*, Gutmann’s donor DN, and acceptor number AN.

In this paper, stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) method was used to generate the best models of the solvent parameters using SPSS/PC software package [31]. The stepwise method involves three main steps: identifying an initial model, changing the model at the previous step by adding or removing a parameter, and obtaining the best model when stepping is no longer possible and all the parameters reviewed and evaluated to specify which one contributes the most to the equation in [32]. The variance of the data in this procedure plays a main role so that when a new parameter is entered into the equation, its value changes. When the importance of a parameter with entering new data decreases the stepwise method removes the weakened parameter. This procedure continues till a final equation is obtained. The final equation is also tested for stability and validity of the results by the computer program itself. The appropriate equation is selected by considering four criteria, namely, multiple correlation coefficients (), standard error (SE), F-statistic, and the number of parameters in the model (). The best model is the one with higher and -values, lower standard error, the least number of parameters and high ability for prediction [33]. In parameter selection, variables with small variance t (not significant at the 5% level) were then removed. “t” value is the solvent-independent coefficients divided by SE.

The following solvents were used for solvatochromic study: dichloromethane (DCM), nitromethane (NM), acetonitrile (AN), acetone (Ac), tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol (MeOH), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and pyridine (Py).

3. Results and Discussion

The compositions of chelates obtained as fine crystalline powders can be confirmed with the general formula, [Cu(L)(acac)]X, where acac stands for acetylacetonate ion, L is as N,N′-1,6-bis(2-fluorophenyl)-2,5-diazahexane, and X is a univalent anion such as , , , and . The results of elemental analysis and color of the complexes are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Color, yields, and analytical data of the complexes obtained.

Complex number
Complex (color/yield)
Analysis; found (calcd)

C%
H%
N%
Cu%

1

46.71
4.88
5.14
11.68

(bluish violet/74%)
(46.84)
(4.68)
(5.20)
(11.80)

2

71.10
6.23
3.68
8.36

(Purple/65%)
(71.28)
(5.98)
(3.69)
(8.38)

3

43.33
4.20
4.58
10.82

(Purple/43%)
(43.19)
(4.32)
(4.80)
(10.88)

4

48.19
4.47
5.01
11.99

(Deep blue/57%)
(47.97)
(4.79)
(5.33)
(12.09)

3.1. Infrared Spectra

Formation of the heteroleptic chelate copper (II) complexes can be concluded from IR spectroscopy. The similarity among the infrared spectra of the complexes might imply that the structures of all complexes are the same, and the only differences are due to presence of different counter ions. Two intense absorption bands in the region around 1520 cm⁻¹ in the complexes could be assigned to the C=C and C=O vibrational modes [34]. A vibrational band around 945 cm⁻¹ observed in all complexes is associated to C–F stretching of the diamine chelate. The N–H stretching vibration of the diamine ligand appears in the 3200–3240 cm⁻¹ region. The vibrational bands around 1040 cm⁻¹ corresponded to the stretching vibration of C-N bond, and the bands around 1450 cm⁻¹ are associated to the scissoring vibration of –CH₂– groups [35]. Dependence on substitution of by can be verified by disappearance of perchlorate bands at around 1097 and 638 cm⁻¹ and appearance of the intense absorptions bands at 770, 740, 1510, and 1595 cm⁻¹ which are corresponded to the phenyl group of tetraphenylborate ion [36]. Although the first two absorption bands are clearly perceived, the positioning of the vibrations of the acac group does not enable us to observe the last two absorptions in complex 2. The existence of ion is exhibited by intense and medium bands occurring at 640 and 560 cm⁻¹, respectively, which confirms the formation of complex 3 [37]. The presence of group is declared by two intense bands at around 1090 cm⁻¹ and 1400 cm⁻¹ which are attributed to the antisymmetric stretching and antisymmetric bending vibration modes, respectively [33]. The former band is split with a poorly defined maximum showing deformation from symmetry.

3.2. Conductometric Data

Table 2 illustrates the molar conductivity values of complexes in different solvents. The standard values of 1 : 1 electrolytes in the respective solvents are illustrated in the same table [17]. The results show that in solvent of dichloromethane the values are much lower than that for 1 : 1 electrolyte when X is , , and . However, in other solvents, all of the complexes are 1:1 electrolyte which indicates almost complete dissociation into X⁻ and the cationic complexes [Cu(L)(acac)]⁺. Thus, it seems that an ion-pair formation (or anion coordination) might exist in some extent in CH₂Cl₂. This means that these ions are bound weakly above and below of the chelate planes and can be driven out by high donor power solvent molecules which leading to their solvatochromism. These results are in general agreement with the expectation from the spectral data and with our pervious results [29]. However, the complexes of [Cu(L)(acac)]B(Ph)₄ almost completely dissociate in nonpolar solvent. As a result, in contrast with other counteranions, there is not any bond between copper ion and anion of . In case of [Cu(L)(acac)]B(Ph)₄, the conductance values are lower than the expected values due to low mobility of bulky anion of tetraphenylborate in the solution [17].

Table 2: Molar conductivities data () of the complexes ( cm² mol⁻¹, at 25°C) in different solvents.

Complex
CH₂Cl₂
CH₃CN

EtOH
Acetone
DMF

6
136
48
129
86

7
144
25
91
60

3
151
46
133
68

7
126
35
141
78

1 : 1 electrolytes
10–20
120–160
35–45
100–140
65–90

a Concentration: ca.1 × 10⁻³ M.

bdata for standard values taken from [17].

3.3. Solvatochromism

All the complexes are easily soluble in a wide range of organic solvents. The presence of a strong John-Teller effect on the Cu(II) ions made them good solvatochromic probes. The electronic absorption spectra of the complexes are characterized by a broad structureless band in the visible region attributed to the promotion of an electron in the low-energy orbitals to the hole in orbital of the copper(II) ion (d⁹). The visible spectral changes of these complexes in the selected solvents are illustrated in Figure 2. The positions of the values of the complexes along with the molar absorptivities are collected in Table 3. All of the complexes show the solvatochromic behavior, and the shifts induced in certain solvents depend upon the nature of the counter ions.

Table 3: Electronic absorption maxima of the complexes in various solvents: /10³ cm⁻¹ (/M⁻¹cm⁻¹).

Solvent
Complex 1
Complex 2
Complex 3
Complex 4

DCM
17.33 (81)
16.64 (69)
17.51 (71)
17.64 (104)

NM
18.05 (100)
17.95 (107)
18.05 (89)
18.08 (120)

AN
16.81 (88)
16.98 (93)
17.04 (78)
17.01 (100)

Ac
17.12 (95)
16.95 (80)
17.04 (116)
17.01 (124)

THF
16.50 (101)
16.75 (116)
16.89 (90)
16.89 (94)

MeOH
16.75 (51)
16.81 (80)
16.86 (110)
16.84 (118)

DMF
16.42 (143)
16.34 (99)
16.37 (116)
16.26 (111)

DMSO
15.48 (108)
16.10 (69)
16.18 (113)
16.10 (117)

Py
15.15 (69)
15.38 (75)
15.48 (113)
15.34 (69)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 2: Absorption spectra of the complexes in selected solvents. Absorption spectra in other solvents are omitted for clarity.

To explore the solvent effects on the absorption spectra of the complexes, the absorption frequencies () were correlated with the solvatochromic (1). Hence, the frequencies of d-d absorption transition band of each complexes in various solvents with their own solvent parameters shown in Table 4 were offered in Equation (2) one by one to the statistical computer program, being accepted, rejected, or exchanged until certain statistical criteria are met.

Table 4: The solvent parameter values.

Solvent
DN
AN
(30)

π *

DCM
0.0
20.4
40.7
0.10
0.13
0.82

NM
2.7
20.5
46.3
0.06
0.22
0.85

AN
14.1
18.9
45.6
0.40
0.19
0.75

Ac
17.0
12.5
42.2
0.43
0.08
0.71

THF
20.0
8.0
37.4
0.55
0.00
0.58

MeOH
19.0
41.3
55.4
0.66
0.98
0.60

DMF
26.6
16.0
43.8
0.69
0.00
0.88

DMSO
29.8
19.3
45.1
0.76
0.00
1.00

Py
33.1
14.2
40.5
0.64
0.00
0.87

The solvent parameters used include Gutmann's donor number [30], DN (donor number is a measure of coordinating ability of solvents on the standard of dichloromethane), Mayer and Gutmann's acceptor number, AN (the electron acceptor property of a solvent), Dimroth and Reichardt's (30) (a measure of the ionization power of a solvent), Kamlet and Taft's α (hydrogen bond donation of the solvent), β (hydrogen bond acceptance of solvent) and π* (polarity/polarisability parameter of solvent):

The results obtained from the correlation of the absorption frequencies with the solvent parameters are illustrated in Table 5. The data in Table 5 show that dominate solvent effect in all complexes is DN and contribution of the other solvent parameters was rejected based on the statistical criteria explained in the experimental section.

Table 5: Selected models of SMLR method and related values of , , SE, and Δ cm⁻¹.

Complexes
Equations

SE
Δ/cm⁻¹

1

33.803
0.910
0.400
2900

2

126.618
0.977
0.172
2570

3

54.874
0.942
0.270
2570

4

68.598
0.953
0.266
2740

According to the results obtained, the DN parameter of the solvent has a dominate contribution in (2) for compounds 1–4 and governs the shift of the d-d absorption band of the complexes. The negative sign of the coefficient a indicates a red shift as the donor number of solvents increases. The red shift observed in the d-d visible absorption band originates in variation of Lewis acid-base interaction between the chelates around the copper ions and the respective solvents molecules. Hence, approaching of the polar solvent molecules to the axial position of the complexes causes a strong repulsion between the electron in the orbital of the copper(II) ions and the electron pair of the solvents and as a result of decreasing the required energy for transferring the electrons to orbital. Accordingly, the position of this band decreases nearly linearly with the increasing of the donor numbers of the solvents. The plots of the observed values of the complexes versus the donor number of the solvents as shown in Figure 3 demonstrated good correlation for all complexes.

Figure 3: Dependence of the values of complexes 1–4 on the solvent DN values.

The relative donor power of the anions can be investigated in low donor number solvents such as dichloromethane and nitromethane. As evident from Table 3 the relative donor power of anions X is in the following order:

4. Conclusion

Solvatochromic heteroleptic chelate copper(II) complexes with different counterion were prepared. The properties of the solvatochromic complexes [Cu(L)(acac)(diamine)]X (X = , , , and ) were studied in solution. Their solvatochromism behaviors were examined with different solvent parameters using SMLR computational method. The statistical evaluation of the data (R, S. E. and F-test) indicated that the DN parameter of the solvent plays the most important role in the solvatochromic behavior of the complexes. It was understood that the solvatochromic behavior of the complexes depends upon two main factors, the coordination ability of solvents and counter ions. All the complexes demonstrated positive solvatochromism, as the DN of the solvent increases with increasing donor number of solvent. In solvation procedure, the geometry of the complexes changes from square planar to octahedral. Among the complexes studied, complex 1 (X = ) showed the highest value.

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful for the financial support of the University of Mazandaran, Iran.

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