Journal of Spectroscopy
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 478329, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/478329

Research Article

Spectroscopic Studies of the Behavior of Eu³⁺ on the Luminescence of Cadmium Tellurite Glasses

I. V. García-Amaya,¹ Ma. E. Zayas,² J. Alvarado-Rivera,³ E. Álvarez,¹ S. A. Gallardo-Heredia,⁴ G. A. Limón,⁵ R. Lozada-Morales,⁶ and J. Ma. Rincón⁷

¹Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, 83000 Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
²Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, 83000 Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
³Cátedras Conacyt, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, 83000 Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
⁴Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Saltillo, Avenida Industria Metalúrgica No. 1062, Parque Industrial Saltillo-Ramos Arizpe, 25900 Ramos Arizpe, COAH, Mexico
⁵Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Unidad Regional Sur, 85880 Navojoa, SON, Mexico
⁶Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Postgrado en Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Avenida San Claudio y Avenida 18 Sur, Colonia San Manuel, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
⁷The Glass-Ceramics Lab., Instituto Eduardo Torroja de Ciencias de la Construcción (CSIC), 28033 Madrid, Spain

Received 31 October 2014; Accepted 20 May 2015

Academic Editor: Carlos Andres Palacio

Copyright © 2015 I. V. García-Amaya et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The effect of europium doping on the photoluminescence of ZnO-CdO-TeO₂ glasses is analyzed. TeO₂-based glasses are of high interest as hosts for laser glasses. The Eu-doped oxide glasses were prepared by the conventional melt-quenching method. Five different concentrations of europium nitrate hexahydrate that varied from 0.3 to 1.5 mol% were used. SEM observations revealed the formation of zinc aluminate spinel and disperse droplets of liquid-liquid phase separation in the glasses. X-Ray diffraction reveals the amorphous structure of the fabricated glasses. FT-IR and Raman spectra show the presence of TeO₄ and TeO₃₊₁/TeO₃ units that conform with the glass matrix. Raman spectra evidenced a band located at 1556 cm⁻¹ that can be related to interstitial molecular oxygen in the glass matrix. Photoluminescence of the glasses showed light emission due to the following europiumtransitions from its , , and levels to its manifolds: (468 nm), (490 nm), (511 nm), (536 nm), (554 nm), (579.5 nm), (592 nm), (613 nm), (652 nm), and (490 nm). The estimated decay time, , was 0.4 ms for all the glasses.

1. Introduction

In general, glasses are good materials as host for luminescent trivalent rare earth ions; they show a wide transparency range and low propagation losses, so they can be used in different types of modern devices such as long optical displays, lasting phosphors, and solid-state lasers [1]. Tellurite glasses are interesting and useful host for luminescent trivalent lanthanide ions, showing maximum vibrational frequencies smaller than those of many other oxide glasses [2, 3]. This characteristic favors and increases the luminescence quantum efficiency from excited states of optically active ions. On the other hand, they are chemically stable and highly homogeneous, with low phonon frequency and high linear refractive index. TeO₂-based glasses are promising materials for their use in nonlinear susceptibility [4, 5] and for the development of fiber and integrated optic amplifiers. In addition, these glasses are potential hosts for infrared emitting rare earth elements and can be used as lasers covering all the telecommunication bands [1, 6]. Luminescence properties and potential applications of Eu³⁺ have been reported in many types of host materials, for example, silicate, borates, phosphates, vanadates, molybdates, and tungstanates [7–13]. One of the more attractive applications of Eu³⁺ is regarding the phenomenon of persistent spectral hole burning [14, 15]. The present investigation is part of a wide research about the study of the ZnO-CdO-TeO₂ system doped with rare earth ions. One study has been published earlier in which the structural characterization and optical (PL) and thermal analysis of the matrix containing Eu³⁺ ion was reported [16]. This research shows the influence of varying the Eu³⁺ ions content on the photoluminescence properties of a single composition of a ZnO-CdO-TeO₂ glass. It is worth to mention that the Eu³⁺ ions have an effect in the short length ordering of the glass structure.

2. Materials and Methods

The glasses were fabricated using zinc oxide (ZnO, Fluka Analytical), cadmium oxide (CdO, 99.5%), tellurium dioxide (TeO₂ ≥ 99%), and europium nitrate hexahydrate (Eu (NO₃)₃·6H₂O, 99.99%) from Sigma Aldrich. In Table 1 the nominal composition of the mixtures is presented. The powders were weighted in an OHAUS analytical weighing scale, model GA110 with a precision of 0.0001 g. A series of five glasses doped with Eu³⁺ ions were obtained varying the concentration of the europium ions. The content of metallic oxides of the glass matrix was fixed and only the concentration of europium nitrate hexahydrate was varied from 0.3 to 1.5% mol (Table 1). The glasses were manufactured by the melt-quenching method in high alumina crucibles at 1000°C in a Thermolyne 48000 furnace with a dwell time of 30 minutes. After quenching, the glasses were annealed at 350°C for 30 minutes.

Table 1: Original batch composition for ZnO-CdO-TeO₂.

Label
ZnO
(% mol)
CdO
(% mol)
TeO₂  
(% mol)
Eu(NO₃)₃·6H₂O
(% mol)

V1
17
32
51
0.3

V2
17
32
51
0.6

V3
17
32
51
0.9

V4
17
32
51
1.2

V5
17
32
51
1.5

2.1. Structural Characterization

X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed in a Philips 3040 using the Cu Kα line. The glassy material was crushed and milled at a particle size under 30 μm for XRD measurements. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) was carried out in a Philips XL 30ESEM. The samples were prepared as follows: fresh fractured glass pieces were chemically etched (2 vol% hydrofluoric acid for 10 s) to obtain clean surfaces and then were silver coated for SEM/EDS analysis. The elemental composition distribution of the present phases in the glass was determined by spot analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS).

Infrared (IR) spectra of the glasses were obtained using a Perkin-Elmer 1600 series FT-IR spectrometer in the range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹ at intervals of 4 cm⁻¹. Micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed on all samples using a micro-Raman X’plora equipment BX41TF OLYMPUS HORIBA Jobin-Yvon, using a He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm.

2.2. Luminescence and Decay Times

The photoluminescence spectra were recorded by means of a Horiba Jobin-Yvon Fluorolog 3 spectrofluorometer working with a 450 W ozone-free Xe lamp. Decay time curves were monitored using an Opolette HE 355 LD + UVDM system tuning at 392 nm. The resulting emission and transient fluorescence signal was analyzed with a Jobin-Yvon Triax 550 monochromator and detected with a Horiba-Jobin Yvon i-Spectrum Two intensified charge coupled device.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. SEM

SEM observation of glass surfaces (micrographs of selected glasses are shown in Figure 1) have confirmed the presence of zinc aluminate spinel (ZnAl₂O₄) and disperse droplets of liquid-liquid phase separation in the glasses. For V1 glass (Figure 1(a)), the presence of small crystals was detected, and EDS analysis demonstrated that it is composed of Al, Zn, and O in concentrations similar to those of zinc aluminate spinel. Thus, corrosion between the molten mixture and the crucible walls occurred during fusion. In general, incorporation of aluminum from crucible corrosion appears in all glasses as it can be seen in Table 2. The concentration of aluminum has a tendency to decrease as the proportion of europium increases. In Figure 1, micrographs of V2 and V5 glasses (Figures 1(b) and 1(d)) exhibit two distinguishable zones in the surface. The first consists of dispersed droplets and the second one is a homogeneous and amorphous phase that is related to the glassy nature of the sample. At this respect, V3 glass surface (Figure 1(b)) is the most homogeneous and amorphous since no other phase was detected. In Table 2, it is possible to observe that CdO and TeO₂ concentration decrease with the increment in europium concentration. These results indicate that volatilization of the oxides took place during fabrication.

Table 2: Final compositions for ZnO-CdO-TeO₂:Eu glasses determined by SEM/EDS analysis.

Element
V1
(% at.)
V2
(% at.)
V3
(% at.)
V4
(% at.)
V5
(% at.)

O
48.75
45.19
45.19
44.82
53.30

Al
1.03
0.87
0.69
0.74
0.63

Si

0.58
0.22

Cd
16.83
17.97
18.05
17.96
15.42

Te
25.35
27.13
27.04
26.66
22.70

Eu
0.36
0.42
0.37
0.44
0.55

Zn
7.67
8.23
8.47
8.79
7.17

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: Micrographs of glasses surface: (a) V1, (b) V2, (c) V3, and (d) V5.

3.2. XRD

In Figure 2 diffraction patterns of the glasses are presented. All samples have shown an amorphous structure evidenced by a broad band localized in the range of from 20° to 40°, indicating the presence of structural ordering or several small crystallizations [16]. It is interesting to notice that the band has a well-defined maximum at [17]. This particular characteristic of the band can be related to an intermediate range order of the glass structure.

Figure 2: Diffraction patterns of all fabricated glasses. It can be seen that all the samples are amorphous.

3.3. FT-IR

The infrared spectra of the glasses in the range of 1100 to 370 cm⁻¹ are displayed in Figure 3. The spectra of all glasses are similar to that of crystalline α-TeO₂ [18], which conformed with TeO₄ groups in trigonal bipyramid (tbp) units. As modifier ions concentration increases in the glass matrix, TeO₃₊₁ groups and TeO₃ trigonal pyramids (tp) are progressively formed, causing a substantial change in the glass structure. That is, the incorporation of modifier ions (Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Eu³⁺) generates nonbonding oxygen (NBO) breaking the continuity of the glass matrix [19, 20].

Figure 3: Infrared spectra of the obtained glasses, a broad absorption band at 676 cm⁻¹ can be identified and it corresponds to the asymmetric stretching vibrations of Te-O bonds in TeO₃ groups.

In tellurite glasses, the absorption bands in the range of 700 to 600 cm⁻¹ are related to the stretching vibration of Te-O bonds in TeO₄ and TeO₃ groups. For TeO₄ groups, absorption occurs about 650–600 cm⁻¹ and for TeO₃ groups around 700–650 cm⁻¹ [7, 21, 22]. In the glasses under study, a broad absorption band appears in the range of 870–520 cm⁻¹ with a minimum at 676 cm⁻¹ and it was assigned to asymmetric stretching vibrations of Te-O bonds of TeO₃ tp units. Moreover, a less intense absorption band appears in the range of 500 to 400 cm⁻¹, which shifts to lower frequencies of 452 to 435 cm⁻¹ that can be attributed to stretching vibrations of Cd-O bonds [23]. At low wavenumber values, there are small absorption peaks for V3, V4, and V5 located at 420–410 cm⁻¹ corresponding to ZnO₄ units [24]. It seems that the increment in Eu³⁺ ions content possibly promotes the formation of the ZnO₄ units in the glass matrix.

3.4. Raman

In general, Raman spectra of all glasses present a similar behavior among them, as it can be seen in Figure 4. The absorption bands at 114, 345, 663, and 751 cm⁻¹ are typical of TeO₂-based glasses such as TeO₂-La₂O₃-TiO₂ [25], TeO₂-ZnO-Na₂CO₃-Er₂O₃ [26], WO₃-TeO₂ [27]; PbO-WO₃-TeO₂ [28], TeO₂-TiO₂-Nd₂O₃-WO₃ [29], TeO₂-ZnO-Na₂O [30], Ag₂OTeO₂ [31], and ZnO-CdO-TeO₂ [32]. The first two bands at low Raman frequencies, 114 and 345 cm⁻¹, are assigned to the Boson peak [20, 26] and oscillations of Te-O bonds in TeO₄ tetrahedra characteristic of α-TeO₂ [33–37], respectively.

Figure 4: Raman spectra of the ZnO-CdO-TeO₂ with different Eu³⁺ ions content. The introduction of ZnO and CdO in the glass matrix induced the formation of TeO₃₊₁ and TeO₃ groups.

Furthermore, the bands located at 663 and 751 cm⁻¹ are related to stretching vibrations of in TeO₄ and TeO₃/TeO₃₊₁ groups, respectively [7, 8, 22]. Particularly, the absorption band at 663 cm⁻¹ corresponds to vibrations in tbp of TeO₄ groups that constitute the continuous network [32]. Jha et al. [30] reported that this band is related to a strong crystallization band of α-TeO₂ localized around 670 cm⁻¹. The band at 751 cm⁻¹ is generated by [TeO₃₊₁]⁴⁻ and [TeO₃]²⁻ units [38]. These structural changes in the glass matrix are induced by the introduction of ZnO and CdO that produce the breakdown of Te-O-Te bonds [32, 35]. These results are in agreement with FT-IR analysis where TeO₄ and TeO₃/TeO₃₊₁ groups were also identified. It can be appreciated that trigonal pyramids are the predominant structure in this glass matrix and this is caused by a rather high NBO concentration. However, the shape of the peak, which is clearly intense and defined, can indicate a tendency to form an ordered network of intermediate range order. Furthermore, there is an absorption band at 1556 cm⁻¹ that increases its intensity as the Eu³⁺ ions concentration rises, and it corresponds to the Q rotational-vibrational band of O₂ in air [39]. Interstitial molecular oxygen generation was detected and quantified by Raman spectroscopy for SiO₂ glasses [40]. It was found that O₂ molecules have an effect on the defect processes of silica. In addition, generation of molecular oxygen confined in voids inside bulk GeO₂ glass after laser irradiation has also been identified by Raman spectroscopy [41]. In the tellurite glasses, the molecular oxygen is most likely produced during glass fabrication. The change in oxidation state of Te from TeO₄ to TeO₃ produces structural voids around it, incrementing the interstitial space in the glass matrix [14]. We consider that, in our glasses, the TeO₄ or TeO₃ units sharing two O atoms form a OTe(OO)TeO bridge [40, 42]. Then, the breakdown of this bridge can be the origin of the O₂ molecules trapped in the structural voids in the glass.

3.5. Luminescence

Excitation spectra of the ZnO-CdO-TeO₂:Eu³⁺ glasses monitored at 613 nm are shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that there are several bands originated from intra-4f forbidden transitions of Eu³⁺, which are (361 nm), (393 nm), , (415 nm), (464 nm), and (531 nm). The strongest excitation peaks are at 393 and 415 nm for glasses V2, V3, and V5; for V1 and V4 the most intense excitation is found at 415 nm.

Figure 5: Excitation spectra of the glasses monitored at 613 nm.

The emission spectra of ZnO-CdO-TeO₂ glasses with different concentration of Eu³⁺ ions obtained at  nm are shown in Figure 6. The spectrum consists of emission bands related to europium transitions from its , , and levels to its manifolds: (468 nm), (490 nm), (511 nm), (536 nm), (554 nm), (579.5 nm), (592 nm), (613 nm), (652 nm), and (490 nm). In general, the emission spectra are very similar among all Eu³⁺ ions content in glasses, only the emission band is slightly weak for V4 glass than those of the other glasses. The ()/() emission intensity ratio is connected to the local site symmetry around Eu³⁺ ions. The highest emission compared to the emission is linked to the Eu³⁺ ions in noninversion symmetry sites. For all glasses presented here, this ratio is relatively small (0.28) and does not vary with the increment in Eu³⁺ ions content. Then, Eu³⁺ ions are mainly occupying noninversion symmetry sites.

Figure 6: Emission spectra of ZnO-CdO-TeO₂:Eu³⁺ glasses monitored at 392 nm.

Decay time curves of some glasses recorded at 615 nm emission after a 392 nm excitation are shown in Figure 7. It can be seen that the decay time was very fast and it is very similar for all samples. Only the V5 glass has a slightly shorter decay time, which is the glass with the highest content of Eu³⁺ ions. The logarithmic intensity variation with time curves (Figure 7 inset) exhibits that there is no significant variation of the decay time related to the different Eu³⁺ ions concentration in the glasses. The estimated decay time, , was 0.4 ms for all the glasses. This value is comparable in magnitude with decay times reported for other tellurite glasses in the range of 0.25 to 0.9 ms [18, 25, 43, 44]. In Eu³⁺ doped zinc-tellurite glasses, a higher probability of radiation transition occurs, for all emission levels of Eu³⁺ ions. Then, the lifetime is shorter and this is a consequence of the high refractive index of the glass [18].

Figure 7: Luminescence decay from the ⁵D₀ level of Eu³⁺ in ZnO-CdO-TeO₂:Eu glasses by monitoring the transition at ~615 nm. Inset shows the variation of logarithmic intensity with time fitted to a linear function for some samples.

4. Conclusions

For all europium ions content, yellow and visible transparent homogeneous glasses were obtained. Aluminum impurities in the glasses were detected by SEM/EDS analysis, determining that the high alumina crucible reacted with the melt during fusion. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies analysis showed that TeO₃₊₁/TeO₃ groups are the predominant structural units in the glass matrix. This is explained in terms of the high concentration of ZnO and CdO, which introduce nonbonding oxygen breaking down the TeO₄ network. In Raman spectra, we see an unusual band that is characteristic of molecular oxygen, which probably forms during fabrication. In this respect, we suggest that TeO₄ or TeO₃ units form OTe(OO)TeO bridges sharing two oxygen atoms. This can be interpreted in terms of the fact that Eu³⁺ ions are probably promoting the oxygen bridge breakdown and then the formation of O₂ molecules. Therefore, the produced molecular oxygen occupies the interstitial space in the glass matrix. Photoluminescence and lifetime analysis revealed that the variation in Eu³⁺ concentration does not influence significantly these properties. However, it does play an important role in the structural change and formation of interstitial O₂ molecules.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by SESIC México, PROMEP Grant FOFM-2008, and Conacyt Project 226208-2014.

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