Rancidity Estimation of Perilla Seed Oil by Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis Techniques

Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea Department of Bio-Industrial Machinery Engineering, Pusan National University, 1268-50 Samnangjin-ro, Cheonghak-ri, Samnangjin-eup, Miryang-si 50463, Republic of Korea Rural Human Resource Development Center, Rural Development Administration, 420 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea


Introduction
Recently, westernization and gentrification of food has increased the variety of processed food, and the expanding consumption pattern aimed at pursuing wellbeing and health is increasing the interest and demand in healthy highfunctioning vegetable oils.Also, with the advent of problems, such as obesity and adult diseases, caused by trans fats and cholesterol from vegetable oils like soybean oil and corn oil, which were previously extensively used, the demand for high-quality vegetable oils, such as olive oil and grape seed oil, is increasing; recently, the interest in premium vegetable oils, for example, canola oil, green tea oil, and brown rice oil, has rapidly increased.Oils are known to be not only a high-energy source, as one of the three major nutrient groups of carbohydrates, proteins, and oils, but also an important and useful component of the human body; it is present in cell membranes as a fat-soluble carrier and also protects hypodermic tissues and organs [1].In particular, perilla seed oil, a traditional Korean vegetable oil, contains 60% linolenic acid, one of the essential fatty acids, which is known to be useful in brain and nervous tissue development and in adult disease prevention.Generally, perilla (Perilla frutescens Britton var.japonica Hara) is an annual plant belonging to the family Labiatae.Its native habitat is Southeast Asia and it is commonly found in Korea, China, India, and Japan.
Records indicate that it was raised approximately 1300 years ago in Korea along with sesame, and it grows easily in every area of a mountain or roadside swamp to be raised on a national scale [2][3][4].
Note that the smell, fragrance, and taste of vegetable oils used in most homes, restaurants, and the food processing industry tends to change because of the various chemical and microbial factors during storage and processing.This decreases its nutritive value, which in turn deteriorates quality as well as that of the processed foods, and sometimes, toxic agents that are harmful to humans are also generated.This oil deterioration is called rancidity [5,6].Oil deterioration is known to occur by various causes, including autooxidation if the oil component absorbs oxygen.Autooxidation of vegetable oil increases its weight and causes the formation of aldehydes and ketones.Vegetable oil oxidation caused by heating at high temperatures increases the content of free fatty acids, lowers the smoke point, and leads to bubbling; acrolein, which is harmful to humans, may also form.In particular, vegetable oils containing a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids and, if heated for a long time and repetitively, may generate the toxic chemical compound 4hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal, which can cause cardiovascular disorders [7][8][9][10].
As an existing method to measure oil rancidity, physicochemical titration is widely used to measure the acid value, peroxide value, and so forth.However, physicochemical titration analysis may generate errors resulting from the experimenter's skills and is expensive and time-consuming and hence is not suitable for repetitive experiments.Therefore, the development of a technique to nondestructively analyze vegetable oil rancidity in real time is attracting much interest.Recently, a study has been conducted into spectroscopy to nondestructively analyze and predict variation in the components and quality of agricultural products or food.Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can obtain a signal of relatively high energy, relative to far-infrared radiation and microwaves, and can detect a particular spectrum of an intrinsic component of a test object during wavelength bandwidth measurement.Its relatively simple device composition of sensor and light source makes it easy to implement; therefore, NIR spectroscopy is being widely used in researches into the nondestructive quality analysis of agricultural products and food [11,12].
Generally, near-infrared rays have a high energy level relative to mid-and far-infrared rays, and hence, they have low optical absorbance on test samples and excellent penetrability; this means that the technique is little influenced by test sample thickness and there is no need for the preprocessing of the test sample.Also, the components of near-infrared ray light splitters, such as fiber-optic cables, monochromators, and detectors, are reported to be easy to set up and operate relative to mid-infrared ray light splitters and have excellent measurement repeatability.In particular, fiberoptic communications have been developed based on nearinfrared rays; consequently, their use makes it possible to measure and analyze spectra remotely in real time and allows the development of telemetering device.Therefore, nearinfrared rays can be used for the composition of real-time analysis devices for material process control and quality analysis.In spite of the many merits of NIR spectroscopy, the measurement environment and instruments may cause noise in the NIR spectra, which may lead to the degradation of spectrum analysis.Therefore, it is very important to perform appropriate preprocessing methods to remove these noise components and to develop a suitable optimal model to analyze and predict sample components by using spectra data.Until now, NIR spectroscopy research on agricultural products has been applied to the internal quality analysis of fruits and vegetables by using multivariate analysis methods, such as PLSR (partial least square regression), PCR (principal component regression), and MLR (multiple linear regression) [13][14][15][16][17][18].In addition, during the 2000s, artificial neural network (ANN) techniques have been steadily applied to the internal quality analysis of food and agricultural products with visible/NIR spectrum analysis, and various kinds of research have been conducted on production date range distinction of milk products and component analysis and quality prediction for fruit juice, wine, and so forth [19][20][21][22].
This study employed NIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis techniques to nondestructively discern the rancidity of perilla seed oil, in conjunction with the storage conditions, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the analysis methods.For this purpose, perilla seed oil was stored in specific environments for a certain period of time, and the acid value, peroxide value, and transmittance spectra of the same perilla seed oil were measured by physicochemical titration analysis and NIR spectroscopy.We used PCR, PLSR, and ANN analysis methods to quantitatively predict the rancidity extent of perilla seed oil from the collected data, and then we evaluated the performance of each model in conformity with the applied preprocessing methods.

Material and Methods
2.1.Sample Materials.Perilla (Perilla frutescens Britton var.japonica Hara) seeds harvested in October 2016 were acquired twice from a local producer (Miryang, South Korea) with a one-week interval to prepare two a little different sample groups, and they were cleaned with water and air-dried to remove moisture.After drying, the perilla seeds were roasted for 60 min at 200 °C, and the heated perilla seeds were squeezed for 15 min with a pressure of 600 kgf/cm 2 by using an oil press to extract the perilla seed oil.The extracted perilla seed oil was kept in an air-tight opaque container under refrigeration at 5 °C before the experiments.For our test, perilla seed oil samples were separated into two groups and stored in two different environments to artificially accelerate rancidity.The first group was stored at a controlled temperature of 60 °C with a relative humidity of 40% for 4 d (96 h), and the second sample group was stored for 6 d (144 h) at a higher temperature of 80 °C with a lower relative humidity of 10%.

Determination of Acid
Value.The acid value (AV) of the samples was determined by the method of the American Oil Chemists' Society (1977) with some modifications [23].One gram of each sample was dissolved in 20 mL of ether : ethanol 2 Journal of Spectroscopy (2 : 1, v/v) solution, and then, 1% (v/v) phenolphthalein solution was added as an indicator.The mixture was agitated and titrated with 0.1 N KOH solution until the appearance of a pink color.Titration analysis was also performed for a blank sample under the same conditions.The AV was expressed as milligrams of KOH per gram of oil (mg/g) and determined according to the following equation.
where AV is the acid value, A denotes the volume of KOH (mL), 5.611 is the constant value equivalence of mass of 0.1 N KOH, W is the weight of sample, and F is the normality of the standard KOH solution.

Determination of Peroxide
Value.The peroxide value (PV) is a measure of the peroxides contained in the oil during storage.The PV of the oil was measured by iodine released from potassium iodide (KI) according to the method of the Association of Analytical Communities (1995) with slight modifications [24].One gram of each sample was mixed with 25 mL of chloroform : acetic acid (2 : 3, v/v) solution and 1 mL of saturated KI solution with stirring and kept in a dark place for 5 min.Subsequently, the solution was mixed with 30 mL of distilled water and 1% (w/v) starch solution as an indicator.The mixture was titrated with 0.01 N Na 2 S 2 O 3 until the color of the reactant completely disappeared.The same preparation without an oil sample served as a blank experiment.The PV was represented as milliequivalents of oxygen per kilogram of oil (meq/kg) and was calculated by the following equation.
where PV is the peroxide value, A and B denote the volume of Na 2 S 2 O 3 (mL) in the sample and blank, respectively, W is the weight of sample, and F is the normality of the standard Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution.
2.4.Measurement of NIR Transmittance Spectra.As illustrated in Figure 1, the transmittance spectra of perilla seed oil samples were measured by using a NIR spectrometer (CDI-NIR128, Control Development Inc., USA), with a wavelength range from 900 to 1700 nm, and a tungstenhalogen lamp (LS-1, Ocean optics, USA) was used as the light source.Perilla seed oil samples were separated into two groups and stored in two different environments.The first sample group was stored at a controlled temperature of 60 °C with a relative humidity of 40% for 4 d (96 h) to accelerate rancidity.Samples were taken at time zero, and then 10 g of 12 oil samples were collected every 24 h in order to obtain transmittance spectra after different periods.Therefore, we acquired 60 spectra for the first perilla seed oil sample group in 4 d (96 h).The environmental conditions for the second sample group were similar but employed higher temperature and lower relative humidity, that is, the temperature and relative humidity of the storage chamber were controlled as 80 °C, 10% for 6 d (144 h), respectively.Samples were again taken at time zero, and then in this case, 10 g of nine perilla seed oil samples were collected every 24 h to obtain transmittance spectra after different periods.Therefore, we acquired 63 spectra for the second perilla seed oil sample group in 6 d (144 h).At the end, we had prepared 123 spectra for the two different groups of perilla seed oil samples.All spectra were prepared with ten replicates at each measuring point with 50 ms of measuring exposure time.
The transmittance of measured spectra was calibrated by using both white-referenced and dark-referenced spectra as shown in (3).The white-referenced spectrum was measured from the transmittance through the blank cuvette used in the test, and the dark-referenced spectrum measured with the fiber optic cable was completely blocked.
where S i is the raw transmittance of the samples and D and R represent the raw transmittance of the dark and white referenced spectra, respectively.

Model Development by Using Multivariate Analysis.
Light scattering, optical path changes, and noise can be induced in the obtained transmittance spectra from the measuring environment and instruments; therefore, preprocessing methods should be applied to the measured spectra in order to remove noise components and correct the spectra.In this study, we employed scatter correction techniques, such as MSC (multiplicative scatter correction) and SNV (standard normal variate), and normalization techniques, including maximum normalization, mean normalization, and range normalization, as preprocessing methods.We used the PCR and PLSR methods that are defined as (4) to predict the acid value and peroxide value, which can be used to estimate the extent of oil rancidity, according to storage conditions and periods.The performances of the developed models are compared and analyzed according to the applied preprocessing methods.Among the obtained 123 spectra, calibration and validation modeling operations used 82 and 41 spectra, respectively.Algorithms for preprocessing and regression modeling were developed by using commercial software (Matlab ver.R2016, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).
where X is the n by m matrix of predictors, Y is the n by p matrix of responses, T is the n by 1 matrix of the score matrix, E and F are error terms, and P and Q are the m by 1 and p by 1 loading matrices, respectively.In the development process of both PCR and PLSR models, the selection of the number of PCs (principal components) should be significantly considered.If the number of PCs is too small, the regression model becomes inaccurate because the complete measurement information cannot be sufficiently reflected in the developing model.By contrast, overfitting of the regression model, which may reduce its performance, can be induced if a large number of PCs are selected.The performance of the PCR and PLSR models that were developed to estimate the extent of rancidity was assessed with the RMSE (root-mean-square error), as defined in (5).The regression model with a small RMSE and large coefficient of determination was selected as the appropriate model.
where RMSE represents the sample standard deviation of the differences between predicted values and observed values.We also developed ANN-based regression models that can predict the acid and peroxide values by using NIR transmittance spectra obtained from perilla seed oil samples.As shown in Figure 2, the models fundamentally consisted of three parts, namely, input, hidden, and output layers, and both supervised-learning method and Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation algorithms were used in this study.The operating system, CPU, and RAM capacity that were used for the development of the ANN-based regression models were OS X El Capitan, 2.6 GHz Intel Core i5, and 8 GB, respectively.The algorithms needed for the ANN process were created by using commercial software (Matlab ver.R2016, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).For the development of the ANN-based models, the NIR transmittance spectra of perilla seed oil samples were set to input (dependent variable) and both acid and peroxide values were set to output (independent variable).We designed four kinds of hidden layers by selecting different node numbers as 50, 70, 90, and 110.In addition, a sigmoid function was used as the activation function, and the iteration was limited to a maximum of 1000 to prevent overflow during calculations.Among 123 spectra (100%), the ANN operations of training, validation, and testing used 73 (60%), 25 (20%), and 25 spectra (20%), respectively.

Results and Discussion
3.1.Titration Analysis of Perilla Seed Oil.Oil oxidation, the main cause of rancidity, is the process by which the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids in the oil combine with oxygen in the air to form oxidation products, with accompanying off-flavors and smells.The AVs and PVs measured in this study are widely used as key indicators of the extent to which rancidity reactions have occurred during the initial and intermediate stages of oil oxidation.They could be used as an indication of the quality and stability of oils.Generally, the more the oil rancidity has progressed, the more these values have increased [25,26].The extent of rancidity of the perilla seed oil according to the storage environment and period was measured as the AV and PV, and the results are summarized in Figure 3 and Table 1.The oils were stored at two different conditions of temperature and relative humidity (condition 1: 60 °C with 40% RH and condition 2: 80 °C with 10% RH).There were significant rises in the AVs and PVs under all conditions during the storage period.The AVs of oil samples stored for 4 d (96 h) under conditions 1 and 2 were 4.19 ± 0.23 mg/g and 3.78 ± 0.13 mg/g, respectively, and the PVs were 4.22 ± 0.45 meq/kg and 10.33 ± 0.5 meq/kg, respectively.
From the incremental results of AVs and PVs that were obtained during the initial and intermediate processes of oil oxidation under the two storage conditions, it can be observed that the AV of the oil sample stored under condition 1 (60 °C, 40% RH) was higher than that of the oil sample stored under condition 2 (80 °C, 10% RH).That is, the AV of the oil sample stored at the lower relative humidity of 10% was generally stabilized during the six days at under 3.82 mg/g, whereas the observed AV at the higher relative humidity of 40% increased continuously during the four days until it reached 4.19 mg/g.In contrast to the AV, the PV of the oil sample stored under condition 2 (80 °C, 10% RH) increased rapidly above the PV of the oil sample stored under condition 1 (60 °C, 40% RH).That is, the PV was generally stabilized during the four days at less than 4.2 meq/kg at a 60 °C, whereas the observed PV of the oil sample stored at the higher temperature of 80 °C increased rapidly until it reached 10.3 meq/kg on the same fourth day.Moreover, the PV of the oil sample stored at the higher temperature of 80 °C condition was measured as 14 meq/kg on the sixth day.Based on a previous study, which reported that rancid tastes and odors are clearly noticeable when the PV exceeds 20 meq/kg [27], we assume that the perilla seed oil sample can be significantly degraded within six days by hightemperature conditions 80 °C, as suggested in this study.
These results indicate that the free fatty acids that were produced by the oil oxidation process can be more easily affected by relative humidity than temperature, whereas the peroxides that were formed by iodine released from potassium iodide by an oil oxidation process were more significantly affected by temperature than relative humidity during the initial and intermediate processes of the oil oxidation under the storage environments in this study.Similarly to our study results, previous studies showed that the oxidation process of oil stored at around 60 °C was significantly affected by both the moisture content of the

3.2.
Transmittance Spectra of Perilla Seed Oil. Figure 4 shows the measured transmittance spectra of the oil samples over the storage period.As the storage period increases, the spectral absorption in the near-infrared band gradually increases on the whole, and large absorption peak can be observed at around wavelengths of 1200 and 1400 nm.Generally, fatty acids in vegetable oils like perilla seed oil contain about 60% α-linolenic acid, which is a highly unsaturated fatty acid known as omega 3 and which is prone to induce rancidity due to the storage environment (temperature and moisture).
It is known that hydroperoxide and carbonyl compounds,   6 Journal of Spectroscopy which are not found in fresh vegetable oil (perilla seed oil), can be formed and cause an increase in the -ROOH, −OH, =O, and -CHO groups.Table 2 shows the commonly known wavelength locations of function groups and corresponding vibration modes which can be activated in the near-infrared region, and this information demonstrates the results of large spectral absorption at around the wavelength of 1200 and 1400 nm when the rancidity of vegetable oil induces the increasing acid value and peroxide value as shown in Figure 4.

Results of Principal Component Regression.
The performances of PCR models for determining the AVs and PVs of the oil samples are summarized in Table 3 by showing    5 shows the prediction results of the two most highly correlated PCR models for acid and peroxide values.

Results of Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR).
Table 4 shows the performance of PLSR models for determining the acid and peroxide values of the oil samples according to preprocessing methods.The performance of each PLSR model was compared and evaluated by using the coefficient of determination and the RMSE value.On the basis of the validation results for the developed models, prediction model of AV with the range normalization preprocessing method shows the best performance (R  7 shows the prediction results of most highly correlated ANN models for acid and peroxide values; the number of hidden nodes was set to 90.

Conclusions
In this study, we developed prediction models and estimated the acid and peroxide values of perilla seed oil to nondestructively estimate the rancidity in conjunction with the storage conditions by using NIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis methods.These methods have some merits in reducing time-consuming repetitive experiments and supporting reliable results by minimizing the errors that may originated from the operator's skills.It is generally known that the NIR spectroscopy technique we used in the study can precisely and quantitatively estimate the optical response of functional groups for a target molecular structure through multivariate analysis methods.We employed several multivariate analysis methods, such as PCR, PLSR, and ANN, The NIR spectroscopy technique used in this study has been commonly used in both qualitative and quantitative analyses of target samples by considering the vibrational energies of molecules, and the low optical absorbance characteristics of near-infrared rays facilitate deeper penetration than those of mid-infrared rays.In spite of its merits, NIR spectroscopy has limited ability to resolve noise, which is induced from measurement environments and the overlap tendencies of NIR spectra.A great deal of research is being performed in order to employ possible preprocessing methods and develop proper multivariate analysis models.We expect that our application of the PCR, PLSR, and ANN multivariate analysis methods for the nondestructive evaluation of the rancidity of perilla seed oil by using NIR spectroscopy techniques has great potential for use in the component analysis of agricultural products and foods, as well as many other scientific areas, such as life sciences and biomaterial researches.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the NIR spectra measuring instrument.

Figure 2 :Figure 3 :
Figure 2: Schematic structure of the ANN model.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Transmittance spectra of perilla seed oil samples according to storage time.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Prediction results of PCR models for acid and peroxide values from the highest R 2 values.(a) Acid value with MSC preprocessed.(b) Acid value with mean normalization.(c) Peroxide value with mean normalization.(d) Peroxide value with raw data.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Prediction results of PLSR models for acid and peroxide values from the highest R 2 values.(a) Acid value with range normalization (n = 3).(b) Acid value with MSC preprocessed.(c) Peroxide value with raw data.(d) Peroxide value with maximum normalization.

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Graphs of the best results for the prediction of acid and peroxide values (90 nodes).(a) Acid value.(b) Peroxide value.

Table 1 :
Statistics of acid values and peroxide values of perilla seed oil according to storage time.
y obs and y pre are the observed and predicted values, respectively.m is the number of data.

Table 2 :
Locations of function groups and corresponding vibration modes in the near-infrared region.

Table 3 :
Results of PCR calibration and validation for acid and peroxide values of perilla seed oil according to preprocessing methods.

Table 4 :
Results of PLSR calibration and validation for acid and peroxide values of perilla seed oil according to preprocessing methods.
number of principle components was decided as five and each spectrum has 804 wavelengths.The loading matrices P and Q, score matrix T, and beta matrix are summarized in Tables S4, S5, S6, and S7, respectively.Figure6shows the prediction result of two most highly correlated PLSR models for acid and peroxide values.

Table 5 :
Performance of ANN models for acid value predictions.

Table 6 :
Performance of ANN models for peroxide value predictions.