Dynamics of Proteins by Thermal Decay of Free Radicals Induced by Ultraviolet Irradiation

+e relationship between structure, dynamics, and function of biomolecules is a fundamental interest of biophysics. Protein dynamics drastically vary in temporal and spatial scales. +e function of a particular protein determines the significance of a distinct type of dynamics. Here, we investigate the influence of hydration water on the dynamics of a protein called silk fibroin. Particular interest is to investigate the protein dynamics using thermal decay of the free radicals induced by ultraviolet irradiation. +e full decay of the free radicals occurs at very wide temperature region (120 K–340K). +ree distinct regions with transition points of ∼135K, 205K, and 279K are apparent in the thermal decay curves of hydrated fibroin samples. +e first transition (∼135K) that leads 2–6% increase of total spins was observed only in the decay curves of fibroin submerged in 40% and 50% glycerol. +e second transition (∼205K) was invariant for all samples, hydrated and dry fibroins. +e third transition of 279K common for all hydrated fibroin samples was shifted about 84 K to a higher temperature of 363K in dry fibroin. +e thermal transitions at 205K and 279K are weakly and strongly, respectively, coupled to water molecules. Nature of the free radicals participated in these transitions was identified. +e significance of the findings for protein dynamics is discussed.


Introduction
Protein structure and dynamics are essential to understand their functions.e dynamics of proteins cover extremely wide spatial and temporal scales and largely determined by the rugged energy landscape and fluctuations [1,2].e basic concept of the protein energy landscape was formulated by studies of the temperature dependence of protein structure and dynamics [3].e physical state of a protein, as well as a type of the studied dynamics, determines the relevant temperature interval.e temperature dependence of protein dynamics has been studied by fundamental methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction, neutron scattering, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and fluorescence.Each method has their own timescale to measure protein dynamics.
e stability of the free radicals induced by the external physical factors, such as ultraviolet (UV) and c-irradiations, in proteins is very temperature dependent.However, much less attention is paid to study the protein dynamics using the free radicals of proteins as a "reporter group."As in other dynamic modes, the dynamics of the free radicals and, therefore, their reactivity should also depend on protein structure and hydration states.
Free radical formation has been observed in many biological processes, for example, oxidative stress, and may damage the cell components [4].e propagation of free radicals in cell components and their reactions with antioxidants have the utmost importance for a living system.Proteins as one of the essential components in intracellular as well as in extracellular environment perform various functions that are fundamental to support the living system.Free radicals in proteins may be generated by direct and indirect mechanisms.Regardless of details of free radical formation mechanism, various free radical reactions determine response and fate of the cell.e objective of the paper is to study the influence of structure and hydration of the proteins on decay (recombination and disproportionation) properties of the free radicals induced by UV irradiation of the protein.Silk fibroin is taken as paradigm protein for a family of fibrous proteins.
Silk fibroin is an excellent biomaterial that has been widely applied to different fields [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Fibroin also shows excellent biocompatibility properties [12].Compared with many other biomolecules, fibroin with highly organized beta-sheet structure shows slow degradation in in vitro as well as in vivo conditions [13].Silk fibroin consists of two chains, light and heavy chains with molecular weights of 25 and 325 kDa, respectively [14].A heavy chain is a major structural component of fibroin and largely composed of repeats of (Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ser) n , which are responsible for beta-sheet formation.About 80-85% of fibroin is constituted from Gly, Ala, and Ser.Silk fibroin is considered as semicrystalline material, which consists of crystalline and amorphous parts [15].is peculiar structural organization determines many properties of fibroins.
ere are a number of published works dedicated to the study of UV irradiation on silk fibroin [16][17][18][19][20].In all cases, similar EPR spectra of free radicals have been observed in the absence of oxygen.Good agreement exists on the formation of the initial free radicals by UV irradiation of silk fibroin.Yet, the nature of free radicals produced in subsequent reactions is ambiguous.Time dependence of decay reactions of the free radicals produced by UV irradiation of silk fibroin has been studied at various temperatures [17].However, general temperature decay, the transition points of the reaction, and the nature of free radicals within decay kinetics were not considered.In this work, we aim to fill this gap.
By studying temperature-dependent decay of the free radicals induced by ultraviolet irradiation, we determined several transition temperatures.Investigation of the dry and hydrated forms of fibroin reveals the dynamics modes, which are differently coupled to water molecules.e origin of free radicals and their dynamics are discussed.

Sample Preparation.
Fibroin fibers were obtained by degumming of the silk cocoons of Bombyx mori using a widely accepted method [21].Briefly, silk cocoons were cut into small pieces and then boiled for 30 min in 0.02 M Na 2 CO 3 .Degummed silk fibers were washed thoroughly with deionized water and then dried.In hydration experiments, fibroin fibers were incubated in pure water and various water/glycerol mixtures (40% and 50% v/v) for at least 24 hours.e investigated samples were kept submerged in the abovementioned solutions.

UV Irradiation.
All samples were irradiated at 77 K with focusing light of ultra-high-pressure mercury lamp (500 watts) during 1 hour.e dry sample was flushed with argon for several minutes and kept in the noble gas environment.Dissolved gas in water/glycerol mixtures was removed by a freeze-thaw method.To eliminate uncertainty from UV dose dependence, all samples were irradiated to have a formation of the maximum free radicals (spin per gram).One hour of UV irradiation of fibroin fiber yields 95-100% of the maximum of free radicals.Before performing a free radical recombination experiment, each sample was examined to confirm that the samples have about the same EPR intensity.It makes sure that each sample had the same UV radiation dose.On the other hand, previously it has been shown that the decay rate of free radical recombination depends linearly on the initial concentration [22].erefore, the free radical recombination reactions normalized to the initial concentrations will yield the same reaction parameters.

EPR Spectroscopy.
EPR spectra were recorded using Bruker ELEXSYS E580 spectrometer at X-band frequency with variable temperature accessory.Samples irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) at 77 K were kept 15 minutes at various temperatures and, then, immediately plunged to liquid nitrogen to stop heat-induced decay of the free radicals.e experiments were repeated three to five times.All spectra were recorded at 77 K that eliminates the requirement for a correction procedure that accounts for the temperature variation in calculations of free radical concentrations.Double integration of EPR spectra was performed for total spin quantitation in thermal reactions.EPR measurements were conducted using an incident microwave power of 0.47 mW and modulation amplitude of 2 G. Scan width was 200G.e hyperfine splitting constants and g-factors of the free radicals were determined using the software provided with the instrument.Double integrations of EPR spectra were performed using OriginLab software (OriginLab Corp., Northampton, MA).To minimize the error produced by a baseline selection of the spectrum, double integration was performed in two steps.After performing a single integration of the first derivative spectrum, the new baseline was created to yield a correct absorption band.Second integration was performed using the corrected baseline.

EPR Spectra of the Free Radicals Induced by UV Irradiation of Silk Fibroin.
e temperature dependence of EPR spectra of the free radicals induced by UV irradiation of silk fibroin in both dry and hydrated forms is shown in Figure 1.EPR spectra display comparable spectral characteristics, doublet spectrum with g � 2.004, and similar (details are given below) hyperfine splitting constant of ∼16 G.It is evident that hydration does not change the nature of the produced free radicals.
e formation of free radicals in proteins occurs via ionization of aromatic residues, mostly Trp and Tyr [23].In case of fibroin, mostly Tyr residues will be ionized.Excitation of silk fibroin at 275 nm produces fluorescence emission with a maximum at 305 nm, which is specific for Tyr residues [19].Because of low abundance of Trp residues in silk fibroin, the fluorescence emission from Trp is not visible at this excitation wavelength.e fluorescence emission of fibroin excited at 280 nm depends on the secondary structure of the protein [24].However, the 2 Journal of Spectroscopy uorescence emission of broin is only related to Tyr or Trp.erefore, UV irradiation of silk broin leads to the formation of excited states of Tyr and/or Trp. e excited state of the aromatic residues may undergo the radiative relaxation ( uorescence emission) or nonradiative relaxations, one of which is ionization.Ionization of Trp may occur from the nonrelaxed pre uorescent S * and relaxed uorescent S 1 states [25].In solution, ejected electrons from the aromatic residues yield solvated electrons, e − aq .e cation radicals of the aromatic residues quickly deprotonate and produce the corresponding neutral radicals [23]: e nal products of photoionization of Tyr residues are similar to those of Trp, neutral Tyr − O • radicals, and solvated electrons, e − aq .Various reactions can occur with initially generated free radicals of aromatic residues.However, the most relevant for silk broin is free radicals localized in the polypeptide chain.e carbon atoms of the carbonyl groups of the polypeptide chain can capture the solvated electrons to yield ketyl radicals, also known as carbon radicals [23].
e carbon radicals can propagate along the polypeptide chain and participate in disproportionation and recombination reactions.In dry proteins, electrons ejected from the aromatic residues can directly be captured by the carbon atoms of carbonyl groups, bypassing the solvated state of electrons.
erefore, the nature of free radicals induced by UV irradiation and their respective EPR spectra expected to be very similar in the dry and hydrated forms of broin (Figure 1).EPR spectra of the free radicals of broin in dry and hydrated forms are dominated by doublet lines that arise from the interaction of electron spin of the carbon atom with the nearest proton.Compared to the hydrated broins, one distinct feature is evident for the EPR spectra of dry broin.In dry forms, the resolutions of doublet lines are poor compared to those of hydrated forms.e small di erence in hyper ne splitting constant is evident in EPR spectra of dry and hydrated samples (Figure 2).e hyper ne splitting constant for doublet EPR spectrum of dry broin (16.2 G) increased about 1 G for hydrated broin samples.
e hyper ne splitting is the same for broin immersed in water and 50% glycerol solutions.Data indicate that the free radicals responsible for the doublet spectra are solvated.
e singlet EPR spectrum is emerging at a higher temperature in the dry form of broin (Figure 1(a)) that is not apparent in hydrated forms (Figure 1(b)).In hydrated forms, the backbone dynamics is higher and free radical decay of the α-carbon radicals is more complete at relatively lower temperature.e appearance of singlet EPR line at 440 K may indicate the beginning of carbonization process.
e temperature-dependent decay of free radicals in the various forms of broin should reveal the peculiarities of the emerging dynamics in the protein.
It should be noted that electron-beam irradiation of silk broin produces the similar doublet EPR spectrum [26,27].Evidently, both electrons from the beam and electrons ejected from the aromatic residues are captured by the same group, the carbon atom of the carbonyl group.However, thermal decays of these radicals were not investigated.

ermal Decay of the Free Radicals Induced by UV Irradiation of Silk Fibroin.
e thermal decay curves of the free radicals of silk broin in various hydrated and dry states are shown in Figure 3(a).
Fibroin samples immersed in 40% and 50% glycerol solutions show increased total number of spins in the temperature interval of 114 K-151 K.In these samples, the solution around broin produces transparent glass upon freezing at 77 K. Formation of free radicals at increased temperatures (114 K-151 K) can be explained by "cage effect."Upon UV irradiation of broin, some of the generated pairs of free radicals (free radicals always created in pairs) are trapped in the "cages."Due to a close proximity of the free radicals paired in the cage, the spectral lines become very broad due to spin-spin interactions.erefore, the radical pairs trapped in these cages are invisible in EPR spectra.
Most likely, in thermal activation, some of the cage-trapped radical pairs escape giving a rise of EPR spectra (Figures 1  and 3).In pure water, crystalline ice formation prevents the formation of the cages capable of stabilizing the free radical pairs.
Other than the initial increase in a total number of the spins, all free radical decay curves display two distinct regions that roughly can be divided into the temperature intervals of 77 K-250 K and 250 K-450 K (Figure 3(a)).
e rst derivatives of the decay curves are used to determine the transition temperatures, maxima of decay rates (Figure 3(b), Table 1).Interestingly, the transition temperature of 205.1 ± 4.4 K (average for all) is about the same for all samples.Hydration of the protein does not shift signi cantly the transition temperature.However, in dry broin, the decay of free radicals responsible for the transition temperature of ∼205 K occurs in the much broader temperature interval (Figure 3).It indicates that, in the dry broin, the free radicals have more heterogeneous environments, leading to a broader distribution of activation energies.Besides that, the amplitude of the free radical decay in the rst region is smaller compared to that of the hydrated samples.Free radical decays in the broin samples immersed in water and water/glycerol mixtures show the identical transition temperatures, ∼279.4K (Figure 3, Table 1).However, broin in water shows much steeper transition around the temperature of 279.4 K compared to broin hydrated with glycerol mixtures.us, the free radicals in broin hydrated with pure water have much more homogeneous environments, indicating more narrow distribution of activation energies.In dry broin, the transition at ∼279.4 K is absent.Instead, the second transition emerges at the temperature about 363.6 K shifted from 84 K toward higher temperature.Data indicate that protein dynamics responsible for the free radical decay with transition points of 279.4 K is strongly water-coupled.
e question arises if the nature of the free radicals in the rst and second transition regions is identical.Di erence EPR spectra of the free radicals of broin in the dry and hydrated forms were taken to identify the nature of free radicals decayed in both transition temperature regions (Figure 4).e di erence spectra in the rst transition region are informative (Figure 4(a)).In both dry and hydrated samples, the quintet spectra with amplitude ratios about 1 : 6 : 20 : 6 : 1 are obvious.Data indicate that the nature of the decayed radicals is the same for the dry and hydrated broin samples.
e spectra can be assigned to the chain-end radicals for Gly  and Ala residues, which are most abundant in broin.EPR spectra of the chain-end radicals of Gly (-CONH-ĊH 2 ) and Ala (-CONH-ĊH(CH 3 )) show amplitude ratios of 1 : 2 : 1 and 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1, respectively, arising from interactions with 2 and 4 equivalent protons, respectively.Disproportional contributions of the chain-end radicals of Gly, Ala, and other amino acids are responsible for the observed ratios of amplitudes in the di erence spectra.In any case, the dominant contributions from Gly and Ala are apparent.us, under UV irradiation of broin along with α-carbon radicals, the amino acid-speci c free radicals localized at the chain end can be identi ed. e chain-end radicals show higher mobility but weakly coupled to water molecules.e bulk solvent in water, as well as glycerol solutions, is frozen at 205 K. e frozen bulk solvent con nes local dynamics (low amplitude) of the chainend groups and surrounding hydration shell.
In the second temperature transition region, the di erence spectra of free radicals in broin in the dry and hydrated states (Figure 4(b)) indicate that types of free radicals are di erent compared with those of the rst transition region.In both cases, well-resolved doublet spectra are evident.As it was mentioned above, these spectra can be assigned to the carbon radicals, -Ċ(OH)-NH-.Consistent with Figure 2, in the di erence spectra, the doublet splitting in the hydrated sample is about 1 G greater compared to that in the dry sample.In the second transition temperature (279 K), liquid bulk solvent permits relatively large-scale motion of the backbone of the protein that requires translational motion of solvent molecules.As can be expected, this motion is strongly water-coupled.

Conclusions
ermal decay of free radicals induced by UV irradiation of silk broin in the dry and various hydrated forms revealed di erent dynamic modes of the protein.Each dynamic mode of the protein is characterized by the transition temperature.
Lowest transition temperature, ∼135 K, observed only forbroin hydrated in 40% and 50% glycerol solution characterizes escape of paired free radicals from the "cage."e transition temperature of ∼205 K was observed for all samples including the dry broin.Hydration of the protein signi cantly changed the magnitude of transition keeping transition temperature constant.erefore, dynamic mode the protein corresponding to the transition temperature of ∼205 K is considered as weakly water-coupled.e transition temperature of ∼279 K was observed for hydrated samples, which is absent in the dry protein.Fibroin immersed in pure water shows the sharpest transition.
e results indicate that dynamic mode of the protein characterized by transition temperature of ∼279 K is strongly water-coupled.In dry broin, the transition temperature of this dynamic mode observed at ∼364 K strongly shifted toward higher temperature.us, the thermal decay of free radicals induced by ultraviolet irradiation of broin discriminates the water-coupled dynamic modes of the protein.Nature of free radicals participating in the two distinct dynamic modes is di erent.However, the most likely difference in the temperature transition points is primarily related not to the nature of the radical intrinsically, but to the di erences in the dynamics of the chain end and the chain middle regions.Future investigation is needed to justify this suggestion.
Data Availability e data used to support the ndings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: (a) e thermal decay curves of the free radicals induced by UV irradiation of silk broin in various hydrated and dry states and their respective rst derivative curves.(b) Derivative curves were obtained using smooth lines connecting data points.

Table 1 :
Parameter of thermal decay curves of free radicals in broin at various states.