Phosphoinositide hydrolysis mediated by H1 receptors in autoimmune myocarditis mice

Stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in myocardium from autoimmune myocarditis mice by ThEA and histamine was assayed. Myocardium from autoimmune heart, but not the normal forms, specifically increased phosphoinositide turnover in the presence of histaminergic agonists. This increment was blocked by a specific H1 antagonist mepyramine and to the same extent by the phospholipase C inhibitor NCDC. By using a binding assay H1 histaminergic receptors were detected in autoimmune heart membrane preparations, but this was not observed in normal heart. These data suggest that autoimmune myocardium expressed a functional H1 receptor that could involve a distinctive mechanism operating in the disease.


Introduction
Orthotopic liver transplantation is an accepted therapy for end-stage liver disease with high graft survival in properly selected patients. However, primary nonfunction of the graft, frequent rejections, post-operative multi-organ complications, infections and further complications caused by the underlying diseases are observed in the majority of the recipients. 2 With the exception of primary nonfunction, surgical problems and acute drug toxicity, the diverse biological and pathological responses in patients with post-operative complications are correlated with elevated systemic and local levels of cytokines, as TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and others. 3 Clinical and animal experimental liver transplantations are associated with systemic circulation of intestine derived endotoxin during recirculation after the anhepatic phase, possibly resulting in release of TNF-0 and various other kinds of cytokines and toxic mediators from Kupffer cells and alveolar macrophages. 4 High peripheral blood concentrations of TNF-0 were found in clinical allograft rejection, septic shock and hepatopulmonary damage in experimental animal models, Anti-TNF-0 antibodies were demonstrated to prolong graft survival, reverse rejections and to diminish the hepatic and pulmonary damage, providing clear evidence for the direct functional participation of TNF-cz in graft damage and inflammation. 5 '6 In a previous study we measured the courses of ET, TNF-0 and IL-6 plasma concentrations during human liver transplantation and correlated intraoperative elevations of TNFwith subsequent rejections and those of IL-6 with post-operative infectious complications in a high percentage of the recipients in a multivariate analysis. 7,s Furthermore detailed analysis of IL-6 in the pulmonal and radial artery and the femoral vein during LTX revealed the preferential production of IL-6 in resident lung macrophages in patients who developed infections in the early post-operative phase. In these studies no direct correlation of intraoperative endotoxaemia with post-operative complications was observed.
In the present study the role of endotoxin in the induction of TNF-0 and 1L-6 was investigated in a larger group of liver transplant recipients. Although in selected animal models, ET was demonstrated to induce the typical pathophysiological changes associated with the liver grafting procedure, the situation in clinical liver transplantation with patients of widely different qualitative and quantitative liver impairment, variable length of the anhepatic phase, variations in MHC disparity and variable organ conservation, is expected to be much more complex.

Patients, Materials and Methods
Patients: Thirty-eight orthotopic liver transplantations (LTX; two retransplantations) in 38 patients carried out at our institution between August 1990 and June 1991 were included in this study. The mean age of the patients (twelve females, 26 males) was 47 q-14 years (range, 16-67 years) and indication for LTX was tumour in six (hepatocellular carcinoma, liver metastases), fulminant hepatitis in one, primary biliary cirrhosis in five, alcoholic liver cirrhosis in nine, Wilson's disease in two, cirrhosis (cryptogenic, post-hepatic and secondary biliary) in 13, and retransplantation after graft failure due to rejection in two cases. All recipient-donor pairs were matched for blood group compatibility, but not for their major histocompatibility antigens (two to three HLA mismatches). Liver grafting was performed as described previously. 7 Immunosuppressive therapy was initiated with methylprednisolone at the end of the operation, followed by an anti-thymocyte globulin preparation (ATG; Bio-Merrieux, France) preparation beginning on the second day posttransplant (200 mg/day) and finally after 8 days by cyclosporine/prednisolome maintenance therapy (aimed at 150-250 ng/ml CsA blood trough level as measured by HPLC; prednisolone tapered from 200 mg/day to 40 mg/day). Diagnosis of infection was based on bacteriological cultures from blood samples, urine, bile or ascites for baeterial infections and on virus isolation cultures from blood, urine and sputum and serology for viral infections. Rejections were diagnosed by clinical signs, increases in blood concentrations of bilirubin, liver enzymes and histological examination of liver biopsies (grade I-IV).
During transplantation, blood samples (3-5 ml) were drawn into heparinized tubes at the following time points" (a) immediately before operation; (b) before clamping of liver vessels; (c) at the beginning of the anhepatic phase; (d) at end of the anhepatic phase; (e) 5

Results
Intraoperative plasma concentrations of endotoxin" Samples containing more than 10 EU/ml endotoxin were regarded as ET positive. According to their intraoperative courses of ET the graft recipients were assigned to one of four groups. The patients found to be ET positive at the beginning of the transplantation (n 12/38) were further subdivided in two groups, one remaining ET positive for all further determinations (group 1, n 6/12) and the other turning ET negative at the end of graftihg (group 2, n 6/12  (Fig. 1). In ET positive patients (group 1), the ET concentrations were further increased during the anhepatic phase (C-D), dropped upon recirculation (E) and returned to pre-operative positive levels at the end of the operation (F; Fig.  1). In patients turning ET positive, the continuous increase in ET started in the early phase (B) of liver transplantation and for the two remaining groups  Table 1 for the individual patients. In the endotoxin positive subgroup (group 1) TNF-0 and IL-6 are detectable at high plasma levels in most patients. This group consists of patients with fulminant hepatitis, post-hepatic cirrhosis, a case of retransplantation with infectious complications and three cases of end-stage cirrhosis. For patients turning endotoxin negative during transplantation (group 2), 4/6 patients showed elevated TNF-0 plasma levels, with parallel changes in IL-6 in the minority of these patients. In the case of induction of endotoxin during LTX (group 3), TNF-0 is detectable in some, but not all patients, which in addition show IL-6 elevations in most cases, and in the endotoxin negative recipients 6/21 exhibited elevated TNFconcentrations, with parallel increases in IL-6 in half of the cases.

Discussion
The sequence of events leading ultimately to allograft destruction has not been fully characterized. The authors have shown that in human orthotopic liver transplantation graft rejection in the first 2 weeks is preceded intraoperatively by the appearance of TNF-0 in the majority of the respective recipients. 7'8 In addition, intraoperative elevations of IL-6 plasma concentrations were correlated with early post-operative infectious complications. 9 These findings are supported by reports describing the appearance of TNFduring rejections and the eflqcacy of anti-TNF antibodies in its prevention and reversal, s '6 In this study the possible mechanisms of TNFinduction during human liver grafting were investigated by relating the intraoperative course of this cytokine to that of circulating ET and IL-6 in individual patients. Clinical and experimental liver transplantation are known to induce intraoperative systemic endotoxaemia and, since ET is a highly potent inducer of TNFand other mediators in Kupt:fer cells, alveolar macrophages and monocytes, this mechanism was held responsible for the induction of these cytokines, apparently operative in the pathogenesis of liver/lung injuries and early graft failures. 4'5 This model of ET induced TNFproduction is contradicted for clinical liver transplantation by our previous findings, failing to detect a direct correlation between intraoperative elevations in ET and specific post-operative complications. 7 In an extension of the earlier studies, we have therefore tried to analyse the detailed time courses and correlations of ET and cytokine patterns in individual patients in a group of 38 liver graft recipients. According to their ET plasma concentrations at the beginning and the end of transplantation the recipients were assigned to the ET negative, ET positive for all intraoperative observations, ET disappearing and ET induced subgroups. The cut-off value for ET was 10 EU/ml, as defined in LTX outpatients without complications, and the 'ET negative' subgroup included patients with low and transient ET elevations during the anhepatic phase. The primarily ET positive recipients included patients with acute liver failure (fulminant hepatitis, graft failure) and advanced stages of cirrhosis, showing TNF-0 and IL-6 elevations in most cases. Interestingly, six ET positive recipients (one case of Wilson's disease and five cases with cirrhosis) turned ET negative during grafting and four of them showed no further signs of complication in the post-operative phase, indicating permanent removal of ET by the grafted liver. Five patients, again with acute liver failure and advanced cirrhosis, turned ET positive and 21/38 patients exhibited no or only transient and moderate intraoperative ET elevations.
The recipients with pre-transplant elevations of ET showed permanent or induced TNF-0 elevations in the majority of the cases (8/12) and in patients turning ET positive intraoperatively, 3/5 showed increases in TNF-. Five out of 21 ET negative patients showed elevations in TNF-(observation E, > 100 ng/ml) in the absence of any transient increases of ET during the anhepatic phase, indicating non-ET associated induction of TNF-. As described previously the TNFpositive recipients showed a high rate of early post-operative rejections (85%; 11/13 patients), suggesting that TNFma T be an important predisposing factor in alloantigen reactivity, independent of its mode of induction. Although TNFmay induce rejection by several direct acting mechanisms, including promotion of leucocyte adherence or stimulation of MHC antigen expression in the allograft, 11'12 our data cannot exclude indirect effects of TNFon the induction of further cytokines. Intraoperative elevations in IL-6 were detected in 15/38 patients with 6/15 post-operative infectious complications. IL-6 seems to precede the elevations in TNFand its course parallels that of TNFin about half of the patients (21/38), indicating a TNF--independent regulation in the remaining recipients.
In summary, the liver graft recipients exhibit complex patterns of cytokine expression. A group of patients showed pretransplant elevations of ET due to the complications associated with the underlying end-stage liver diseases, accompanied by permanent production of TNF-0 and a high incidence of early graft rejections. Non-cleared ET at the end of grafting was associated with TNF-0 elevations, whereas the transient ET increases during the anhepatic phase did not result in subsequent significant TNFelevations and clinical complications. Apparently non-ET mediated TNFinduction was detected in a sub-group of patients showing a high frequency of graft rejection. Maximal TNF production of macrophages/monocytes in response to endotoxin/alloantigens needs approximately 6 h and is apparently too slow to account for the observed increases during the final stages of human liver transplantation. Since TNF-z was elevated after liver transplantation between syngeneic inbred rats, the liver conservation/ transplantation procedure itself seems to be a cause of elevated TNF-. In clinical transplantation increased rates of rejections were reported in patients with preservation injuries of their grafts 13 and fulminant hepatitis. 14 The ET independent TNF-0 production during organ preservation/reperfusion is likely to represent a mediator of graft inflammation after recirculation. We failed to detect IFN-y or IL-4 in plasma samples from eight liver recipients (IFN-2 RIA and IL-4 ELISA), but local production and interaction of several cytokines in TNFpositive patients is likely to occur during initiation of graft reiection. Prophylactic inhibition of TNFby specific antibodies or inhibitors (like soluble TNF receptors) initiated prior to allograft exposure may help to prevent the early events leading to immunological responses and graft destruction as well as lung/liver .iniury caused by this cytokine during grafting.