Pulmonary sarcoidosis is an inflammatory granulomatous disease of unknown cause(s) [
Sarcoidosis progression has not been associated with any particularly specific immunological parameters although sarcoidosis inflammation is generally characterized by elevated production of proteolytic enzymes, cytokines and chemokine ligands/receptors, and other molecules with immune-regulatory functions [
In pulmonary sarcoidosis, the intracellular expression of miRNAs has been investigated in bronchoalveolar cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the lung tissue [
Besides their intracellular accumulation, however, miRNAs are known to be present in extracellular fluids [
We have therefore investigated expression stability of serum miRNAs in sarcoidosis and then compared serum expression of miRNAs in sarcoidosis patients classified according to the presence of Löfgren’s syndrome as a hallmark of good prognosis in comparison to group of patients with more advanced disease course.
Serum samples were obtained from 13 healthy controls and 24 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis according to a standard protocol [
Clinical characteristics of our patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis and healthy controls.
Healthy controls | Sarcoidosis | ||
---|---|---|---|
With LS (CXR | Without LS (CXR | ||
Gender, men/women | 2/11 | 8/4 | 6/6 |
Mean age (min–max) | 45.6 (23–62) | 45.5 (32–62) | 46.6 (26–72) |
Smoking history (nonsmoker/ex- | 13/0/0/0 | 9/1/1/1 | 9/2/1/0 |
CXR stage 0/1 | NA | 12 | NA |
CXR stage 3/4 | NA | NA | 10/2 |
FEV1 (min–max) (%) | NA | 106 (99–109) | 90 (59–113) |
FEV1/VC (min–max) (%) | NA | 81 (69–90) | 76 (74–80) |
Mean DLCO (min–max) (%) | NA | 101 (82–131) | 78 (46–98) |
Mean DLCO/VA (min–max) (%) | NA | 90 (84–94) | 103 (95–115) |
NA, not available or not applicable; CXR, chest X-ray; LS, Löfgren’s syndrome; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; VA, alveolar volume and
Bronchoalveolar cellular profile in our patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Sarcoidosis | With LS (CXR | Without LS (CXR |
---|---|---|
Cellular profile | Mean (min–max) | Mean (min–max) |
Total cell count 106/mL | 0.85 (0.40–1.35) | 0.72 (0.10–1.40) |
Macrophage absolute count | 0.66 (0.28–1.02) | 0.58 (0.09–1.40) |
Macrophage relative count (%) | 77.31 (57.00–91.10) | 76.67 (43.00–90.70) |
Lymphocytes absolute count | 0.18 (0.06–0.45) | 0.14 (0.01–0.33) |
Lymphocytes relative count (%) | 20.58 (8.60–41.00) | 20.08 (8.00–46.00) |
Neutrophils absolute count | 0.01 (0.00–0.04) | 0.02 (0.00–0.05) |
Neutrophils relative count (%) | 1.68 (0.00–8.00) | 2.27 (0.00–6.00) |
Eosinophils absolute count | 0.00 (0.00–0.01) | 0.00 (0.00–0.02) |
Eosinophils relative count (%) | 0.43 (0.00–2.00) | 0.99 (0.00–7.00) |
CD3+ absolute count | 0.56 (0.00–1.13) | 0.35 (0.00–1.06) |
CD3+ relative count (%) | 84.62 (58.00–94.00) | 75.00 (36.00–96.00) |
CD4+ absolute count | 0.26 (0.00–0.79) | 0.15 (0.00–0.67) |
CD4+ relative count (%) | 71.69 (35.00–90.00) | 55.58 (29.00–89.00) |
CD8+ absolute count | 0.06 (0.00–0.26) | 0.04 (0.00–0.19) |
CD8+ relative count (%) | 13.08 (3.00–31.00) | 21.00 (4.00–53.00) |
CD19+ absolute count | 0.00 (0.00–0.01) | 0.00 (0.00–0.02) |
CD19+ relative count (%) | 0.54 (0.00–2.00) | 1.08 (0.00–2.00) |
CD4+/CD8+ | 9.45 (1.13–30.00) | 5.34 (0.55–22.25) |
CXR, chest X-ray; LS, Löfgren’s syndrome.
All patients were recruited at the Department of Respiratory Medicine and TBC, University Hospital in Olomouc, the Czech Republic. The study was performed with the approval of Ethical committees of Medical Faculty PU & University Hospital, Olomouc. Informed consent for the anonymous usage of all serum samples for the purposes of the study was obtained from all enrolled subjects.
To ensure sample quality without erythrocyte miRNAs contamination, the level of haemolysis in all serum samples was assessed by spectrophotometry (NanoDrop 1000, USA) [
Extracellular RNA was isolated from 300
Briefly, multiplex reverse transcription (RT) was performed with TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) and RT primer pool prepared by mixing 5x RT primers provided in TaqMan MicroRNA Assays (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). To preamplify all tested miRNAs together, TaqMan PreAmp Master Mix was used with PreAmp Primer Pool prepared from 20x TaqMan MicroRNA Assay (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). qPCRBIO Probe Mix No-ROX (PCR Biosystems, United Kingdom) and 20x TaqMan MicroRNA Assays (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) were used to perform RT-PCR of individual miRNAs (RotorGene3000 system Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia). All TaqMan MicroRNA Assays are listed in Supplementary material (Online Resource 1 in Supplementary Material available online at
Second derivative method, described previously in our laboratory [
Regarding univariate statistical analysis, Mann–Whitney
Multivariate analysis was performed with SIMCA P version 13.5.0 (Umetrics, AB, Umeå, Sweden) by using principle component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) analysis [
MiRSystem (ver. 20150312) was used to assess the possible cumulative effect of the dysregulated miRNAs on gene expression in sarcoidosis [
To increase reliability of qPCR data on extracellular miRNAs, several normalisation strategies were tested before own statistical analysis comparing possible differences among study groups. Briefly, both NormFinder and GeNorm algorithms consistently showed a geometric mean of 23 extracellular miRNAs that were expressed in all subjects, to have the lowest expression variability within all samples.
In comparison to healthy controls, we consistently observed the increased expressions of miR-146a-5p and miR-16-5p and decreased expressions of miR-425-5p and miR-93-5p in both groups of our sarcoidosis patients with/without Löfgren’s syndrome (Figures
Consistently dysregulated serum miRNAs in both groups of the studied sarcoidosis patients with Löfgren’s syndrome and without Löfgren’s syndrome compared to healthy controls. CXR, chest X-ray and LS, Löfgren’s syndrome.
Serum miRNAs only dysregulated in sarcoidosis patients without Löfgren’s syndrome compared to healthy controls. CXR, chest X-ray and LS, Löfgren’s syndrome.
Serum miRNAs only dysregulated in our sarcoidosis patients with Löfgren’s syndrome compared to healthy controls. CXR, chest X-ray and LS, Löfgren’s syndrome.
Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate an effect of coexpression of several dysregulated serum miRNAs in sarcoidosis (Supplementary Material/Online Resource 2). Both multivariate analyses of 6 and 7 miRNAs that were dysregulated either in the patients with Löfgren’s syndrome or in the patients without Löfgren’s syndrome showed consistently that OPLS modelling provides a significant separation between our patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis irrespective of disease course and the healthy controls resulting in the predictive power of 72% and 65% (
To reveal cumulative effect of the dysregulated miRNAs on gene expression, pathway analysis with miRSystem database was performed. The “Pathways in Cancer” was consistently predicted to be targeted with the highest miRSystem score by both expression profiles that were dysregulated in the patients with/without Löfgren’s syndrome compared to healthy controls (
The target genes that are predicted to be modulated by the dysregulated miRNAs in our patients with sarcoidosis according to miRSystem.
Target gene | Validation | Gene description | Number of miRNA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy control versus LS | Healthy controls versus CXR III-IV | LS versus CXR III-IV | |||
ACVR1 | V | Activin A receptor, type I | 0 | 0 | 1 |
ACVR1C | V | Activin A receptor, type IC | 0 | 0 | 1 |
ACVR2A | V | Activin A receptor, type IIA | 0 | 0 | 1 |
ACVR2B | V | Activin A receptor, type IIB | 0 | 0 | 3 |
AKT3 | V | v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
APC | V | Adenomatous polyposis coli | 0 | 1 | 0 |
APPL1 | V | Adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, PH domain and leucine zipper containing 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
ARNT | V | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator | 1 | 3 | 0 |
AXIN2 | V | Axin 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
BCL2 | V | B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
BCR | V | Breakpoint cluster region | 2 | 2 | 0 |
BMPR2 | V | Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II (serine/threonine kinase) | 0 | 0 | 2 |
BRCA2 | V | Breast cancer 2, early onset | 1 | 1 | 0 |
CASP8 | V | Caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase | 1 | 1 | 0 |
CBL | V | Cbl proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase | 1 | 3 | 0 |
CCDC6 | V | Coiled-coil domain containing 6 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
CCND1 | V | Cyclin D1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
CCNE1 | V | Cyclin E1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
CDC42 | V | Cell division cycle 42 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
CDK6 | V | Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
CDKN1A | V | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1) | 2 | 2 | 0 |
COL4A1 | V | Collagen, type IV, alpha 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
COL4A4 | V | Collagen, type IV, alpha 4 | 1 | 0 | |
CRK | V | v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog | 1 | 3 | 0 |
CRKL | V | v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like | 1 | 1 | 0 |
CTBP2 | V | C-terminal binding protein 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
CTNNB1 | V | Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88 kDa | 1 | 1 | 0 |
CUL2 | V | Cullin 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
CYCS | V | Cytochrome c, somatic | 1 | 1 | 0 |
DVL1 | V | Dishevelled segment polarity protein 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
E2F1 | V | E2F transcription factor 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
E2F2 | V | E2F transcription factor 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
E2F3 | V | E2F transcription factor 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
E2F5 | V | E2F transcription factor 5, p130-binding | 0 | 0 | 1 |
EGLN1 | V | egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
EGLN2 | V | egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
EGLN3 | V | egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
EP300 | V | E1A binding protein p300 | 2 | 1 | |
EPAS1 | V | endothelial PAS domain protein 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
ETS1 | V | v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
FADD | V | Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FAS | V | Fas cell surface death receptor | 2 | 1 | 0 |
FASLG | V | Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
FGF1 | V | Fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
FGF13 | V | Fibroblast growth factor 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
FGF14 | V | fibroblast growth Factor 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
FGF2 | V | Fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FGF4 | V | Fibroblast growth factor 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FGF7 | V | Fibroblast growth factor 7 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
FGF9 | V | Fibroblast growth factor 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FGFR1 | V | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FGFR2 | V | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FIGF | V | c-fos induced growth factor (vascular endothelial growth factor D) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FLT3 | V | fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FN1 | V | Fibronectin 1 | 1 | 0 | |
FOXO1 | V | Forkhead box O1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FZD1 | V | Frizzled family receptor 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FZD10 | V | Frizzled family receptor 10 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
FZD4 | V | Frizzled family receptor 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
FZD7 | V | Frizzled family receptor 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
GDF5 | V | Growth differentiation factor 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
GRB2 | V | Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
HHIP | V | Hedgehog interacting protein | 0 | 1 | 0 |
HIF1A | V | Hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
HSP90B1 | V | Heat shock protein 90 kDa beta (Grp94), member 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
CHUK | V | Conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase | 1 | 1 | 0 |
IGF1 | V | Insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C) | 2 | 2 | 0 |
IGF1R | V | Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor | 1 | 1 | 0 |
IKBKB | V | Inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta | 1 | 2 | 0 |
IL8 | V | Interleukin 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
ITGA2 | V | Integrin, alpha 2 (CD49B, alpha 2 subunit of VLA-2 receptor) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
ITGA3 | V | Integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CD49C, alpha 3 subunit of VLA-3 receptor) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
ITGA6 | V | Integrin, alpha 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
ITGAV | V | Integrin, alpha V | 1 | 0 | 0 |
JAK1 | V | Janus kinase 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
JUN | V | Jun proto-oncogene | 1 | 1 | 0 |
KRAS | V | Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog | 1 | 3 | 0 |
LAMA3 | V | Laminin, alpha 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
LAMC1 | V | Laminin, gamma 1 (formerly LAMB2) | 2 | 2 | 0 |
LAMC2 | V | Laminin, gamma 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
LTBP1 | V | Latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
MAP2K1 | V | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
MAPK1 | V | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
MAPK10 | V | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
MAPK3 | V | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
MAPK9 | V | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
MET | V | Met proto-oncogene | 0 | 1 | 0 |
MITF | V | Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor | 1 | 0 | 0 |
MMP2 | V | Matrix metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, 72 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa type IV collagenase) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
MSH2 | V | mutS homolog 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
NRAS | V | Neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog | 1 | 1 | 0 |
PDGFA | V | Platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide | 0 | 1 | 0 |
PDGFRA | V | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide | 2 | 1 | 0 |
PIAS1 | V | Protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
PIAS3 | V | Protein inhibitor of activated STAT, 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
PIK3R1 | V | Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha) | 3 | 4 | 0 |
PIK3R3 | V | Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 3 (gamma) | 1 | 2 | 0 |
PITX2 | V | Paired-like homeodomain 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
PPP2CB | V | Protein phosphatase 2, catalytic subunit, beta isozyme | 0 | 0 | 1 |
PRKCA | V | Protein kinase C, alpha | 1 | 1 | 0 |
PTEN | V | Phosphatase and tensin homolog | 2 | 1 | 0 |
PTCH1 | V | Patched 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
RAC1 | V | Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
RAF1 | V | v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
RALA | V | v-ral simian leukemia viral oncogene homolog A (ras related) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
RALBP1 | V | ralA binding protein 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
RARB | V | Retinoic acid receptor, beta | 2 | 3 | 0 |
RASSF5 | V | Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
RB1 | V | Retinoblastoma 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
RET | V | Ret proto-oncogene | 1 | 1 | 0 |
RHOA | V | Ras homolog family member A | 1 | 0 | 1 |
ROCK1 | V | Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
RPS6KB1 | V | Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70 kDa, polypeptide 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
RUNX1 | V | Runt-related transcription factor 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
RUNX1T1 | V | Runt-related transcription factor 1; translocated to, 1 (cyclin D-related) | 3 | 2 | 0 |
SLC2A1 | V | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
SMAD2 | V | SMAD family member 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
SMAD3 | V | SMAD family member 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
SMAD4 | V | SMAD family member 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
SMAD5 | V | SMAD family member 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
SMAD7 | V | SMAD family member 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
SMURF1 | V | SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
STAT1 | V | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 91 kDa | 1 | 1 | 0 |
STAT3 | V | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute-phase response factor) | 2 | 1 | 0 |
STK4 | V | Serine/threonine kinase 4 | 1 | 0 | |
TCF7 | V | Transcription factor 7 (T-cell specific, HMG-box) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
TCF7L1 | V | Transcription factor 7-like 1 (T-cell specific, HMG-box) | 2 | 2 | 0 |
TCF7L2 | V | Transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific, HMG-box) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
TFDP1 | V | Transcription factor Dp-1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
TGFB1 | V | Transforming growth factor, beta 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
TGFBR1 | V | Transforming growth factor, beta receptor 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
TGFBR2 | V | Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80 kDa) | 2 | 1 | 1 |
THBS1 | V | Thrombospondin 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
TPM3 | V | Tropomyosin 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
TRAF6 | V | TNF receptor-associated factor 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase | 1 | 1 | 0 |
VEGFA | V | Vascular endothelial growth factor A | 2 | 3 | 0 |
VHL | V | Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase | 1 | 1 | 0 |
WNT11 | V | Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
WNT3A | V | Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 3A | 1 | 1 | 0 |
WNT7A | V | Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7A | 1 | 1 | 0 |
XIAP | V | X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis | 1 | 1 | 0 |
ZFYVE16 | V | Zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 16 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
CXR, chest X-ray; LS, Löfgren’s syndrome; V, min. one miRNA has experimental validation in miRSystem; 0, none of the dysregulated miRNAs.
The “Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-
This work attempts to provide an insight into differential expression of extracellular miRNAs in sarcoidosis patients classified according to the presence of Löfgren’s syndrome as a hallmark of good prognosis in comparison to advanced disease course. Our geometric mean-normalised expression showed that serum miR-146a-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-425-5p, and miR-93-5p are consistently dysregulated, regardless of sarcoidosis prognosis, in our patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis compared to healthy controls. Specifically, patients without Löfgren’s syndrome had dysregulated expressions of miR-150-5p, miR-1, and miR-212-3p and those with Löfgren’s syndrome had dysregulated miR-21-5p and miR-340-5p in comparison to healthy controls. MiRSystem predicted the Pathways in cancer to be consistently affected by both of the dysregulated expression profiles in sarcoidosis with/without Löfgren’s syndrome. Three serum miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-340-5p, and miR-212-3p) differed between the sarcoidosis patients with Löfgren’s syndrome and those without Löfgren’s syndrome. Their cumulative effect may modulate the “transforming growth factor (TGF)-
Because of a lack of current knowledge on stably expressed extracellular miRNAs in serum from the patients with sarcoidosis, the best approach of qPCR data normalisation was investigated at the earliest. A geometric mean of all expressed extracellular miRNAs showed the best stability and was therefore used to normalise the raw qPCR data in subsequent analysis comparing the study groups. The geometric mean-normalisation is different from that used by Jazwa et al. who measured like our paper serum expressions of miR-16-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-150-5p in sarcoidosis patients [
In comparison with our healthy controls, dysregulation of 4 miRNAs was consistently presented in sarcoidosis as a whole. However, we also observed several miRNAs to be associated with either the presence of Löfgren’s syndrome or its absence. Through these differences, the “Pathways in Cancer” was consistently predicted to be modulated by cumulative effect of both of the serum expressions profiles in pulmonary sarcoidosis with/without Löfgren’s syndrome. Remarkably, an increased risk of cancer is discussed in sarcoidosis patients and the presence of sarcoidosis granuloma has been reported in case studies on oncology patients [
In addition, several particular target genes of the “Pathways in Cancer” have been indeed indicated in wet laboratory to be dysregulated at their protein and/or mRNA level in sarcoidosis [
In line with the intracellular miRNAs-based prediction [
Thus, comparison among all 5 CXR stages needs to be elucidated to gain a whole insight into the disease course ranging from invisible abnormality of the intrathoracic lymph nodes toward the lung parenchymal involvement and lung fibrosis in the most advanced sarcoidosis [
Our multivariate analysis showed significant separation between our sarcoidosis patients and healthy controls. However, three miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-340-5p, and miR-212-3p) did not provide good model to separate our sarcoidosis patients according to the presence/absence of Löfgren’s syndrome. The lack of profound differences between two groups of our patients with sarcoidosis is in line with current poor knowledge on any sufficiently sensitive and specific serum profile for the disease course [
It should be noted that some miRNAs with plausible relevance for sarcoidosis pathogenesis were not investigated and this could represent a limitation of our study. Our multiplex qPCR method did not also allow us to perform any high-throughput screening, although we assessed higher number of serum miRNA than a previous study on serum miRNAs in sarcoidosis [
In conclusion, we report several serum miRNAs to be associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis and also further differences between our sarcoidosis patients stratified according to the presence/absence of Löfgren’s syndrome as a hallmark of good prognosis. In an attempt to link the serum miRNAs to certain biological processes using bioinformatics tools, the “Pathways in Cancer” was predicted to be related to pulmonary sarcoidosis as a whole whereas the “TGF-beta signalling pathway” was predicted to be related to the disease course. The complex interplay between the serum miRNAs and the predicted target genes of these signalling pathways remains the matter of future experimental investigation to gain detailed insight into the pathological mechanisms underlying the disease and its advancement.
The work was supported by Grant Projects LO1304, CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0004, and IGA PU LF 2015_030, 2016_009.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.