Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 128970, 8 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/128970

Research Article

New Exact Solutions for a Higher-Order Wave Equation of KdV Type Using Extended F-Expansion Method

Yinghui He, Yun-Mei Zhao, and Yao Long

Department of Mathematics, Honghe University, Mengzi, Yunnan 661100, China

Received 23 September 2013; Accepted 4 December 2013

Academic Editor: Carlo Cattani

Copyright © 2013 Yinghui He et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The F-expansion method is used to find traveling wave solutions to various wave equations. By giving more solutions of the general subequation, an extended F-expansion method is introduced by Emmanuel. In our work, a generalized KdV type equation of neglecting the highest-order infinitesimal term, which is an important water wave model, is discussed by using the extended F-expansion method. And when the parameters satisfy certain relations, some new exact solutions expressed by Jacobi elliptic function, hyperbolic function, and trigonometric function are obtained. The related results are enriched.

1. Introduction

It has recently become more interesting to obtain exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. These equations are mathematical models of complex physical phenomena that arise in engineering, applied mathematics, chemistry, biology, mechanics, physics, and so forth. Thus, the investigation of the traveling wave solutions to nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) plays an important role in mathematical physics. A lot of physical models have supported a wide variety of solitary wave solutions.

In the recent years, much effort has been spent on this task and many significant methods have been established such as inverse scattering transform [1], Backlund and Darboux transform [2], Hirota [3], homogeneous balance method [4], Jacobi elliptic function method [5], tanh-function method [6], exp-function method [7], simple equation method [8], F-expansion method [9, 10], improved F-expansion method [11], and extended F-expansion method [12].

Wang and Li [10] developed a new algebraic method, belonging to the simplest equation method [13–16], to seek more new solutions of NLEEs that can be expressed as polynomial in an elementary function which satisfies a more general subequation than other subequations like Riccati equation, auxiliary ordinary equation, elliptic equation, and generalized Riccati equation. The Fans method not only gives a unified formation to construct various traveling wave solutions but also provides a guideline to classify the various types of traveling wave solutions according to five parameters. An extended F-expansion method was proposed by Yomba in 2005 by giving more solutions of the general subequation. Using the new method, exact solutions of many NLEEs are successfully obtained [12].

In this work, we apply the extended F-expansion method on a higher-order wave equation of KdV type for obtaining new exact traveling solutions.

In 1995, based on the physical and asymptotic considerations, Fokas [17] derived the following generalized KdV equation:

which is an important water wave model, where = ,  and . Regarding the ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  and as free parameters and using the to replace the , (1) becomes the following PDE:

which is given by Tzirtzilakis et al. in [18]. They called it high-order wave equation of KdV type. Just as Tzirtzilakis et al. [18] said, these two equations are both water wave equations of KdV type, which are more physically and practically meaningful.

Assuming that the waves are unidirectional and neglecting terms of , (1) can be reduced to the classical KdV equation:

In [17], Fokas assumed that is less than . According to this assumption, we easily know that and . Neglecting two high-order infinitesimal terms of , (1) can be reduced to another high-order wave equation of KdV type [18, 19] as follows:

Equation (4) is a special case of (1) for . Equation (4) was first derived in [20] by using the method of bi-Hamiltonian systems, whose Lax pair was also given in [21].

If only we neglect the highest-order infinitesimal term of , then (1) can be reduced to a new generalized KdV equation as follows:

In fact, (5) is another special case of (1) for . It is also third-order approximate equation of KdV type. Of course, on describing dynamical behaviors of water waves, (4) is only a rough approximative model of (1) compared with (5); that is, the precision of model (5) is better than that of model (4) on describing dynamical behaviors of water waves. In other words, the model (5) exhibits much richer phenomenology than the model (4). Therefore, the investigation of exact traveling wave solutions for (5) is more practically meaningful than that of (4).

Equation (1) is studied by many researchers and some useful results are obtained when takes special values. However, by using the current methods, we cannot obtain exact solutions of (1) in universal conditions. Therefore, the investigation of exact solutions of (5) is necessary and important. Equation (5) is perhaps not integrable. But it would be interesting to check its asymptotic integrability [22]. Equation (5) is studied by Wu et al. in [23] using the integral bifurcation method and some exact solutions in parameter form are given. In this paper, regarding the as free parameters and by using the extended F-expansion method [12], we will investigate exact traveling wave solutions of (5).

The organization of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, a brief description of the extended F-expansion for finding traveling wave solutions of nonlinear equations is given. In Section 3, we will study (5) by the extended F-expansion methods. Finally conclusions are given in Section 4.

2. Description of the Extended F-Expansion Methods

Based on F-expansion method, the main procedures of the extended F-expansion method are as follows [12].

Step 1. Consider a general nonlinear PDE in the form

Using , , we can rewrite (6) as the following nonlinear ODE:

where the prime denotes differentiation with respect to .

Step 2. Suppose that the solution of ODE (7) can be written as follows:

where , are constants to be determined later, is a positive integer that is given by the homogeneous balance principle, and satisfies the following equation:

where , , , , and are constant.

Step 3. Substituting (8) along with (9) into (7) and then setting all the coefficients of of the resulting system’s numerator to zero yield a set of overdetermined nonlinear algebraic equations for , , and .

Step 4. Assuming that the constants , , and can be obtained by solving the algebraic equations in Step 3 and then substituting these constants and the solutions of (9), depending on the special conditions chosen for the , , , , and , we can obtain the explicit solutions of (6) immediately.

3. Exact Solutions of (5)

Making a transformation with , (5) can be reduced to the following ODE:

where is wave velocity which moves along the direction of -axis and . Integrating (10) once and setting the integral constant as yield

Suppose that (11) owns the solutions in the form

Substituting (12) and (9) into (11) and then setting all the coefficients of of the resulting system to zero, we can obtain the following results.

3.1. Case of  

In this situation, we have the following cases.

Case 1. Consider

where and and are arbitrary constants.

Case 2. Consider

where and and are arbitrary constants.

Case 3. Also

where , and , and are arbitrary constants.

Substituting (13)–(15) into (12), we obtain, respectively, the following formal solution of (5):

where , , and .

Moreover,

where , , and .

We have

where , is determined in Case 3, , , and .

When , the general elliptic equation (9) is reduced to the auxiliary ordinary equation:

The solutions of (19) are given in Table 1. Combining (16)–(18) with Table 1, many exact solutions of (5) can be obtained. For simplicity, we just give out one case in Table 1, and the other cases can be discussed similarly.

Table 1: Solutions of in .

Case

1
1

2

3

4

5

6

7
1

8
1

9

1

10

1

11

12

13

14

When , , and , the solution of (16) is or . Substituting them into (17)–(19), we can obtain the following solutions of (5).

From (16), one has

where , , and /.

When , , (20) becomes

where , , and .

From (17), we have

where , , /.

When , , (23) becomes

where , , and .

When , , and , (23) and (24) become

where , , and .

From (18), we have

where , is determined in Case 3, , , and .

When , , (27) becomes

where , , , and .

When , , and , (27) and (28) become

where , , , and .

3.2. Case of  

In this situation, we have

where and , , , and are arbitrary constants.

Substituting (31) into (12), we obtain the following formal solution of (5):

where and , , and are determined in (31).

When , the general elliptic equation (9) is reduced to the auxiliary ordinary equation:

The solutions of (33) are given in Table 2.

Table 2: Solutions of (33) with , .

Case

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Combining (32) with Table 2, many exact solutions of (5) can be obtained. The following is an example.

If , solution of (33) is

Therefore, solution of (4) is

where , , and , , and are determined by (31).

3.3. Case of  , , , , and

In this case, there exist three parameters , , and such that

Equation (36) is satisfied only if the following relations hold:

Equation (36) is the general Riccati equation. The solutions of (36) are listed in [12]. There are 24 group solutions named , which we do not list for simplicity.

Substituting (36) and (9) into (11) and then setting all the coefficients of of the resulting system to zero, we can obtain the following results.

Case 1. Consider

where and .

Case 2. Consider

where and .

Case 3. Consider

where and .

Substituting (38)–(40) into (12), we obtain, respectively, the following formal solution of (5):

where , , and /.

Also

where , , and /.

Moreover,

where , , and .

Substituting solutions of (36) into (41)–(43), we can obtain a lot of solutions of (5). We just give one example.

When and , . Substituting into (41) and (42), we have

where and , , , and are determined by (38).

3.4. Case of  , , , , and

In this case, there exist three parameters , , and such that

Equation (45) is satisfied only if the following relations hold:

The following constraint should exist between , , and q parameters:

Therefore, we can discuss the solution of (5) similarly as in the case shown in Section 3.3 under condition (47). Here, we omit it.

4. Conclusions

The investigation of the exact solutions of (5) is very important. And (5) is just studied by Wu et al. [23] using the integral bifurcation method. In our work, (5) is studied by extended F-expansion method and some new exact solutions expressed by Jacobi elliptic function, hyperbolic function, and trigonometric function are obtained. We believe that the results we obtained are useful in describing related physical phenomena. The correctness of all the solutions is verified by substituting them into original equation (5). Comparing with [23], it is easy to see that our method is more straightforward and the forms of the solutions obtained in our paper are also more simple. The related results are enriched.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 11161020 and no. 11361023) and the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan (2013FZ117).

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