Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 359817, 12 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/359817

Research Article

MHD Slip Flow of Newtonian Fluid past a Stretching Sheet with Thermal Convective Boundary Condition, Radiation, and Chemical Reaction

Reda G. Abdel-Rahman

Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt

Received 8 June 2013; Accepted 23 July 2013

Academic Editor: Mohamed Abd El Aziz

Copyright © 2013 Reda G. Abdel-Rahman. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

An analysis is carried out to study the problem of heat and mass transfer flow over a moving permeable flat stretching sheet in the presence of convective boundary condition, slip, radiation, heat generation/absorption, and first-order chemical reaction. The viscosity of fluid is assumed to vary linearly with temperature. Also the diffusivity is assumed to vary linearly with concentration. The governing partial differential equations have been reduced to the coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using Lie group point of transformations. The system of transformed nonlinear ordinary differential equations is solved numerically using shooting techniques with fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. Comparison between the existing literature and the present study was carried out and found to be in excellent agreement. The effects of the various interesting parameters on the flow, heat, and mass transfer are analyzed and discussed through graphs in detail. The values of the local Nusselt number, the local skin friction, and the local Sherwood number for different physical parameters are also tabulated.

1. Introduction

Investigations of laminar boundary flow of an electrically conducting fluid over a moving continuous stretching surface are important in many manufacturing processes, such as materials manufactured by polymer extrusion, continuous stretching of plastic films, artificial fibers, hot rolling, wire drawing, glass fiber, metal extrusion and metal spinning, cooling of metallic sheets, or electronic chips. The first and foremost work regarding the boundary-layer behavior in moving surfaces in quiescent fluid was considered by Sakiadis [1]. Heat and mass transfers on stretched surface with suction and injection was introduced by Fox et al. [2]. P. S. Gupta and A. S. Gupta [3] studied the same problem for linearly stretching sheet. Heat transfer past a moving continuous plate with variable temperature was studied by Soundalgekar and Murty [4] and Grubka and Bobba [5]. Subsequently, many researchers [6–12] worked on the problem of moving or stretching plates under different situations.

MHD viscous flow over a stretching sheet in the presence of slip velocity was studied by many authors, such as Martin and Boyd [13], Fang and Lee [14], Ariel et al. [15], Andersson [16], Wang [17, 18], Mukhopadhyay and Anderson [19], Fang [20], and Hayat et al. [21]. Fang et al. [22] studied MHD viscous flow over a permeable shrinking sheet. They observed that the velocity at the wall increased with slip parameter. Mahmoud and Waheed [23] included the effects of slip and heat generation/absorption on MHD mixed convection flow of a micropolar fluid over a heated stretching surface. Recently, Hamad et al. [24] investigated heat and mass transfer over a moving porous plate with hydrodynamic slip and thermal convective boundary conditions. They found that the wall slip velocity and wall shear stress are a decreasing function of the slip parameter.

Thermal radiation effects on an electrically conducting fluid arise in many practical applications such as electrical power generation, solar power technology, nuclear reactors, and nuclear waste disposal (see Mahmoud [25] and Chamkha [26]). Radiation effects on boundary layer flow with and without applying a magnetic field have been investigated by many authors [27–33] under certain conditions.

Heat and mass transfer problems with a chemical reaction have received a considerable amount of attention due to their importance in many chemical engineering processes, for example, food processing, manufacturing of ceramics, and polymer production. On the other hand, the study of heat generation or absorption in moving fluids is important in problems dealing with chemical reactions and those concerned with dissociating fluids. Possible heat generation effects may alter the temperature distribution and, consequently, the particle deposition rate in nuclear reactors, electronic chip, and semiconductor wafers. Many investigators [34–40] displayed the effects of heat generation and chemical reactions on heat transfer over a stretching sheet under various conditions. Recently, thermal convective surface boundary conditions were used by several authors such as Ishak [41], Makinde [42], Yao et al. [43], Hamad et al. [24], and Ferdows et al. [44].

Lie group point of transformations can be used to generate similarity transformations. It reduces the number of independent variables of the partial differential equations and keeps the system and associated initial and boundary conditions invariant. Reviews for the mathematical theory and applications of Lie group point of transformations to differential equations may be found in the texts by Olver [45], Bluman and Kumei [46], Hill [47], and Ibragimov and Kovalev [48]. This technique has been applied by many researchers to solve different flow phenomena over different geometries (see [49–52]).

Motivated by the previous works, the aim of the present work is to study the problem of heat and mass of Newtonian fluid with thermal convective boundary condition, slip velocity, radiation, heat generation/absorption, and first-order chemical reaction taking into account the viscosity dependent on the temperature and the thermal diffusivity dependent on the concentration. This problem has not been studied before despite its applications in many engineering processes, such as nuclear waste, polymer production, dispersion of chemical pollutants through water-saturated soil, geothermal energy extractions, plasma studies, liquid metal fluids, and power generation systems.

2. Mathematical Formulation of the Problem

Consider laminar boundary layer flow heat and mass transfer of viscous incompressible Newtonian fluid over moving stretching sheet as shown in Figure 1. A magnetic field of nonuniform is applied parallel to the axis. The bottom surface of the plate is heated by convection from a hot fluid of temperature , and this generates a heat transfer coefficient , and is the ambient fluid temperature. The mass concentration of the species at the plate is also maintained uniform which is also higher than the ambient fluid concentration . Figure 1 shows the coordinates and flow model. Under these assumptions and boundary layer approximations, the governing equations are

subject to the boundary conditions

where and   are the velocities in (along the sheet) and (normal to the sheet) directions, respectively, is the mass transfer velocity, is the coefficient of dynamic viscosity, is the kinematic coefficient of viscosity, is the variable diffusivity, is the electric conductivity, is the density of the fluid, is the specific heat at constant pressure, is the thermal conductivity, is the velocity slip factor having dimension , is the velocity of moving plate, is the suction or injection velocity through the surface, is the temperature, is the species concentration, is the rate of chemical reaction, and is the heat generation/absorption rate. The subscripts denote wall conditions and free stream conditions, respectively.

Figure 1: Flow configuration.

Using Rosseland approximation for radiation [53], we can write , where is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and is the mean absorption coefficient. Assuming that the temperature difference is within the flow such that may be expanded in a Taylor series and expanding about and neglecting higher orders, we get . Therefore, (3) becomes

We assume that the temperature dependent viscosity is varying linearly and is given by (see [54])

where is the coefficient of viscosity far away from the plate and and are constants depend on the nature of the fluid. We choose .

Also here, we assume that the concentration diffusivity varies linearly as (see [55])

where is the constant concentration diffusivity and is a constant.

We introduce the nondimensional parameters

with being characteristic length, is the Reynolds number, and is a reference velocity. Also, we introduce stream function defined as

The continuity equation (1) is satisfied identically and (2), (4), and (6) yield

The boundary conditions (5) now become

where , (, , , , , , , , , and . The quantities , , , , and are the Prandtl number, the viscosity parameter, the concentration diffusivity parameter, the radiation parameter, and the Schmidt number, respectively.

3. Symmetries of the Problem

In this section, we apply the Lie group of transformations which leaves the equations (11)–(13) invariant. Firstly, we consider Lie group of transformations with independent variables and and dependent variables , , and for the problem

where is the group parameter. The infinitesimal generator of the group (16) can be expressed in the following vector form:

in which , , , , and are infinitesimal functions of the group variables. Then, the corresponding one-parameter Lie group of transformations is given by

The action of the infinitesimal generator is extended to all derivatives appearing in equations (11)–(13) through the third prolongation

where are the infinitesimal functions corresponding the derivatives. The infinitesimal generator is a point symmetry of (11)-(12) if

Since the coefficients of do not involve derivatives, we can separate (20) with respect to derivatives and solve the result over a determined system of linear homogeneous partial differential equations known as the determining equations. After straightforward calculations for the determining equations, we find the solutions , , , , and of the determining equations in the form

where () are arbitrary constants and is the infinite parameter Lie group transformation, and the functions satisfy the following ordinary differential equations:

which directly give the form for the functions , , and ,

where , , and are arbitrary constants and .

Imposing the restrictions from boundaries and from the boundary conditions on the infinitesimals, we obtain .

What remains is to require invariance of the data which must be held on the boundary surface. This requirement means

Examining the aforementioned conditions, we obtain the following differential equations:

which have the following solutions:

where , , , and are arbitrary constants.

Having determined the infinitesimals , , , , and , the similarity variables are found by solving the characteristic equations

Solving (29), we have the following similarity transformations (absolute invariants):

Substituting the transformation (30) into (11)–(15) yields the following nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations for , , and :

The boundary conditions now become

where is the heat generation/absorption parameter, is the magnetic parameter, is the chemical reaction parameter, is the slip parameter, is the Boit number, and is the suction/injection parameter and .

3.1. Particular Cases

(i)For , (3) and boundary conditions (32) reduce to (23)–(25) and boundary conditions (26) of Hamad [24].(ii)For and , (31) and boundary conditions (32) reduce to (17)–(19) and boundary conditions (20) of Ferdows [44] when .

3.2. Physical Quantities of Interest

The parameters in which we are interested for our problem are the local skin friction coefficient , the local Nusselt number , and the local Sherwood number , which are defined, respectively, as

where indicates the local Reynolds number.

4. Numerical Solution and Discussion

The transformed system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (31) with the boundary conditions (32) has been solved numerically by using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration along with shooting techniques. In order to verify the accuracy of our results, we have compared the computed values of with the previously published works by Hamad et al. [24], and Hayat et al. [21] with and at different values of as shown in Table 1. The results of , and for , , , and for various values of are compared with those obtained by Hamad et al. [24] and are listed in Table 2. Moreover, Table 3 represents the comparison of between our results and the results obtained by Hamad et al. [24] for , , , and for various values of . Also, the numerical results of have been compared with those obtained by Ferdows et al. [44] for at different values of as shown in Table 4. In all comparisons, it is found that our results are in excellent agreement with the previous published results. Further, the values of the local skin friction, the local Nusselt number, and the local Sherwood number for different values of , , , , , and are listed in Table 5. It is noted from this table that the local skin friction increases with increasing , heat absorption , and , while it decreases by increasing , and heat generation . The local Nusselt number decreases with the increase of , and heat generation , while the local Nusselt number increases with the increase of , heat absorption , and . The local Sherwood number increases with the increase of , heat absorption , and , while it decreases with the increasing of , , , and heat generation .

Table 1: Comparison of skin friction coefficient for various values of slip parameter when and .

Hayat et al. [21]
Hamad et al. [24]
Present work

0
1
1
1

0.1
0.87208247
0.87208247
0.87208247

0.2
0.776377
0.77637707
0.776377

0.5
0.591195
0.59119548
0.591195

1
0.430162
0.43015970
0.430162

2
0.283981
0.28397959
0.283981

5
0.144841
0.14484019
0.14484

10
0.081249
0.08124198
0.081249

20
0.043782
0.04378834
0.043782

50
0.018634
0.01859623
0.018634

100
0.009581
0.00954997
0.009581

Table 2: Comparison of values of , and for , , , , , , and .

Hamad et al. [24]
Present work
Hamad et al. [24]
Present work
Hamad et al. [24]
Present work

0
0.78077641159
0.780776
0.1738614482
0.173859
0.1148467203
0.1148467

0.5
0.4925323862
0.492532
0.1478033629
0.147789
0.0972062425
0.0972061

1
0.3683505453
0.368350
0.1317723331
0.131737
0.0878003658
0.0878003

1.5
0.2969706178
0.296970
0.1201962831
0.120196
0.0815754873
0.0815754

Table 3: Values of for , , , , , and .

Hamad et al. [24]
Present work
Hamad et al. [24]
Present work

0
0.2357864723
0.235787
0.7103150065
0.710316

0.5
0.1622076843
0.162208
0.4969259049
0.496926

1
0.1243641685
0.124365
0.3857860094
0.385787

1.5
0.1013742450
0.101374
0.3166941114
0.316694

Table 4: Values of for various values of for , , and .

Cortell [12]
Ferdows et al. [44]
Present work

0.453521
0.453523
0.453523

0.518869
0.518869
0.51887

0
0.677647
0.677648
0.677648

0.5
0.873627
0.873643
0.87363

0.75
0.984417
0.984439
0.98444

Table 5: Values of , , and for , , , , and .

0
0.01
1
0.3
0.5

0.8282097
0.267065009
0.2817571148

2
0.01
1
0.3
0.5

0.98684111
0.272061144
0.30316651

5
0.01
1
0.3
0.5

1.16050976
0.275202928
0.31591854

0.1
0
1
0.3
0.7

0.89348981
0.329592869
0.263842318

0.1
1
1
0.3
0.7

0.89348981
0.329592869
0.70701644

0.1
3
1
0.3
0.7

0.89348981
0.329592869
1.128126581

1
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.5

0.9886912570
0.07894766720
0.4729295509

1
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.5

0.938324634
0.213201753
0.46994994

1
0.3
1
0.3
0.5

0.913264332
0.270045367
0.468340615

0.1
0.5
0.1
0
0.7

1.29926459
0.079169100
0.56364235

0.1
0.5
0.1
1
0.7

0.53978525
0.077353309
0.52577635

0.1
0.5
0.1
2
0.7

0.34699071054
0.07673167148
0.5143743566

0.1
0.6
0.7
0.5
0

0.5697224247
0.08671881627
0.5920198931

0.1
0.6
0.7
0.5
1

0.80801328749
0.08644826115
0.5705347139

0.1
0.6
0.7
0.5
3

1.0116231621
0.08626331255
0.5563999142

0.7
0.5
0.8
1
0.5

0.5409262133
0.335939548322
0.52997592226

0.7
0.5
0.8
1
0.5

0.535413351
0.265641294131
0.52980646921

0.7
0.5
0.8
1
0.5
0
0.5252295045
0.15291844567
0.529531543678

0.7
0.5
0.8
1
0.5
0.02
0.52331016216
0.13341074189
0.52948110939

0.7
0.5
0.8
1
0.5
0.1
0.51234845001
0.037287564758
0.52938666933

The profiles for velocity, temperature and concentration are shown in Figures 2–23, respectively, with various values of the parameters. Figures 2, 3, and 4 show the dimensionless velocity profiles , the dimensionless temperature profiles and the dimensionless mass profiles in the boundary layer for various values of the viscosity parameter . These figures depict that increase in the value of the dimensionless velocity decreases near the surface but increases as larger distances, while the dimensionless temperature and the dimensionless mass in the boundary layer region decrease as the viscosity parameter increases.

Figure 2: Velocity distribution for various values of .

Figure 3: Temperature distribution for various values of .

Figure 4: Mass distribution for various values of .

Figure 5: Velocity distribution for various values of .

Figure 6: Temperature distribution for various values of .

Figure 7: Mass distribution for various values of .

Figure 8: Velocity distribution for various values of .

Figure 9: Temperature distribution for various values of .

Figure 10: Mass distribution for various values of .

Figure 11: Velocity distribution for various values of .

Figure 12: Temperature distribution for various values of .

Figure 13: Mass distribution for various values of .

Figure 14: Velocity distribution for various values of .

Figure 15: Temperature distribution for various values of .

Figure 16: Mass distribution for various values of .

Figure 17: Mass distribution for various values of .

Figure 18: Velocity distribution for various values of .

Figure 19: Temperature distribution for various values of .

Figure 20: Velocity distribution for various values of .

Figure 21: Temperature distribution for various values of .

Figure 22: Velocity distribution for various values of .

Figure 23: Temperature distribution for various values of .

Figures 5–7 exhibit the effect of the suction or injection parameter on the dimensionless velocity profiles, the dimensionless temperature, and the dimensionless mass profiles. It is shown from Figure 5 that the suction parameter decreases the velocity indicating the usual fact that suction stabilizes the boundary layer growth, while injection increases the velocity in the boundary layer region indicating that injection helps the flow penetrate more into the fluid. In Figure 6, it is found that the temperature decreases as the suction parameter increases. This means that larger suction leads to faster cooling of the plate, while the temperature increases as the injection parameter increases; this is because of the heat transfer from fluid to surface. Figure 7 illustrates that the mass decreases as the suction parameter increases and increases as the injection parameter increases.

The dimensionless velocity profiles for different values of the Boit number are described in Figure 8. From this figure, we observe that an increase in leads to increase in near the wall but it decreases with larger distances, while Figure 9 shows that the dimensionless temperature decreases as the Boit number increases.

Effect of the chemical reaction parameter on the dimensionless concentration profiles is shown in Figure 10. It is seen that the dimensionless concentration of the fluid decreases with the increase of .

Figures 11, 12, and 13 illustrate the influence of slip velocity parameter on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, respectively. It is obvious that slip parameter decreases the velocity and increases both dimensionless temperature and the dimensionless concentration .

Figures 14, 15, and 16 show the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions for various values of the magnetic field . We can notice that increasing decreases the velocity and increases the temperature and concentration; this result qualitatively agrees with the expectations; this is because the application of a transverse magnetic field to an electrically conducting fluid gives rise to a resistive-type force called the Lorentz force. This force has the tendency to slow down the motion of the fluid in the boundary layer and to increase its temperature and concentration.

Figure 17 illustrates the effect of the concentration diffusivity parameter on the concentration profiles; one can observe that the concentration profiles increase as increases.

The effects of the Prandtl number on the dimensionless velocity and temperature dimensionless velocity are illustrated in Figures 18 and 19, respectively. From Figure 18, it can be seen that as the Prandtl number increases, the dimensionless velocity decreases near the surface but increases with larger distances. Figure 19 illustrates that the dimensionless temperature decreases with increasing ; this is because, when the Prandtl number increases the thickness of the thermal boundary layer decreases and, hence, the temperature decreases.

The effects of the presence of heat source () or heat sink in the boundary layer on the velocity and temperature profiles are presented in Figures 20 and 21, respectively. From Figure 20, one sees that the dimensionless velocity decreases with the heat source () increasing, while it increases with the heat sink () increasing. The presence of heat source in the boundary layer generates energy which causes the temperature of the fluid to increase. On the other hand, the presence of heat sink in the boundary layer absorbs energy which causes the temperature of the fluid to decrease, and this corresponds with the observation in Figure 21, in which we note that the dimensionless temperature increases with the heat source () increasing, while it decreases with the heat sink () increasing.

For different values of radiation parameter , the dimensionless velocity profiles are plotted in Figure 22. It is obvious that velocity decreases with the increase in . The effects on the temperature profiles are presented in Figure 23. From this figure, we observed that, as the value of increases, the temperature profiles increase, with an increase in the thermal boundary layer thickness.

5. Conclusions

In this study, the symmetries of the problem of heat and mass transfer flow over a moving permeable flat stretching sheet in the presence of thermal radiation, variable viscosity, a uniform transverse magnetic field, chemical reaction, heat generation/absorption, suction/injection, convective boundary condition, and slip velocity are obtained using Lie group analysis. Numerical solutions of the resulting system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations are obtained by using the shooting method coupled with Runge-Kutta scheme. The effects of various parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles have been studied graphically. The influence of some parameters on the local skin friction, local Nusselt number, and local Sherwood number is tabulated. It was found that with the increase of the convective parameter , injection parameter , and the slip velocity , the absolute concentration increases, while it decreases with the increase in the magnetic parameter , viscosity parameter , suction parameter , and chemical reaction parameter .

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